MATHEMATICAL

REASONING
MATHEMATICAL REASONING
◦ It is a critical skill that enables student to make use of all
other mathematical skills.
◦ It let the students recognize that mathematics makes
sense and can be understood.
◦ It gives students opportunities to evaluate situations,
select problem-solving strategies, draw logical
conclusions, develop and describe solutions and
recognize how those solutions can be applied.
MATHEMATICAL REASONING
◦ It is a part of mathematics where we determine the
truth values of the given statements.

◦ Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) is the first

mathematician to make a serious study of symbolic
logic.
STATEMENT/PROPOSITION

◦ Is a declarative sentence which is either true or false.

STATEMENT/PROPOSITION
Examples:
1. Rizal is one of the provinces in CALABARZON.
2. 9 + 2 is a prime number.
3. Sarah Geronimo is the Philippine’s ‘Pop Princess’.
4. 12 is a composite number.
5. The dog does not need to be fed.
MATHEMATICAL Statement/Proposition
Examples:
6. x + 5 = 8
7. There are 12 months in a year.
8. Eureka! NOT STATEMENT
9. How do you feel? NOT STATEMENT
10.Love is blind.
INDUCTIVE REASONING

◦It is a non-rigorous logical reasoning and

statements are generalized.
◦It involves looking for patterns and making
generalization.
◦It is drawing a conclusion from a repeated
observation or sets of observations of specific
examples
INDUCTIVE REASONING

Example:
2 is an even number.
22 is an even number.
Therefore, all numbers ending with 2 are even
numbers.
INDUCTIVE REASONING

Example:
Riza is sexy.
Riza is a Benildean.
Therefore, all Benildeans are sexy.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

◦It is a rigorous logical reasoning and the

statements are considered true of the
assumptions entering the deductions are true.
◦It involves making a logical argument, drawing
conclusions and applying generalizations to
specific situations.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

Example:
All birds have feathers.
Ducks are birds.
Therefore, Ducks have feathers.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

Example:
All Science teachers are smart.
Ms Castro is a Science teacher.
Therefore, Ms Castro is smart.
TYPE OF REASONING STATEMENTS

◦Simple Statement
◦Compound Statement
◦If-Then Statement
SIMPLE STATEMENT

◦ These are direct statements and do not include

modifier. It conveys a single idea.
Examples:
The Sun rises in the East.
Five is an odd number.
Odd numbers are divisible by 2.
COMPOUND STATEMENT
◦ These are statements made up of two or more
statements. It is combined together by the connectives
such as and, or, if…then and if and only if.
Example:
2 is an even number and even numbers are divisible by 2.
Statement1: 2 is an even number
Statement2: even numbers are divisible by 2.
IF-THEN STATEMENT

◦ These are statements connected by ‘if’ and ‘then’.

It shows that if a is true then b is also true and vice-
versa.
Example:
If 8 is a multiple of 64 then 8 is a factor of 64.
Statement1: 8 is a multiple of 64
Statement2: 8 is a factor of 64
 LOGICAL CONNECTIVES AND SYMBOLS

STATEMENT CONNECTIVE SYMBOLIC FORM TYPE OF ELEMENT

not p not ~𝑝 negation

p and q and 𝑝Λ𝑞 conjunction
p or q or 𝑝𝑉𝑞 disjunction
If p, then q If…then 𝑝→𝑞 conditional
p if only if q if and only if 𝑝 ↔𝑞 biconditional
TRUTH VALUES AND TRUTH TABLES
◦ The TRUTH VALUE of a simple statement is either true
(T) or false (F).
◦ The TRUTH VALUE of a compound statement
depends on a truth value of its simple statements
and its connectives
◦ A TRUTH TABLE is a table that shows the truth value of
a compound statement for all possible truth values
of its simple statements.
 NEGATION
◦Five is a prime number. Five is not a prime number.
◦The fire engine is not red. The fire engine is red.
◦Ulysses is a super typhoon. Ulysses is not a super typhoon.
◦Today is Wednesday. Today is not Wednesday.
◦It is not raining. It is raining.
 TRUTH VALUE OF NEGATION
𝒑 ~𝒑
F
F T

Five is a prime number. T Five is not a prime number. F

Today is not Monday. F Today is Monday. T
CONJUCTION

◦The conjunction 𝑝 Λ 𝑞 is true if and only if

both p and q are true.
Example:
2 is an even number and even numbers are divisible by 2.

p
Statement1: 2 is an even number T
Statement2:
q even numbers are divisible by 2. T
𝐩𝚲𝐪 T
TRUTH VALUE OF A CONJUCTION

◦The conjunction 𝑝 Λ 𝑞 is true if and only if

both p and q are true.
p q 𝑝Λ𝑞
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
DISJUNCTION

◦The disjunction 𝑝 𝑉 𝑞 is true if and only if p is

true, q is true, or both p and q are true.
Example:
Three is greater than or equal to 2.

p
Statement 1: 3 is greater than 2 T
Statement
q 2: 3 is equal to 2 F
𝐩 𝑉𝐪 T
TRUTH VALUE OF A DISJUNCTION

◦The disjunction 𝑝 𝑉 𝑞 is true if and only if p is

true, q is true, or both p and q are true.
p q 𝑝 𝑉𝑞
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
 COMPOUND STATEMENTS IN SYMBOLIC
FORM
◦Consider the following simple statements:

p = Today is Friday.
q = It is raining.
r = I am going to a movie.
s = I am not going to the basketball game
1. Today is Friday and it is not raining. 𝑝 Λ~𝑞
2. It is not raining and I am going to a movie. ~𝒒 Λ r
COMPOUND STATEMENTS IN SYMBOLIC FORM
◦Consider the following simple statements:
p = Today is Friday.
q = It is raining.
r = I am going to a movie.
s = I am not going to the basketball game
3. I am going to the basketball game or I am going to a movie.
~𝑠 𝑉 𝑟
4. If it is raining, then I am not going to the basketball game.
𝒒→𝑠
COMPOUND STATEMENTS IN SYMBOLIC FORM
◦Consider the following simple statements:
p = Today is Friday.
q = It is raining.
r = I am going to a movie.
s = I am not going to the basketball game
5. I am going to a movie if and only if it is not raining.
𝑟 ↔ ~𝑞
Examples:
1. 7 > 5. 𝒑 𝑽𝒒
It means: 7 > 5 or 7 = 5. T
T F

𝒑𝚲𝒒
2. 5 is a whole number and 5 is an even number. F
T F
Examples:
1. 13 is a prime number and it is an even number.
p = 13 is an prime number T 𝒑𝚲𝒒 F
q = 13 is an even number F

2. A triangle is an equilateral triangle if and only if it

has three equal sides.
p = A triangle is equilateral triangle.
𝒑↔𝒒
q = A triangle has three equal sides.
COMPOUND STATEMENTS IN SYMBOLIC FORM
◦Consider the following simple statements:
p = You get a promotion.
q = You complete the training.
r = You will receive a bonus.

1. If your get a promotion and complete the training, then

you will receive a bonus.
( 𝑝 Λ 𝑞)→ 𝑟
COMPOUND STATEMENTS IN SYMBOLIC FORM
◦Consider the following simple statements:
p = You get a promotion.
q = You complete the training.
r = You will receive a bonus.

1. If you do not complete the training, then you will not get a
promotion and you will not receive a bonus.
~𝑞 → (~p Λ~𝑟 )
 References
▪ Daligdig, R. M. (2019). Mathematics in the modern world. Quezon City: Loremar Publishing, Inc.
▪ Sirug, W. S. (2018). Mathematics in the modern world. Manila: Mindshaper Co., Inc.
▪ Medallon, Mc. & Calubaquib, FM. (2018). Mathematics in the modern world (worktext). Manila:
Mindshaper Co., Inc.
▪ _________. (2018). Mathematics in the modern world. Philippines: Rex Book Store, Inc.
◦ New Jersey Mathematics Curriculum Framework. (1996). Mathematical Reasoning. New Jersey
Mathematics Coalition. Retrieved from
http://archive.dimacs.rutgers.edu/nj_math_coalition/framework/ch01-04/ch01-
04_s4.html#:~:text=Mathematical%20reasoning%20is%20the%20critical,of%20all%20other%20mathe
matical%20skills.&text=Mathematical%20reasoners%20are%20able%20to,as%20a%20part%20of%20
mathematics.