WHAT ROLE DOES MATHEMATICS PLAY IN YOUR

WORLD?

➢Mathematics for Organization

➢Mathematics for Prediction
➢Mathematics for Control
WHAT ROLE DOES MATHEMATICS PLAY IN YOUR
WORLD?

➢Mathematics for Organization

✓To make sense of all available
information, we need mathematical
tools to help us make sound analysis
and better decision.
WHAT ROLE DOES MATHEMATICS PLAY IN YOUR
WORLD?

➢Mathematics for Prediction

✓To apply the concept of probability,
experts can calculate the chance of
an event occurring.
WHAT ROLE DOES MATHEMATICS PLAY IN YOUR
WORLD?

➢Mathematics in Management
✓Different mathematical models are being
used to discuss management problems of
hospitals, public health, pollution,
educational planning and others.
WHAT ROLE DOES MATHEMATICS PLAY IN YOUR
WORLD?
➢helps organize patterns and regularities
➢ helps predict the behavior of nature and phenomena in the
world
➢ helps control nature and occurrences in the world for our
own ends.
➢ has numerous applications in the world making it
indispensable.
WHAT ROLE DOES MATHEMATICS PLAY IN YOUR
WORLD?

➢Mathematics for Control

✓To exert control over himself and
the effects of nature.
MATHEMATICAL
LANGUAGE
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE

 A system used to communicate mathematical ideas

 Consists of some natural language using technical terms and
grammatical conventions.
 “Mathematics is the language in which God has written the
universe.” – Galileo Galilei
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE

 It has symbols to express a formula or to represent a

constant.
 It has syntax to make the expression well-formed and make
the characters and symbols clear and valid in order not to
violate the rules.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE

 PRECISE -able to make very fine distinctions

 CONCISE -able to say things briefly
 POWERFUL -able to express complex thoughts with
ease
EXPRESSIONS VS SENTENCE

 An expression or a mathematical expression is a finite

combination of symbols that is well-formed according to rules
that depends on the context.
 These are numbers, symbols and operators grouped together
which show the value of something.
EXPRESSIONS VS SENTENCE

 A sentence or mathematical sentence is an analogue of an

English sentence.
 It is a correct arrangement of mathematical symbols that states a
complete thought.
 It makes a statement about the expressions with the use of symbols
equals, greater than or less than.
THE FOUR BASIC CONCEPTS

THE
 The LANGUAGE
Language of Sets OF SET
 Relations
 Functions
 Binary Operations
THE LANGUAGE OF SETS

 Set Theory is the branch of Mathematics that studies set or

the mathematical science of the infinites
 The use of the word “set” as a formal mathematical term was
introduced by Georg Cantor (1845-1918) in 1879.
 A set is a well-defined collection of objects.
Elements or
members of the set.
 THE LANGUAGE OF SETS

NOTATION
 If S is a set, the notation x Є S means that x is an element of S.
 A set may be specified using the set-roster notation by
writing all of its elements between braces and
set-builder notation by stating a property of its elements
 Example: The set of all positive integers.
set-roster set-builder
A = {1,2,3,…} A ={ x Є N | P(x) }
notation notation
EXAMPLES :

1. Set A whose elements are whole number less than 4.

2. Set B whose elements are integers greater than zero but less
than 10.
3. The set of months in a year.
4. The set of colors of the rainbow.
5. The set of odd number less than 10.
THE SET OF NUMBERS AND THEIR SYMBOLS

 The set of natural numbers N

 The set of whole numbers W
 The set of integers Z Z+ Z-
 The set of rational numbers Q
 The set of irrational numbers Q’
 The set of real numbers R
EXAMPLES :

1. Is {0} = 0?
2. How many elements are in the set {1, {1}}?
3. Let A = {1,2,3}, B = { 3, 1, 2} and C = { 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3}. What are
the elements of A, B, and C? How are A, B, and C related?
4. For each nonnegative integers x, let Ax = {x, x2}. Find A1, A2, and
A3.
EXAMPLES:

1. The set of vowels in the alphabet.

2. The set of positive integers less than 10.
3. The set of real number true for x2 – 1 = 0.
4. The set of letters in the word ‘dirt’.
5. The set of integers less than 8 but greater than 1.
THE FOUR BASIC CONCEPTS

 The Language of Sets

 Relations
RELATIONS
 Functions
 Binary Operations
THE LANGUAGE OF FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

RELATION
- is set of ordered pairs
Definition: Let A and B be sets. A relation R from A to B is
a subset of A x B, x is related to y by R. written x R y, iff,
(x,y) is in R.
The set A is called the domain and the set B is called the
range.
THE LANGUAGE OF FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

Example:
1. Let A = {0, 1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3}
a. Show that A x B is a relation.
b. Show the set that will satisfy that an element x in A is
related to an element in B if and only if x is less than y.
c. What are the domain?
d. What are the range?
THE LANGUAGE OF FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

Example:
2. Let A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3} and define a relation R
from A to B as follows:
Given any (x, y) Є A x B, (x, y) Є R means that x – y is an integer.
2
a. Which ordered pairs are in A X B and which are in R?
b. Is 1 R 3? Is 2 R 3? Is 1 R 1?
c. What are the domain and range?
THE LANGUAGE OF FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

Example:
3. Define a relation C from R to R as follows:

For any (x, y) Є R x R, (x, y) Є C means that x2 + y2 = 1

a. Is (1,0) Є C ? Is (0, 0) Є C?
b. What are the domain and range of C?
THE FOUR BASIC CONCEPTS

 The Language of Sets

 Relations
FUNCTIONS
 Functions
 Binary Operations
THE LANGUAGE OF FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

FUNCTIONS F(x) is read as“F of x “

A function F from a set A to set B is a relation with
domain A and range B that satisfies the following:
1. For every element x in A, there is an element y in B
such that ( x, y) Є F.
2. For all elements x in A and y and z in B, if ( x, y) Є F
and (x, z) Є F, then y = z.
THE LANGUAGE OF FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

Example:
1. Let A = {2,4,6} and B = {1,3,5}. Which of the relations R, S
and T defined below are functions from A to B?
a. R = {(2,5), (4,1), (4,3), (6,5)} Relation
b. For all (x,y) Є A x B, (x, y) Є S means that y = x + 1.
Function 2 1

4 3
c. T is defined by the arrow diagram
Function 6 5
THE LANGUAGE OF FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

Example:
1. Squaring/Quadratic function of f from R to R defined by
the formula f(x) = x2.
2. Successor function g from Z to Z is defined by the
formula g(x) = n + 1.
3. Constant function is the function h from Q to Z defined
by the formula h( r )= 2, for all rational numbers r.
THE LANGUAGE OF FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

Vertical Line Test

THE FOUR BASIC CONCEPTS

 The Language of Sets

 Relations
 Functions
BINARY
 Binary OPERATIONS
Operations
THE LANGUAGE OF BINARY OPERATIONS

BINARY OPERATION
A binary operation * in a set is a way of assigning every ordered
pair of elements, a and b, from the set, a unique response called c,
where c is also from the set S.
Let G be a set. A binary operation * on G is a function that assigns
each ordered pair of element of G. Symbolically, A * B , for all a, b, c
Є G.
Binary operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division.
THE LANGUAGE OF BINARY OPERATIONS

Example:
1. Let the binary operation *, be defined as a * b = 3a + b , where a
and b are real numbers.
a. What is 4 * 3 ?
b. Is a * b commutative?
c. Is a * b * c associative?
THE LANGUAGE OF BINARY OPERATIONS

Example:
2. Given f(x) = 2x – 5 and g(x) = 3x -4. Perform the binary operations
on f(x) * g(x).

3. A binary operation is defined one the set {1,2,3,4}. The table

shows the 16 possible answers using this operation.
a. What is 4 * 3 ?
b. Is * commutative?
REFERENCES

▪ Daligdig, R. M. (2019). Mathematics in the modern world. Quezon City: Loremar Publishing, Inc.
▪ Sirug, W. S. (2018). Mathematics in the modern world. Manila: Mindshaper Co., Inc.
▪ Medallon, Mc. & Calubaquib, FM. (2018). Mathematics in the modern world (worktext). Manila: Mindshaper
Co., Inc.
▪ _________. (2018). Mathematics in the modern world. Philippines: Rex Book Store, Inc.