計算機組織 Homework #1 Due: 111.3.

15 上午 9:20

Prob. 1. Assume that multiply instructions takes 12 cycles and account for 15% of the
instructions in a typical program, and the other 85% of the instructions require an
average of 4 cycles for each instruction. What percentage of time does the CPU spend
doing multiplication?
ANS:
12 * 0.15 / ( ( 12 * 0.15 ) + ( 4 * 0.85 ) )= 1.8 / 5.2 = 35%.

Prob. 2. A computer uses a 2-GHz processor with a claim 500-MIPS rating to execute a given
program mix. Assume a one-cycle delay for each memory access.

(a) What is the effective CPI of this computer?

(b) Suppose the processor is being upgraded with a 4-GHz clock. However, the speed of
the memory subsystem remains unchanged, and consequently two-clock cycles are
needed per memory access. Except one memory access required for each instruction
to perform instruction fetch, there are 30% instructions require one extra memory
access for data fetch. What is the performance of the upgraded processor with a
compatible instruction set and equal instruction counts in the given program mix?

Prob. 3. Consider two different implementations, M1 and M2, of the same instruction set.
There are three classes of instructions (A, B, and C) in the instruction set. M1 has a
clock rate of 80 MHz and M2 has a clock rate of 100 MHz. The average number of
cycles for each instruction class and their frequencies (for a typical program) are as
follows:

(a) Calculate the average CPI for each machine, M1, and M2.
ANS:
M1 = ( 0.6 * 1 ) + ( 0.3 * 2 ) + ( 0.1 * 4 ) = 1.6.
M2 = ( 0.6 * 2 ) + ( 0.3 * 3 ) + ( 0.1 * 4 ) = 2.5.

(b) Calculate the average MIPS ratings for each machine, M1 and M2.
ANS:
M1 = 80 / 1.6 = 50.
M2 = 100 / 2.5 = 40.

(c) Which machine has a smaller MIPS rating? Which individual instruction class CPI do
you need to change, and by how much, to have this machine have the same or better
performance as the machine with the higher MIPS rating (you can only change the CPI
for one of the instruction classes on the slower machine)?
 M2 has a smaller MIPS rating.
ANS:
Change the CPI of instruction class A for M2 to 1.
CPI = ( 0.6 * 1 ) + ( 0.3 * 3 ) + ( 0.1 * 4 ) = 1.9,
Average MIPS rating = 100 / 1.9 = 52.6 .

Prob. 4. Assume a program requires the execution of 50 × 106 FP instructions, 110 × 106 INT
instructions, 80 × 106 L/S instructions, and 16 × 106 branch instructions. The CPI for each type
of instruction is 1, 1, 4, and 2, respectively. Assume that the processor has a 2 GHz clock rate.
(a) By how much must we improve the CPI of FP instructions if we want the program to
run two times
faster?
ANS:
(50*1+110*1+80*4+16*2)*(10^6)/(X+110*1+80*4+16*2) *(10^6)=2,
512/(462+X)=2,
2X=512-924,
X(CPI of FP)<0,
因此不可能.

(b) By how much must we improve the CPI of L/S instructions if we want the program to
run two
times faster?
ANS:
(50*1+110*1+80*4+16*2)*(10^6)/(50*1+110*1+X+16*2) *(10^6)=2,
512/(192+X)=2,
2X=512-384,
2X=128,
X(CPI of L/S)=64,
64/80=0.8.

(c) By how much is the execution time of the program improved if the CPI of INT and FP
instructions is reduced by 40% and the CPI of L/S and Branch is reduced by 30%?
ANS:
50*0.6+110*0.6+80*2.8+16*1.4,
=30+66+224+22.4,
=342.4,
(512-342.4)/512=33%.

Prob. 5. When a program is adapted to run on multiple processors in a multiprocessor system,

the execution time on each processor is comprised of computing time and the
overhead time required for locked critical sections and/or to send data from one
processor to another. Assume a program requires t = 100 s of execution time on one
processor. When run p processors, each processor requires t/p s, as well as an
additional 2 s of overhead, irrespective of the number of processors. Compute the per-
processor execution time for 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and processors. For each case, list the
corresponding speedup relative to a single processor and the ratio between actual
speedup versus ideal speedup (if there was no overhead).