Hydraulics

of
Pipeline
Systems
Bruce E. Larock
Roland W. Jeppson
Gary Z. Watters

CRC Press
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Larock, Bruce E., 1940—

Hydraulics of pipeline systems / Bruce E. Larock, Roland W. Jeppson, Gary Z. Watters.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-1806-8 (alk. paper)
1. Pipe—Hydrodynamics. 2. Pipelines. I. Jeppson, Roland W.
II. Watters, Gray Z. III. Title.
TC174.L37 1999
621.8′.672—dc21 99-32568
CIP

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International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1806-8
Library of Congress Card Number 99-32568
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 The AuThoRs

Bruce E. Larock, Ph.D., P.E., received his civil engineering degrees at

Stanford University. In 1966 he joined the faculty of the Civil and
Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Davis,
where he is now a Professor. He has pursued studies in fluid motion
primarily by numerical methods, including finite element and finite
difference analyses. Dr. Larock has published approximately 80 technical
articles, including a co-authored book and several book chapters. A
member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, he is currently an
associate editor of its Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.

Roland W. Jeppson, Ph.D., is Professor of Civil and Environmental

Engineering at Utah State University, Logan, with 33 years of teaching
engineering courses there and at California State University, Humboldt,
and conducting research at the Utah Water Research Laboratory. A former
department Chairman, he is author or co-author of over 70 technical
articles and reports and two books. He has served numerous organizations
as a consultant and/or expert witness and also developed the USU-NETWK
software package for pipe network analysis and design.

Gary Z. Watters, Ph.D., P.E., completed his doctorate at Stanford

University in 1963. After 17 years on the faculty at Utah State University,
in 1980 Dr. Watters became Dean of Engineering, Computer Science, and
Technology at California State University, Chico, for 12 years. He retired
as Emeritus Professor in 1998. Dr. Watters has consulted widely and
given expert testimony on hydraulic transients for over 30 years. He is the
author, co-author, or contributor to, five books and two other book
chapters. He is a member of the American Society for Engineering
Education and the American Society of Civil Engineers.

© 2000 by CRC Press LLC

_________________________________________________________________________

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Each of the three authors has had a long and continuing involvement with some, indeed
most, of the material in this book in one way or another since the time they first became
acquainted with each other as graduate students at Stanford University in the 1960s. At that
time the teaching and enthusiasm of John K. Vennard for the subject of flow in pipes made
a positive impression on us, his then-young students. In the years since then each of us
has taught portions of this material to students in university courses, or in short courses, or
in both. This book is a long-delayed product of that early enthusiasm, now tempered by
years of experience and aided by advances in knowledge about hydraulics and numerical
methods and advances in computer hardware. We acknowledge here his influence on our
lives and on this book.
We thank Nicole Newman for her skill in preparing, and sometimes repairing, almost
three hundred figures for this book, and we particularly appreciate her patience and tolerance
as the authors continued to revise some of them even after they were drawn. Her careful
attention to detail has resulted in a better book.
We appreciate the support our families have given each of us as we took time from our
other activities to find time to pursue this project.
We want to express our heartfelt thanks and gratefully acknowledge the contribution of
many, many students, really too numerous to mention individually here, at three
universities and in numerous short courses over three decades. They have listened
attentively, questioned, probed, and otherwise interacted with the authors in classes,
hallways, hydraulics laboratories, and offices over the years as we all sought to understand
this subject better and as the materials in this book were developed, refined, and tested.
Thanks to all of you!

Bruce E. Larock
Roland W. Jeppson
Gary Z. Watters

© 2000 by CRC Press LLC

_________________________________________________________________________

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Review of Fundamentals
2.1 The fundamental principles
2.1.1. The basic equations
2.1.2. Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines
2.2 Head loss formulas
2.2.1. Pipe friction
2.2.2. Darcy-Weisbach equation
2.2.3. Empirical equations
2.2.4. Exponential formula
2.2.5. Local and minor losses
2.3 Pump theory and characteristics
2.4 Steady flow analyses
2.4.1. Series pipe flow
2.4.2. Series pipe flow with pump(s)
2.4.3. Parallel pipe flow, equivalent pipes
2.4.4. Three reservoir problem
2.5 Problems

3. Manifold Flow
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Analysis of manifold flow
3.2.1. No friction
3.2.2. Barrel friction only
3.2.3. Barrel friction with junction losses
3.3 A hydraulic design procedure
3.4 Problems

4. Pipe Network Analysis

4.1 Introduction
4.1.1. Defining an appropriate pipe system
4.1.2. Basic relations between network elements
4.2 Equation systems for steady flow in networks
4.2.1. System of Q-equations
4.2.2. System of H-equations
4.2.3. System of ∆Q-equations
4.3 Pressure reduction and back pressure valves
4.3.1. Q-equations for networks with PRV's/BPV's
4.3.2. H-equations for networks with PRV's/BPV's
4.3.3. ∆Q-equations for networks with PRV's/BPV's
4.4 Solving the network equations
4.4.1. Newton method for large systems of equations
4.4.2. Solving the three equation systems via Newton

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 4.4.3. Computer solutions to networks
4.4.4. Including pressure reducing valves
4.4.5. Systematic solution of the Q-equations
4.4.6. Systematic solution of the H-equations
4.4.7. Systematic solution of the ∆Q-equations
4.5 Concluding remarks
4.6 Problems

5. Design of Pipe Networks

5.1 Introduction
5.1.1. Solving for pipe diameters
5.1.2. Solution based on the Darcy-Weisbach equation
5.1.3. Solution based on the Hazen-Williams equation
5.1.4. Branched pipe networks
5.2 Large branched systems of pipes
5.2.1. Network layout
5.2.2. Coefficient matrix
5.2.3. Standard Linear Algebra
5.3 Looped network design criteria
5.4 Designing special components
5.5 Developing a solution for any variables
5.5.1. Logic and use of NETWEQS1
5.5.2. Data to describe the pipe system
5.5.3. Combinations that can not be unknowns
5.6 Higher order representations of pump curves
5.6.1. Within range polynomial interpolation
5.6.2. Spline function interpolation
5.7 Sensitivity analysis
5.8 Problems

6. Extended Time Simulations and Economical Design

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Extended time simulations
6.3 Elements of engineering economics
6.3.1. Economics applied to water systems
6.3.2. Least cost
6.4 Economic network design
6.4.1. One principal supply source
6.4.2. Design guidelines for complex networks
6.5 Problems

7. Introduction to Transient Flow

7.1 Causes of transients
7.2 Quasi-steady flow
7.3 True transients
7.3.1. The Euler equation
7.3.2. Rigid-column flow in constant-diameter pipes
7.3.3. Water hammer
7.4 Problems

8. Elastic Theory of Hydraulic Transients (Water Hammer)

8.1 The equation for pressure head change ∆H
8.2 Wave speed for thin-walled pipes
8.2.1. Net mass inflow

© 2000 by CRC Press LLC

 8.2.2. Change in liquid volume due to compressibility
8.2.3. Change in pipe volume due to elasticity
8.3 Wave speeds in other types of conduits
8.3.1. Thick-walled pipes
8.3.2. Circular tunnels
8.3.3. Reinforced concrete pipe
8.4 Effect of air entrainment on wave speed
8.5 Differential equations of unsteady flow
8.5.1. Conservation of mass
8.5.2. Interpretation of the differential equations
8.6 Problems

9. Solution by the Method of Characteristics

9.1 Method of characteristics, approximate governing equations
9.1.1. Development of the characteristic equations
9.1.2. The finite difference representation
9.1.3. Setting up the numerical procedure
9.1.4. Computerizing the numerical procedure
9.1.5. Elementary computer programs
9.2 Complete method of characteristics
9.2.1. The complete equations
9.2.2. The numerical solution
9.2.3. The ∆s-∆t grid
9.3 Some parameter effects on solution results
9.3.1. The effect of friction
9.3.2. The effect of the size of N
9.3.3. The effect of pipe slope
9.3.4. Numerical instability and accuracy
9.4 Problems

10. Pipe System Transients

10.1 Series pipes
10.1.1. Internal boundary conditions
10.1.2. Selection of ∆t
10.1.3. The computer program
10.2 Branching pipes
10.2.1. Three-pipe junctions
10.2.2. Four-pipe junctions
10.3 Interior major losses
10.4 Real valves
10.4.1. Valve in the interior of a pipeline
10.4.2. Valve at downstream end of pipe at reservoir
10.4.3. Expressing KL as a function of time
10.4.4. Linear interpolation
10.4.5. Parabolic interpolation
10.4.6. Transient valve closure effects on pressures
10.5 Pressure-reducing valves
10.5.1. Quick-response pressure reducing valves
10.5.2. Slower acting pressure-reducing or
pressure-sustaining valves
10.6 Wave transmission and reflection at pipe junctions
10.6.1. Series pipe junctions
10.6.2. Tee junctions

© 2000 by CRC Press LLC

 10.6.3. Dead-end pipes
10.7 Column separation and released air
10.7.1. Column separation and released air
10.7.2. Analysis with column separation and released air
10.8 Problems

11. Pumps in Pipe Systems

11.1 Pump power failure rundown
11.1.1. Setting up the equations for booster pumps
11.1.2. Finding the change in speed
11.1.3. Solving the equations
11.1.4. Setting up the equations for source pumps
11.2 Pump startup
11.3 Problems

12. Network Transients

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Rigid-column unsteady flow in networks
12.2.1. The governing equations
12.2.2. Three-pipe problem
12.3 A general method for rigid-column unsteady flow in pipe networks
12.3.1. The method
12.3.2. An example
12.4 Several pumps supplying a pipe line
12.5 Air chambers, surge tanks and standpipes
12.6 A fully transient network analysis
12.6.1. The initial steady state solution
12.6.2. TRANSNET
12.7 Problems

13. Transient Control Devices and Procedures

13.1 Transient problems in pipe systems
13.1.1. Valve movement
13.1.2. Check valves
13.1.3. Air in lines
13.1.4. Pump startup
13.1.5. Pump power failure
13.2 Transient control
13.2.1. Controlled valve movement
13.2.2. Check valves
13.2.3. Surge relief valves
13.2.4. Air venting procedures
13.2.5. Surge tanks
13.2.6. Air chambers
13.2.7. Other techniques for surge control
13.3 Problems

14. References
Appendices
A. Numerical Methods
A.1 Introduction
A.2 Linear algebra

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 A.2.1. Gaussian elimination
A.2.2. Use of the linear algebra solver SOLVEQ
A.3 Numerical integration
A.3.1. Trapezoidal rule
A.3.2. Simpson's rule
A.4 Solutions to ordinary differential equations
A.4.1. Introduction
A.4.2. Runge-Kutta method
A.4.3. Use of the ODE solver ODESDOL

B. Pump characteristic curves

C. Valve loss coefficients
C.1 Globe and angle valves
C.2 Butterfly valves
C.3 Ball valves

D. Answers to selected problems

© 2000 by CRC Press LLC