Paramythia

Paramythia (Greek: Παραμυθιά) is a town and a former municipality in Thesprotia, Epirus,

Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Souli, of which it
is the seat and a municipal unit.[2] The municipal unit has an area of 342.197 km2.[3] The
town's population is 2,730 as of the 2011 census.
 Paramythia
Παραμυθιά

Central street of Paramythia

Paramythia

Location within the regional unit

Coordinates: 39°28′N 20°30′E (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Paramythia&

params=39_28_N_20_30_E_type:city_region:GR-D)

Country Greece
Administrative region Epirus
Regional unit Thesprotia
Municipality Souli
 • Municipal unit 342.2 km2 (132.1 sq mi)
Population (2011)[1]
 • Municipal unit 7,459
 • Municipal unit density 22/km2 (56/sq mi)
Community[1]
  • Population 2,730 (2011)
Time zone UTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST) UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code 462 00
Area code(s) 26660
Vehicle registration ΗΝΑ - ΗΝΒ - ΙΕ
Website www.dimos-souliou.gr (https://web.archive.org/
web/20110508004110/http://www.dimos-soul
iou.gr/)

Paramythia acts as a regional hub for several small villages in the Valley of Paramythia and
features shops, schools, a gym, a stadium and a medical center. Primary aspects of the
economy are agriculture and trade. The town is built on the slopes of Mount Gorilla and
overlooks the valley, below. The Castle of Paramythia was built on a hill in one of the highest
points of the town during the Byzantine period and today is open to tourists.

The modern Egnatia Highway which links Igoumenitsa with Ioannina, goes through the valley,
north of the town of Paramythia.

Name

During the Byzantine and much of the Ottoman era the town was known in Greek as Agios
Donatos (Greek: Άγιος Δονάτος),[4] after the town's patron saint Saint Donatus of Evorea.[5][6]
This is the basis of the Albanian (Ajdonat or Ajdhonat) and the Turkish name (Aydonat).[7] The
name "Paramythia" derives from one of the Virgin Mary's names in Greek ("Paramythia" in
Greeks means comforter).[8] One of the neighbourhoods of the town was named after its
church which was dedicated to Virgin Mary (Paramythia) and the toponym replaced the
previous name most likely in the 18th century, as in the 17th century in Ottoman official
documents, the town and the corresponding kaza (district) still appear as Aydonat.[9] In
Aromanian, it is known as Pãrmãthia or Pãrmãthii.

Geography

The Paramythia municipal unit consists of 23 communities. The total population of the
municipal unit is 7,459 (2011). The town of Paramythia itself has a population of 2,730 and
lies in an amphitheatre at an altitude of 750 m, at the foot of Mount Gorilla, between the
Acheron and the Kalamas rivers. The Gorilla range (altitude 1,658 m) lies on the eastern side
of the city and the Chionistra (1,644 m) to the Northeast. At the city limits is the Kokytos
(Cocytus) River, one of the rivers of the underworld in Greek mythology. Paramythia's valley is
one of the largest in Thesprotia and is one of the major agricultural areas in Epirus.

History

Antiquity

The earliest known inhabitants of the area were the Greek tribe of the Chaonians. Late bronze
antiquities have been found in the "Tsardakia" area were a Mycenean settlement probably
existed.[10][11]

Paramythia originated with the ancient Chaonian city of Photike (Ancient Greek: Φωτική),
named after Photios, a leader of the Chaonians.[12] A famous hoard of bronzes dating from
the mid 2nd Century AD, nineteen bronze sculptures were discovered during the 1790s, near
the village of Paramythia. Soon after their discovery, the hoard was dispatched to St
Petersburg, to become part of Catherine the Great's collection. After her death, the original
hoard was dispersed to various European collections. Eventually, fourteen of the statuettes
reached the British Museum.[13]

Medieval era

Paramythia seen from the upper street during the dusk

Paramythia as seen from the Byzantine castle

Photike, as with the rest of Epirus, became part of the Roman and subsequently Byzantine
Empires. In the late Roman era it was the seat of a Bishopric and was renamed after Saint
Donatus of Evorea.

Following the fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Photike became part of
the Despotate of Epirus. The Despotate remained independent for the next two centuries,
maintaining the Greek Byzantine traditions. In 1359 the Greek notables of the region together
with those of nearby Ioannina sent a delegation to the Serb ruler Symeon to support their
independence against possible attacks by Albanian tribesmen. The town remained part of
the Despotate of Epirus but during the reign of despot Thomas II Preljubović the Greek
commanders of Photike/Agios Donatos refused to accept them as their ruler. The town fell to
the Ottomans in 1449.[14] Paramythia was part of the Ottoman Sanjak of Ioannina.[15][16]

Ottoman

In 1572 Paramythia came under the short term control of a Greek rebellion. According to
Venetian reports Greek revolutionary leader Petros Lantzas killed the Ottoman commander of
Paramythia [17] Up to the late 16th century and early 17th century, most of the population of
Paramythia was Christian. In the 1583 defter, many of the names of household heads are
typical Christian Albanian names (Gjon, Lekë, Pal). Most inhabitants possibly spoke Albanian
within their household, but there were also Greek-speakers and bilingualism between
Albanian and Greek was likely in the area.[18] In the Ottoman period, much of the economic
and political life of Paramythia was controlled by the feudal landholding families which
emerged in the region. One of the most significant of these in Paramythia was the Albanian
Proniari family which had firmly established itself by the late 18th century.[19] Cham Albanian
landlords of Paramythia and Margariti were in conflict with Ali Pasha of Yannina during much
of the Pashalik of Yanina era.[20] These families by the end of the Ottoman era would hold
almost 90% of the arable land of the plain of Paramythia. This economic division between
mostly Muslim landlords and Christian peasants contributed strongly to a political shift of a
part of the population towards the Kingdom of Greece since the late 19th century.[21]

A Greek language school, had been attested since 1682. It declined and closed in the mid-
18th century,[22] however, another Greek school was continuously operating from the late
17th century and at 1842 was expanded with additional classes.[23] In 1854 a major revolt
took place in Epirus and the town came briefly under the control of guerilla Souliote forces
that demanded the union of Epirus with Greece.[24]

Contemporary

During the early 20th century, although the majority of local Muslims were Albanian-speaking,
there were considerable communities Greek-speaking and Romani Muslim communities,
which had emigrated to the area from southern Greece after 1821. The Christian Orthodox
community was mainly Albanian-speaking.[25] After the end of the Balkan Wars (1912–1913)
the town became part of the Greek state, as with the rest of Epirus region. In the interwar
period, Paramythia was a centre of the Albanian speaking area of Chameria and mainly an
Albanian speaking market town that after 1939 increasingly became Greek-speaking.[26]
During the Greek-Italian War the town was burned by Cham Albanian bands (October 28-
November 14, 1940) and Greek notables were killed.[27] In the following Axis occupation of
Greece (1941-1944) the town had a population of 6,000 inhabitants; 3,000 Greeks and 3,000
Cham Albanians.[28] In 1928, representatives from the Cham Albanian communities in
Paramythia, Karvounari and Filiates, requested the opening of two Muslim schools which
they would fund themselves. The Greek authorities officially rejected the request, fearing that
these Muslim schools would serve Albanian state propaganda by promoting an anti-Greek
sentiment among the Chams of Greece. Regardless, the Greek government allowed their
operation unofficially because it could close them as illegal at any time, and could also claim
that their function fulfilled demands for Albanian schools in Chameria.[29]

Paramythia first fell under Italian control and then under German rule after Italy's capitulation
(September 1943). As Italy entered its phase of capitulation throughout 1943, EDES tried to
approach the Cham community unsuccessfully on May 1943, but they reached a brief
ceasefire on July 1943 in the area of Paramythia.[30] Italian collapse in the region was
followed by the entry of the German army. In Paramythia, as the Italian units were disbanding,
the Cham militia clashed with left wing ELAS which tried to disarm them. ELAS controlled
part of the town briefly, but was quickly routed by the German advance. Members of the
Geheime Feldpolizei were also sent to Paramythia to organize and use the Cham groups.[31]
In an operation which followed by the 1st Mountain Division with the assistance of the Cham
militia during the week of September 20–29 up to 200 Greeks in and around Paramythia were
killed and 19 municipalities were destroyed.[32] In one invicent, on the night of 27 September
1943, Cham militias arrested 53 Greek civilians in Paramythia and executed 49 of them two
days later. This action was orchestrated by the brothers Nuri and Mazar Dino (an officer of
the Cham militia) in order to get rid of the town's Greek representatives and intellectuals.
According to German reports, Cham militias were also part of the firing squad.[33] On
September 30, the Swiss representative of the International Red Cross, Hans-Jakob Bickel,
visited the area and confirmed the attacks committed by the Cham militia in collaboration
with the Axis forces.[34]

On June 26–27, 1944, under orders from the Allied headquarters the town was taken by the
National Republican Greek League (EDES).[35] There are competing timelines about the
events of the surrender of the town. Some sources mention that EDES possibly negotiated
their entry in Paramythia with the German army which was about to retreat together with the
Cham units.[36] The Cham militia then tried unsuccessfully to capture the town. Others
mention that EDES took the town after defeating the Nazi German-Cham defence. The
Germans retreated without significant losses, while the remaining armed Albanian units were
disarmed.[35] Cham militia and German Wehrmacht then tried unsuccessfully to recapture the
town.[37] EDES issued a proclamation which guaranteed the safety of the Cham community
and their property, but soon after it established itself in the town the expulsion of Cham
Albanians began.[36] According to an estimate, 600 Albanians were killed in Paramythia,[38]
while other accounts limit this number to 300.[39] Almost all buildings inhabited by Muslim
Albanians in the town were destroyed during World War II warfare.[40]

Notable inhabitants

Sotirios Voulgaris, the notable Greek [41] who founded the jewelry and luxury goods
company Bulgari. His jewelry store in Paramythia survives. Following his wish, his sons
funded the building of the elementary school of the town.

Dionysius the Philosopher (1560–1611), Greek monk and revolutionary.

Alexios Pallis (1803–1885), Greek writer.

Subdivisions

The municipal unit Paramythia is subdivided into the following communities (constituent
villages in brackets):

Agia Kyriaki

Ampelia (Ampelia, Agios Panteleimonas, Rapi)

Chrysavgi

Elataria

Grika

Kallithea (Kallithea, Avaritsa, Vrysopoula)

Karioti

Karvounari (Karvounari, Kyra Panagia)

Krystallopigi (Krystallopigi, Kefalovryso)

Neochori (Neochori, Agios Georgios, Neraida)

Pagkrates

Paramythia (Paramythia, Agios Georgios, Agios Donatos)

Pente Ekklisies

Petousi

Petrovitsa

Plakoti

Polydroso

Prodromi (Prodromi, Dafnoula)

Psaka (Psaka, Nounesati)

Saloniki

Sevasto

Xirolofos (Xirolofos, Rachouli)

Zervochori (Zervochori, Asfaka, Kamini)

See also

List of cities in ancient Epirus

Axis-Cham Albanian collaboration

Paramythia executions

Paramythia Hoard

Metropolis of Paramythia, Filiates, Giromeri and Parga

Gallery
 Old part of Paramythia

The Byzantine castle seen from the streets of Paramythia

Byzantine church of the Koimesis (13th century AD)

Byzantine baths of Paramythia (early 15th century AD)

Interior of the Byzantine baths

Ottoman tower (Koulia, 17th century AD)

 Rigas mansion (1872)

The marketplace of Paramythia (1915)

References

1. "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (http://www.statistics.gr/documen

ts/20181/1210503/resident_population_census2011rev.xls) (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical
Authority.

2. "ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities" (http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerF

orm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wGYK2xFpSwMnXdtvSoClrL81-32jgAMSfbnMRVjyfnPUeJInJ48_97uHrMts
-zFzeyCiBSQOpYnT00MHhcXFRTsb2fGphpq4MKX2ZkaHobySNnvZCNHXvYVvlf80XevW0Q.) (in
Greek). Government Gazette.

3. "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/
GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf) (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece.
 4. Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization (https://books.google.com/books?hl=el&id=UV1o
AAAAMAAJ&dq=epirus+4000&q=%22the+saint%27s+name%22&pgis=1#search_anchor) M. V.
Sakellariou. Ekdotike Athenon, 1997. ISBN 978-960-213-371-2, p. 183 "modern Paramythia bore the
Saint's name for many centuries..." (c. from 7th to 15th centuries)

5. Duka, Ferit; Society and Economy in Ottoman Çameria: Kazas of Ajdonat and Mazrak (Second Half of
the 16th Century) p.3, periodic Historical Studies (Studime historike) issue: 34 / 2004

6. Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi, Hazırlayanlar: Seyit Ali Kahraman, Yücel Dağlı, YKY Yayınları, Istanbul
2002, pp. 107. (in Turkish)

7. Elsie, Robert (2000). "The Christian Saints of Albania" (http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/modern_langua

ges/BalkArticle2.html) . Balkanistica. American Association for South Slavic Studies. 13: 36.

8. paramythia.gr (http://www.paramythia.gr/enpage2.html) Archived (https://archive.today/20020609

043055/http://www.paramythia.gr/enpage2.html) 2002-06-09 at archive.today

9. Balta, Oğuz & Yaşar 2011, p. 353:The neighbourhood of Paramythia owed its name to the church of
the Panagia of Paramythia (known as the Paregoretria, or Comforter).30 From the name of this ‘great
church’ the kaza’s capital later took its name, most likely in the eighteenth century, because
throughout the seventeenth century the city continued to be known as Aydonat, as is shown in the
head tax registers (Fig. 2).3

10. Papadopoulos Thanasis J. The Late Bronze Age Daggers of the Aegean I: The Greek Mainland, Franz
Steiner Verlag, 1998, pp. 22, 23 (https://books.google.gr/books?id=n0hGndzJc8UC&pg=PA22&dq=Ts
ardakia&hl=en&ei=eEayT625DqPG0QXH1IiTCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&redir_esc=
y#v=onepage&q=Tsardakia&f=false)

11. L'habitat égéen préhistorique: actes de la Table Ronde internationale organisé par le Centre National
de la Recherche Scientifique, France, 1987, p. 361 (https://books.google.gr/books?id=gqMnAQAAMA
AJ&q=Tsardakia&dq=Tsardakia&hl=en&ei=eEayT625DqPG0QXH1IiTCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=bo
ok-thumbnail&redir_esc=y)

12. An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis
Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen, 2005, page 340.

13. British Museum Collection (https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx?

place=34967&plaA=34967-3-1)

14. Epirus, as an Independent State: The Despotate of Epirus (in "4000 years of Greek history and
civilization" (https://books.google.com/books?hl=el&id=UV1oAAAAMAAJ&dq=epirus+4000&q=%22c
ommanders+of+Paramythia%22&pgis=1#search_anchor) Nicol D. Ekdotike Athenon, 1997.
ISBN 978-960-213-371-2, pp. 214, 219.

15. H. Karpat, Kemal (1985). Ottoman population, 1830-1914: demographic and social characteristics (htt
ps://books.google.com/books?id=yhgEAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Yanya+Central+Kaza%22) . p. 146.
ISBN 9780299091606. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
16. Motika, Raoul (1995). Türkische Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte (1071-1920) (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=5BQ0AQAAIAAJ&q=pogon+permedi+Koni%C3%A7e) . p. 297.
ISBN 9783447036832. Retrieved 22 September 2011. "Sancaks Yanya (Kazas: Yanya, Aydonat
(Paramythia), Filat (Philiates), Meçova (Metsovo), Leskovik (war kurzzeitig Sancak) und Koniçe
(Konitsa)"

17. Χασιωτης, Ιωαννης Κ (1970). Οι Ελληνες στις παραμονες της ναυμαχιας της Ναυπακτου:
ηκκλησεις, επαναστατικες κινησεις και εξεγερσεις στην Ελληνικη χερσονησο απο τις παραμονες
ως το τελος του Κυπριακου πολεμου (1568-1571) (https://books.google.com/books?id=nn8JAQA
AIAAJ) (in Greek). Hetaireia Makedonikōn Spoudōn. pp. 152, 215. "Το 1572 ο Πέτρος Λάντζας, που
είχε παίξει πρωτεύοντα ρόλο στην κατάλυση της τουρκικής εξουσιάς στα μέρη αυτά, ζήτησε από
τη βενετική κυβέρνηση να του αναθύση τη διοίκηση όλης της περιοχής που είχε επαναστατήσει,
δηλαδή από τη Σαγιάδα ως τα σύνορα της Πρέβεζας και σε βάθος που έφτανε στην Παραμυθιά...
...Alvive Zorzi αναφέρει ότι ο Λάντζας είχε επιτύχει σε μιαν από τις παράτολμες επιχειρήσεις του
στην Ήπειρο να σκοτώση τον Τούρκο διοικητή της Παραμηθιάς"

18. Malcolm 2020, p. 94.

19. Balta, Oğuz & Yaşar 2011, p. 361:The Venetian archive contains an interesting account of the
conversion of a man who was in all likelihood a Christian sipahi by the name of Ahmet Proniari of
Agia, who organized in June 1558 incursions against Parga undertaken with the help of other men
from the same village.77 It is worth noting that Proniaris was the name of a large family of Albanian
notables and agas with a strong presence in Paramythia at the end of the eighteenth century.

20. Malcolm 2020, p. 163.

21. Tsoutsoumpis 2015, p. 122:The majority of the arable land in the region was owned by a handful of
absentee Muslim landlords who owned approximately 90% of the arable land in the areas of Fanari
and Paramithia, and more than 60% in Filiates. (..) Land disputes created fertile ground for irredentist
propaganda and the sympathies of the area’s population had been shifting towards the newly-created
Greek Kingdom since the late 19th century

22. "Σχολή Παραμυθίας. [School of Paramythia]" (http://195.134.90.78:8080/katoptron/loadUserSchoolIn

fo.do?newOperationId=-17&schoolId=216) . Κάτοπρον Ελληνικής Επιστήμης και Φιλοσοφίας
(University of Athens) (in Greek). Retrieved 2010-10-30.

23. Sakellariou, M. V. (1997). Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=UV1oAAAAMAAJ&q=paramythia%2B1842) . Ekdotike Athenon. p. 306. ISBN 978-960-
213-371-2.

24. M. V. Sakellariou. Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization (https://books.google.com/book
s?hl=el&id=UV1oAAAAMAAJ&dq=spyromilios+general&q=Cheimara+Tsamantas#search_anchor) .
Ekdotike Athenon, 1997. ISBN 978-960-213-371-2, p. 288
25. Tsoutsoumpis 2015, p. 121:quote=While the majority of local Muslims were Albanian-speakers, there
was a significant presence of Roma and Greek-speaking Muslims in the towns of Parga and
Paramithia, many of whom had emigrated from southern Greece after the 1821 revolution. The
«Greek» community was also highly fragmented. The majority of Christians in the highlands of
Mourgana and Souli were Greek speakers, while in the lowland areas of Margariti, Igoumenitsa and
Paramithia, Albanian speakers comprised the majority

26. Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1967). Epirus: the Geography, the Ancient Remains, the
History and Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas (https://books.google.com/books?id=gI5QjgEA
CAAJ&q=The+market+towns+of+Filiates+and+Paramythia+were+mainly+Albanian) . Oxford:
Clarendon Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780198142539. "The market towns of Filiates and Paramythia were
mainly Albanian in speech before 1939, but Greek speech was beginning to flow back to them."; p. 50
(https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&id=gI5QjgEACAAJ&dq=Epirus%3A+the+Geography%2
C+the+Ancient+Remains&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=the+Albanian+speaking+area+of+which+Ma
rgariti+and+Paramythia+are+centres) . "and it is the most southerly of the villages of Tsamouria, the
Albanian speaking area of which Margariti and Paramythia are centres."

27. Georgia Kretsi. Verfolgung und Gedächtnis in Albanien: eine Analyse postsozialistischer
Erinnerungsstrategien (https://books.google.com/books?lr=&hl=el&as_brr=0&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm
_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&id=LmtpAAAAMAAJ&dq=inauthor%3AGeorgia+ina
uthor%3AKretsi&q=Filiati#search_anchor) . Harrassowitz, 2007. ISBN 978-3-447-05544-4, p. 283.

28. Meyer 2008: 464

29. Fortna, Benjamin; Katsikas, Stefanos; Kamouzis, Dimitris; Konortas, Paraskevas (2012). State-
Nationalisms in the Ottoman Empire, Greece and Turkey: Orthodox and Muslims, 1830-1945 (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=AwzO6MNO8nwC&pg=PA161) . Routledge. p. 161. ISBN 1136220526.

30. Tsoutsoumpis 2015, p. 133:Furthermore, EDES approached the Cham community in May 1943. This
tactic failed, but talks were rekindled during July 1943 and resulted in a brief ceasefire between EDES
and the Chams in the area of Paramithia.

31. Muñoz, Antonio (2018). The German Secret Field Police in Greece, 1941-1944 (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=TcVODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79) . McFarland. pp. 79=80. ISBN 978-1476667843.

32. Meyer 2008: 476

33. Meyer 2008: 469-471

34. Meyer 2008: 498

35. Manta, Eleftheria (2009). "The Cams of Albania and the Greek State (1923 - 1945)" (https://www.acad
emia.edu/7570145) . Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 4 (9): 9. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
36. Kretsi, Georgia (2002). "The 'Secret' Past of the Greek-Albanian Borderlands, Cham Muslim Albanians:
Perspectives on a Conflict over Historical Accountability and Current Rights" (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=-ebpDLhkVWcC&pg=PA182) . Ethnologia Balkanica. 6: 182. "On the night of June
26/27, 1944, the EDES 10th division advanced towards the city of Paramithia. By some accounts they
even negotiated with the German forces whose retreat was imminent. (..) The EDES issued a
proclamation alleging that all Muslims would be free and that their properties would be secure. After
Paramithia was captured, however, the signal for the ultimate expulsion of the Muslims was given."

37. Kallivretakis, Leonidas (1995). "Η ελληνική κοινότητα της Αλβανίας υπό το πρίσμα της ιστορικής
γεωγραφίας και δημογραφίας [The Greek Community of Albania in terms of historical geography and
demography (http://helios-eie.ekt.gr/EIE/handle/10442/8696) ." In Nikolakopoulos, Ilias, Kouloubis
Theodoros A. & Thanos M. Veremis (eds). Ο Ελληνισμός της Αλβανίας [The Greeks of Albania].
University of Athens. p. 39: "Επανειλημμένες απόπειρες των γερμανικών και τσάμικων τμημάτων
να ανακαταλάβουν την Παραμυθιά τους επόμενους μήνες απέτυχαν."

38. Petrov, Bisser (2009). "National Republican Greek League EDES" (https://books.google.com/books?id
=PxcLBlGMJJQC) . Études balkaniques. Academy of Sciences of Bulgaria. 45 (3–4): 30. "On June
27, 1944, EDES units overran the town of Paramythia and killed about 600 Albanians. On the next day,
another EDES battalion reached Parga and killed another 52."

39. Kretsi, Georgia (2007). Verfolgung und Gedächtnis in Albanien: eine Analyse postsozialistischer
Erinnerungsstrategien (https://books.google.com/books?id=VZVLxO37_vQC) (in German). Otto
Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 284. ISBN 978-3-447-05544-4. "in die griechische Stadt Paramithia ein... Allein
hier verloren um die 300 Camen ihr Leben."

40. Kiel, Machiel (1990). Ottoman architecture in Albania, 1385-1912 (https://books.google.com/books?i

d=2xYzAAAAIAAJ&q=Aydonat+) . Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture. p. 3.
ISBN 978-92-9063-330-3. Retrieved 1 November 2010.

41. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090815053416/http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Ne

wFashion/Bulgari.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/NewFashion/
Bulgari.html) on 2009-08-15. Retrieved 2009-06-03.

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tps://books.google.com/books?id=0FXwDwAAQBAJ) . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-
0192599223.
 Meyer, Hermann Frank (2008). Blutiges Edelweiß: Die 1. Gebirgs-division im zweiten
Weltkrieg [Bloodstained Edelweiss. The 1st Mountain-Division in WWII] (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=_Hpr-PK39UkC) (in German). Ch. Links Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86153-447-1.

Tsoutsoumpis, Spiros (2015). "Violence, resistance and collaboration in a Greek

borderland: the case of the Muslim Chams of Epirus "Qualestoria" n. 2, dicembre 2015" (htt
ps://www.academia.edu/24269752) . Qualestoria. 2. Retrieved 16 January 2018.

External links

https://web.archive.org/web/20110508004110/http://www.dimos-souliou.gr/

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Last edited 2 months ago by Demetrios1993