● Rhetoric is using language to construct meaning

● Rhetorical device - anything used to construct meaning

○ Nouns or pronouns
● Choice - anything speaker does to construct meaning
○ Verb (illustrates, presents, etc)
● Purpose- what audience is supposed to understand and do
● Rhetorical situation
○ Exigence
○ Audience
○ Writer
○ Purpose
○ Context
○ Message
● Rhetorical focuses on the functions of language in action
○ How does it impact
● Tips
○ 2-3 choices/strategies
○ Incorporate spacecat elements into the text
○ Clear sentences
○ Use a formal tone, but be natural. Don’t try too hard
○ Organize essay
● Introduction
○ Explain what it is
■ Define speaker, purpose, audience
■ Context and exigence are important
○ Cant use ethos pathos or logos, they are the result
● Body
○ Specific examples
○ What boosts ethos pathos or logos
● Conclusion
○ Recap what you have said
○ How and why the author uses strategies (tie back to purpose)
○ Audience
○ Occasion and how that occasion influences purpose
● Device: What a writer is USING. Things you can spot or point to directly.
○ Examples: Diction, syntax, repetition/parallelism, juxtaposition, imagery,
alliteration, allusions, metaphor/simile, personification
● Strategy: What a writer is DOING. The method or techniques.
○ Examples: Ideas communicated (shifts), appeals, tone, structure,
organization, details, compare/contrast
In the song “Under the Sea” from the Disney movie The Little Mermaid, the main character,
Ariel, is considering leaving her home to go to the surface, so, Ariel’s friend Sebastian
illustrates the contrast of the land of the sea, emphasizes his main points frequently, and
boldly presents his case in order to convince Ariel that the sea is amazing, ultimately
moving Ariel to consider staying with him under the sea.

Rhetorical choices
- Illustrates environment of the sea and land, contrasts them
- Emphasizes that being under the sea is best

Strategy is what the writer does, what the devices do - the things they make
- Ideas communicated
- Appeals
- Tone
- Structure
- Organization
- Details
- compare/contrast
Devices - the tools
- Word choice
- Syntax
- Repetition/ parallelism
- Imagery
- Alliteration
- Allusions
- metaphor/simile
- Personification

Conclusion
● Not just a summary
○ Telling the reader what they already know
○ No sophistication
● 2-3 key ideas, singular abstract words to which the analyzed piece relates
● The first sentence focuses on ideas
 ○ Throughout the (Genre), (Last Name) (highlight connections between ideas
of authors piece, not rhetorical choices, only ideas)
○ A metaphor that relates to the piece
■ Relevant to the topic of the article
● Move to a more universally applicable model (people, individuals, society)
○ Make the audience respond without asking a question
○ Applicable piece of text
○ Leave a glass slipper/mic drop
○ Talk about what the speaker did and make it universal
● 2-3 key ideas
● Ties them to purpose, with metaphor if possible
● Universal application
● Add an applicable piece of text

Rewrite of conclusion:
In this speech, Albright gives these women a beacon of hope for their future, lighting their
way to confidence and faith in themselves. Women across the world can be motivated by
this message, paving the way for a brighter future.

Resubmission
In this speech, Albright arms the women in the audience with the motivation to “aim high”,
preparing them to fight for a better future. The army of women across the world now have
the ammunition to take down any challenges they may encounter in their battle with
success.