∞

1 Roots of polynomials ex =
X xr
√
r=0
r!
−b± b2 −4ac
ax2 + bx + c = 0 has roots x = 2a ∞
X xr
For ax2 + bx + c = 0 with roots α and β: α + β = −b/a, αβ = c/a ln(1 + x) = (−1)r+1
r=1
r
For ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 with roots α, β and γ: α + β + γ = −b/a, αβ + ∞
X x2r+1
βγ + γα = c/a, αβγ = −d/a sin x = (−1)r
r=0
(2r + 1)!
∞
X x2r
cos x = (−1)r
2 Laws of indices r=0
(2r)!
x y x+y
a a =a
a0 = 1 5 Coordinate Geometry
y
(ax ) = axy
Line with slope m through (x1 , y1 )
ax = ex ln a
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )

3 Laws of logarithms Straight lines with slopes m1 , m2 are perpendicular iff m1 m2 = −1.
x = an ⇔ n = loga x
loga x + loga y = loga (xy)
6 Trigonometry
loga x − loga y = loga (x/y)
Sine rule for a triangle ABC
k loga x = loga xk
a b c
= =
sin A sin B sin C
4 Sequences and series
Cosine rule for a triangle ABC
General term of an arithmetic progression:

un = a + (n − 1)d a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A

1
Sum of an arithmetic progression: Area of ABC: 2 ab sin C

1 General formulae
Sn = n [2a + (n − 1)d]
2
cos2 A + sin2 A = 1
General term of a geometric progression: sec2 A = 1 + tan2 A

un = arn−1 cosec2 A = 1 + cot2 A

sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
Sum of a geometric progression: cos 2A = cos2 A − sin2 A
2 tan A
a(1 − rn ) tan 2A =
Sn = 1 − tan2 A
1−r
sin(A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
Sum to infinity of a geometric progression: cos(A ± B) = cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B
tan A ± tan B
a tan(A ± B) =
S∞ = 1 ∓ tan A tan B
1−r

Binomial Expansion Small angle approximations

 
n n!
= 1
r r!(n − r)! sin θ ≈ θ, cos θ ≈ 1 − θ2 , tan θ ≈ θ
2
n
X n
(a + b)n = an−r br
r=0
r
7 Hyperbolic functions
k(k − 1) 2
(1 + x)k = 1 + kx + x + ···
2! ex − e−x
k(k − 1) · · · (k − r + 1) r sinh x =
+ x + ··· 2
r! ex + e−x
cosh x =
2
Sum of n, n2 and n3 sinh x
tanh x =
n
cosh x
X n(n + 1) cosh2 A − sinh2 A = 1
k=
2
k=1 sech2 A = 1 − tanh2 A
n
X n(n + 1)(2n + 1) cosech2 A = coth2 A − 1
k2 =
6 sinh 2A = 2 sinh A cosh A
k=1
n 2 2
X n (n + 1) cosh 2A = cosh2 A + sinh2 A
k3 =
4 2 tanh A
k=1
tanh 2A =
1 + tanh2 A
Maclaurin series. ln(1 + x) converges for −1 < x ≤ 1, others for all x. sinh(A ± B) = sinh A cosh B ± cosh A sinh B
∞
cosh(A ± B) = cosh A cosh B ± sinh A sinh B
X 1 (r) tanh A ± tanh B
f(x) = f (0)xr tanh(A ± B) =
r=0
r! 1 ± tanh A tanh B

1
8 Calculus f 0 (x)
−→ ln|f (x)|
f (x)
Derivative from first principles 1 n+1
(f (x))n f 0 (x) −→ (f (x))
f(x + h) − f(x) n + 1Z
f 0 (x) = lim dv du
h→0 h u −→ uv − v dx
dx dx
Slope of a parameterised curve y = y(t), x = x(t)

dy dy dx
9 Circles
= /
dx dt dt Length of an arc of a circle of radius r: rθ
1 2
Volume of revolution about the x-axis Area of a sector of a circle of radius r: 2r θ
Z b
π (f(x))2 dx
a 10 Complex numbers
Trapezium rule. For h = b−a Euler’s formula
n , yr = y(a + rh)
eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ
Z b
1
y dx ≈ h (y0 + yn ) + h (y1 + y2 + · · · + yn−1 ) De Moivre’s theorem
a 2
z = r(cos θ + i sin θ) =⇒ z n = rn (cos nθ + i sin nθ)
2
Simple harmonic motion: ẍ = −ω x ⇒ x = R sin(ωt + α) or x = R cos(ωt + β)
or x = A cos ωt + B sin ωt Roots of unity: z n = 1 has roots z = e2πki/n , where k = 0, 1, . . . , n − 1
Half line with end-point a: arg(z − a) = θ
8.1 Derivatives
Circle with center a and radius r: |z − a| = r

sin x −→ cos x
cos x −→ − sin x 11 Vectors
2
tan x −→ sec x
Magnitude
cot x −→ − cosec2 x
p
|xi + yj + zk| = x2 + y 2 + z 2
sec x −→ sec x tan x
cosec x −→ − cosec x cot x Dot/scalar product of a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k
1
sin−1 −→ √ a.b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 = |a||b| cos θ
1 − x2
1
tan−1 −→ Cross product
1 + x2
sinh x −→ cosh x a × b = (a2 b3 − a3 b2 ) i + (a3 b1 − a1 b3 ) j + (a1 b2 − a2 b1 ) k
cosh x −→ sinh x
|a × b| = |a||b||sin θ|
tanh x −→ sech2 x
coth x −→ − coshec2 x Line through the point with position vector a parallel to b
sech x −→ − sech x tanh x
r = a + λb
1
sinh−1 x −→ √
1 + x2
1 Plane containing the position vector a with normal n
tanh−1 x −→
1 − x2 (r − a).n = 0
ex −→ ex
1
ln x −→
x 12 Matrices
f (x) + g(x) −→ f 0 (x) + g 0 (x)  
a b
f (x)g(x) −→ f 0 (x)g(x) + f (x)g 0 (x) For A = ,
c d
f (x) f 0 (x)g(x) − f (x)g 0 (x) det A = ad − bc
−→ 2
g(x) (g(x)) 1

d −b

−1
A =
f (g(x)) −→ f 0 (g(x)) g 0 (x) det A −c a

8.2 Integrals (AB)−1 = B−1 A−1

Reflection in the line y = ±x

1
xn −→ xn+1  
n+1 0 ±1
1 ±1 0
−→ ln|x|
x
cos x −→ sin x Rotation by θ anticlockwise about the z axis
sin x −→ − cos x  
cos θ − sin θ 0
sinh x −→ cosh x  sin θ cos θ 0
cosh x −→ sinh x 0 0 1
1
√ −→ sin−1 x
1 − x2 Reflection in the plane z = 0
1
−→ tan−1 x  
1 + x2 1 0 0
ex −→ ex 0 1 0
0 0 −1
f 0 (x) + g 0 (x) −→ f (x) + g(x)
f 0 (g(x))g 0 (x) −→ f (g(x))