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Phillit 1 Handout
Phillit 1 Handout
LITERATURE in General
Definition:
ENCYCLOPEDIA: is a body of writing by a people or by peoples using the same
language.
Significance:
1. It is a springboard to new knowledge, increases vocabulary, etc.
2. It can change society, culture and personality (Inspirational, Self-
Help, Revolutionary Books).
3. It mirrors and integrates values (stories with morals).
4. Can be a guide to one’s life for it talks about experiences etc.
Origin:
Literature mainly originated from Oral text/Oral literature. Examples
are the following:
1. Epic—came from the Greek word, “Epikos” meaning word, speech, or poem.
It is a long narrative poem in elevated style recounting the deeds of a
legendary or historical hero.
2. Legend—a popular myth that usually presents origins of things, people,
events etc.
3. Myth—a usual traditional story of historical events that serves to
unfold parts of the world-view of a people or explain a practice, belief, or
natural phenomena.
4. Ballad—a narrative composition in rhythmic verse suitable for singing.
5. Proverbs—sayings that project the kind of character/personality one
should uphold or discard.
6. Riddles
7. Fables—a narrative characterized or composed by animal characters that
were anthropomorphized.
a. KINDS OF FICTIONS
1. Short-story—short prose fiction (shorter and tighter in scope than a
novel)
2. Novel—extended or longer narrative prose fiction (the work is usually
divided into chapters)
3. Folktales—narrative prose fiction that originally presented and passed
orally.
• Legends—talks about origin of something
• Myths—with supernatural elements
• Fables—centers on a moral values and characterized by animal.
b. ELEMENTS OF FICTIONS
1. Settings and Atmosphere—time and place of the events of the story. It
often helps shape the character and events.
• Elements:
a. Physical Setting (geographical/topography)
b. Time or Period
c. General Environment of Characters (cultural, religious etc.)
2. Character/Characterization—the means, which the author uses to
describe or project the characters and make them seem real.
• Kinds:
a. PROTAGONIST—hero/main character in the story (usually admirable)
b. ANTAGONIST—character in conflict with the hero.
c. ANTIHERO—also a protagonist but depicts a ridiculous character or a
feature which oppose our usual idea of a hero (Shrek, Quasimodo)
d. STOCK—a characterization that possesses a recognizably universal
personality trait (rich fat uncle, cruel step mother, strict father, absent-
minded professor etc.)
e. DYNAMIC—characters who changes significantly during the course of the
story, carries with him the realities of human growth and decline)
f. FOIL—a character who points up the qualities of another character
(side kicks)
a. KINDS OF NON-FICTIONS
1. Essay—a moderately brief prose composition usually of a restricted
topic and expository in nature. Usually opinionated, focuses on the writer’s
perspective about the matter. Came from the French term, “ESSAI”, which means
an attempt.
• Classifications:
a. Informal (Personal)—Highly subjective, the main source of interest is
the personality of the author. It possesses a charming, interesting and
distinctive purpose—to entertain and amuse (Autobiographical Narratives)
b. Formal (Impersonal)—it deals with serious and important topics such as
philosophy, theology, science, politics morality and others (objective). It
aims to teach and to instruct.
2. Autobiography—a narrative about one’s self, written by the author
himself (A boy named It)
3. Biography—a narrative about one’s self, written by others.
4. Critical
5. Scientific
6. Historical
A. GENRES OF POETRY:
a. LYRIC POETRY—originally referred to songs sung to lyre music. It
dwells on subjects like love, death, grief, religion and feelings, beauty etc.
i. Types of Lyric Poetry
1. Simple Lyric—characterized by subjectivity, imagination, melody, and
emotion.
2. Song—short lyric poem which has a specific melodious quality and is
intended to be sung and can be set easily to music. It is either religious or
secular.
3. Sonnet—a lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal rhyme. It was perfected
by an Italian, Francesco Petrarca on the 14th century (English/Shakespearean
Sonnet, Spenserian Sonnet)
b. NARRATIVE POETRY—it tells a story following an order of events.
i. Types of Narrative Poetry
1. Ballad—short simple narrative poem composed to be sung, and is orally
told from one generation to another.
2. Metrical Romance—centered about love stories and adventures of knights
and lords, and their royal ladies. Its setting is usually in the Medieval.
3. Epic—long narrative poem which tells the adventures of a traditional
hero and the development of a nation (Iliad, Odyssey, Ang Biag-ni-Lam-Ang)
c. DRAMATIC POETRY—dramatic form and dramatic techniques, emphasis is
more to the characters rather than the narration.
i. Types of Dramatic Poetry
1. Dramatic Monologue (one speaker)
2. Soliloquy
3. Character Sketch
B. ELEMENTS OF POETRY:
a. RHYTHM—variation of stressed and unstressed sounds that has same
regular pattern.
b. IMAGERY—the collection of images; in a broader sense it is synonymous
with figures of speech or “trope” It appeals to the senses.
i. Kinds of Figures of Speech
1. Simile—indirect comparison of ideas, things, or images. Uses the words
“like”, “looks like”, “as ___ as ___”, etc. (Your hair is as soft as a cotton)
2. Metaphor—direct comparison of ideas (You are the sunshine of my life)
3. Hyperbole—exaggeration (Waves mountain high suddenly appeared)
4. Oxymoron—two contradictory terms in one statement (His cruel kindness
is beyond compare)
5. Onomatopoeia—having a sound that imitates what they denote (the
hissing sound of the bushes adds creepiness to the place)
6. Synecdoche—naming of parts to suggest the whole (Show your respect for
the snowy hair).
7. Personification—giving human attributes to inanimate objects (As the
morning cries, people gather around)
8. Allusions—reference to any literary, biblical, historical,
mythological scientific event, character, or place (As he acts like Pilate,
the innocent sobs)
c. DICTION—words chosen for a supposedly inherent poetic quality.
d. SOUNDS
i. Rhymes—identity of sound between syllables or paired group of
syllables, usually at the end of a poem’s line.
ii. Alliteration—repetition of the beginning consonant sound within the
line of a poem.
iii. Assonance—the repetition of a word sound within the line of a poem
iv. Consonance—repetition of a within-the-word consonant sound within the
line.
A. KINDS:
a. TRAGEDY—a play where the protagonist was overcome by a catastrophe or
a disastrous event. It portrays pity and fear and the action usually ends
unhappily.
b. COMEDY—generally a play that amuses and/or has a happy ending.
B. ELEMENTS OF DRAMA:
a. PLOT—Dramatic Structure
i. Parts of a Dramatic Structure
1. Exposition
2. Rising Action—Sets in action by a conflict or an exciting force. It is
a point where in one identifies a threat to the character in the play.
• Kinds of Conflicts
i. Man vs. Man (rebellion, competition, etc.)
ii. Man vs. Environment (rescue, disaster, etc.)
iii. Man vs. Self (ambition, self-sacrifice, etc.)
3. Climax—confrontation or the high point.
4. Downward/Falling Action
5. Catastrophe—ends where in the hero live or die. It is where the status
quo is restored.
b. SETTING—set arrangement, props, costumes, lighting, sounds etc.
c. DIALOGUE—an exchange between two or more characters.
History:
I. Oral Lore From Pre-Colonial Times (___-1564)
a. Pre-Colonial Literature
A. LEGENDS (Legends of the Tagalogs)
B. EPIC (Hudhod and Alim:Ifugao, Bidasari:Moro)
C. FOLK SONGS—one of the oldest forms of Philippine Literature that
emerged in the Pre-Spanish period. It mirrors the early forms of culture
(Kundiman:Awit ng Pag-ibig, Oyayi or Hele:Lullaby)
D. EPIGRAMS—Pre-Spanish Poetry: Salawikain (customarily used and served
as laws or laws on good behavior by our ancestors.
E. RIDDLES—Pre-Spanish Poetry:Bugtong or Palaisipan (made up of one or
more measured lines with a rhyme.
F. CHANT—Pre-Spanish Poetry: Bulong (used in witch craft or enchantment)
Significant Historical Event Significant Literary Events or Features
Authors: Representative Works
Discovery of the Tabon Man Characteristics of Pre-Colonial Literature:
1. Oral tradition
2. Subjects: Common Experience
3. Commonly owned
REGION 1: The Great Flood
REGION 2: The Monkey and the Turtle
Influenced by Chinese, Malay, Indian 3Common Kinds of Pre-Colonial
Literature
1. Riddles
2. Proverbs
3. Songs
ILOCANO: Biag-ni-Lam-Ang
2 Reasons Pre-Colonial Literature Survived Spanish Influence
1. Resistance to colonial rule
2. Isolation from colonial power Conventions of Pre-Colonial Oral
Literary Forms
1. Formulaic repetitions
2. Stereotyping of characters
3. monorhyming heptasyllabic verses
4. Use of talinghaga
Jose P. Rizal: NOLI ME TANGERE (the 1st novel that used social realism as a
literary concept). EL FILIBUSTERISMO (offered a wealth of political insight
that showed Rizal’s mind
Magazines:
LIWAYWAY—1922, Tagalog
BISAYA—1930, Cebuano
HILIGAYNON—1934, Ilongo
BANNAWAG—1934, Iloko
Euro-Hispanic Tradition—refers to the literary part of the cultural
heritage of Spanish Colonialism, which brought over into Philippine writing
forms, critical theory, and subject matters/themes in Spanish Literature and
other Western European Literatures, Particularly French.
Forms of Theater
1. SARSUWELA—originally, a Spanish theater form that depicted contemporary
life in Spain. It presented an entertaining feature of mild social comment,
lilting music, and earthy humor on which a slight love story was usually made
to rest.
2. ALLEGORY—a dramatic form where human characters were made to represent
ideas to make an abstract message easier to grasp.
3. VAUDEVILLE—a stage performance that featured a lot of song and dance
numbers influenced by the American Form of Entertainment.
4. CAMPUS THEATER—colleges or universities became the venue for dramatic
performances when commercial theaters were invaded by vaudevilles and movies;
influenced by Europeans, British and American plays mounted by amateur
students groups.
Severino Reyes: Walang Sugat
B. LATTER PERIOD:
1. Content: personal themes
2. Form: anything goes
3. Language: English Fernando Ma. Guerrero: Crisalidas
Jose Corazon de Jesus: Mga Gintong Dahon (he was the first of the two giants
of Philippine Literature)
American Education System was adapted in the Philippine School
B. LATTER PERIOD:
1. Content: romance
2. Form: anything goes
3. Language: Tagalog and English Inigo Ed. Regalado: Lalaking Uliran o
Tulisan
: May Pagsinta’s Walang Puso (featured a fallen woman as a protagonist; showed
the hypocrisies of conventional society.
Lope K. Santos: Banaag at Sikat –uses the poor boy-rich girl plot; a novel
about society undergoing transition from agricultural to an industrial
economy; as a novel, it tries to be a primer for laborers
Manuel E. Arguilla: How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife and Other Stories
Manuel A. Roxas, the first president of the Republic, proclaimed amnesty for
all accused of collaboration
The Bell Trade Act—imposed free trade and “parity” rights allowing US citizens
to enjoy the same rights as Filipinos in the exploitation of the natural
resources of the country
6. Women writers writing about children and women, and feminist consciousness
became more prominent (Matute, Polotan-Tuvera)
10. Philippine novels were highly influenced by themes and techniques drawn
from Western novels; themes were on problems of national identity in the
experience of Filipino middle class intellectual (Joaquin, Gonzalez)
Nick Joaquin: The Woman Who Had Two Navels (he suggested that identity is not
defined by elimination but rather by a continuing assertion of man’s faculty
of choice as he sifts through history and the present)
Sept. 21, 1972—Pres. Marcos proclaimed Martial Law 11. Campus publications
became the new venue for Tagalog writing with themes of colonial education,
feudal institutions and fascist administrations in their respective schools.
13. Mao Zedong’s essay “Talks at the Yenan Forum” influenced the criteria set
for literature by identifying whose interest does the literary work serve
(“for whom?”)
Virgilio S. Almario: Kung sino and Kumatha kina Bagongbanta, Ossorio, Herrera,
Aquino de Belen, Balagtas, Atbp.
Focus: analyzing irony, paradox, imagery, and metaphor, plus the work’s
setting, characters, symbols, and point of view. I. A. Richards, William
Empson, John Crowe Ransom, Robert Penn Warren, Cleanth Brooks, Allen Tate etc.
II. BIOGRAPHICAL and HISTORICAL CRITICISM Begins with the simple but
central insight that actual people write literature and that understanding an
author’s life can help readers comprehend the work.
Focus: Author’s life and political, economical, and sociological context in
relation to his works.
III. PSYCHOLOGICAL CRITICISM FREUDIAN—pinpointing the influences of the
character’s ID, EGO, And SUPER EGO. They like to point out the sexual
implications of symbols and imagery, since Freud believes that all human
behavior is motivated by sexuality (Examples: Concave images, ponds, flowers,
cups, and caves imply FEMALE; Dancing, Flying, Riding implies SEXUAL
PLEASURE).
1. ID the instinctual, pleasure seeking part of the mind.
2. EGO the part of the mind that controls but does not repress the ID’s
impulses, releasing them in a healthy way.
3. SUPER EGO the part of the mind that represses the ID’s impulses.
They tend to emphasize on not what is being said but on how language is used
in a text. Jacques Derrida
Bibliography: