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ABSTRACT A cognitive-radio (CR) is a network that can be customized and arranged

powerfully to involve the best remote directs in its area to keep away from client
impedance and clog. Such a radio naturally distinguishes accessible diverts in remote
range, then, at that point, likewise changes its transmission or gathering boundaries to
permit more simultaneous remote correspondences in a given range band at one area.
This cycle is a type of dynamic range the board.

Cognitive-radio (CR) is a type of remote correspondence wherein a handset can

shrewdly recognize which correspondence diverts are being used and which are not,
and right away move into empty channels while keeping away from involved ones. This
streamlines the utilization of accessible radio-recurrence (RF) range while limiting
obstruction to different clients. This dissertation presents Joint spectrum-sensing and
resource assignment problem is investigated in a multi band multi user cognitive-radio
(CR) network. Design non-convex mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP)
optimization problem previously.

The transmit power and the channel are assigned to D2DC to maximize the sum
effective throughput provided that the cellular communications maintain a certain level
of quality of service. The main objective of this research work is to perform spectrum-
assignment of secondary-users using optimization problem of linear cooperative
spectrum-sensing techniques. Simulation results show that the number of primary and
secondary-users is representing the maximum population size of users. The assigned
power shows the spectrum-availability in network.

The maximum throughput and SNR presents the reliability of user’s performance with
respect to the network performance. Therefore proposed algorithm gives the significant
better performance than previous in terms of assigned power, throughput and SNR than
the existing work. CHAPTER 3 TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
 CHAPTER 3 TECHNICAL BACKGROUND 3.1 SPECTRUM-SENSING TECHNIQUES A
cognitive-radio user can dispense just an unused part of the spectrum.

For that a cognitive-radio ought to identify the radio condition ceaselessly for accessible
spectrum-groups, catch their data, and afterward distinguish spectrum-gaps. The
objective of the spectrum-sensing instrument is to decide the status of the spectrum-by
distinguishing the mark of a signal from an authorized user and to screen the action of
the authorized user by occasionally sensing the objective frequency band. Spectrum-
sensing subtleties are talked about later. Spectrum-choice: In view of the spectrum-
accessibility as acquired during spectrum-sensing, cognitive-radio users can apportion a
channel.

This assignment relies upon spectrum-accessibility, but at the same time is resolved
dependent on inner just as outside arrangements. / Figure 3.1: Hierarchical
representation of spectrum-sensing techniques Two significant segments of spectrum-
the executives components are spectrum-investigation and spectrum-get to
optimization. Spectrum-examination: Data from spectrum-sensing is investigations to
comprehend the encompassing RF condition (e.g., the conduct of authorized users) and
addition information about the spectrum-gaps (e.g.,

interference estimation, duration of accessibility, and likelihood of crash with authorized

user because of sensing blunder). An information base of the spectrum-get to condition
can be manufactured and kept up based on learning and information extraction.
Transmitter detection: In transmitter recognition, the use of the spectrum-is controlled
by checking whether the signal from an essential transmitter is available in the
spectrum. The vitality recognition is least difficult identification procedure in transmitter
discovery classification.

On the off chance that the secondary-user doesn't have any information about essential
user signal, the vitality identifier would be an ideal locator. Vitality location procedure is
a non-cognizant discovery method. In this strategy, the vitality of the essential user
signal is recognized and a limit esteem is set. This limit esteem chooses whether the
essential user signal is available or not. Matched Filter detection: Matched filter is the
ideal linear channel for boosting the signal to noise-ratio (SNR) within the sight of
added substance stochastic noise.

Coordinated channels are ordinarily utilized in radar, in which a realized signal is

conveyed, and the reflected signal is tried for regular components of the out-going
signal. In coordinated channel identification procedure the user utilizes earlier
information on the essential user's waveform to decide if the spectrum-is being used. At
the point when secondary-user has from the earlier information on essential user signal,
coordinated channel identification is applied.

Coordinated channel operation is comparable to connection in which the obscure signal

is convolved with the channel whose motivation reaction is the mirror and time moved
rendition of a reference signal.. cyclostationary detection: There are two contrasting
ways to deal with the treatment of cyclostationary processes. The probabilistic
methodology is to see estimations as an example of a stochastic procedure. As another
option, the deterministic methodology is to see the estimations as a solitary time
arrangement, from which a likelihood circulation for some occasion related with the
time arrangement can be characterized as the portion of time that occasion happens
over the lifetime of the time arrangement. In the two methodologies, the procedure or
time arrangement is supposed to be cyclostationary if and just if its related likelihood
dispersions change occasionally with time.

Nonetheless, in the deterministic time-arrangement approach, there is an option yet

equal definition: A period arrangement that contains no limited quality added substance
sine-wave segments is said to display cyclostationarity if and just if there exists some
nonlinear time-invariant change of the time arrangement that produces positive-quality
added substance sine-wave parts. Cooperative detection: So as to detect the wideband
radio spectrum, correspondence frameworks must utilize various RF frontends all the
while, which can bring about long handling time, high equipment cost, and
computational unpredictability.

To address these issues, quick and effective spectrum-sensing methods are required.
Compressive sensing has been proposed as an ease answer for dynamic wideband
spectrum-sensing in cognitive-radio networks to accelerate the securing procedure and
limit the equipment cost. It comprises of legitimately securing a meager signal in its
compacted structure that incorporates the most extreme data utilizing a base number of
estimations and afterward recuperating the first signal at the collector.

In the course of the most recent decade, various compressive sensing procedures have
been proposed to empower checking the wideband radio spectrum-at or beneath the
Nyquist rate. Be that as it may, these procedures experience the ill effects of
vulnerability because of irregular estimations, which corrupts their exhibitions. To
upgrade the compressive sensing effectiveness, diminish the degree of arbitrariness, and
handle vulnerability, signal examining requires a quick, organized, and strong inspecting
framework; and signal recuperation requires an exact and quick reproduction algorithm.
Consequently, productive spectrum-sensing and compressive sensing methods are
profoundly required so as to accelerate the wideband spectrum-examining, manage
vulnerability, and perform exact and dependable sensing inhabitance estimations. 3.2

SPECTRUM-SENSING MODEL Spectrum-sensing is one of the most significant

procedures performed by cognitive-radio frameworks. It permits the SUs to find out
about the radio condition by distinguishing the nearness of the PU signals utilizing one
or various methods and choose to communicate or not in its frequency band. The
spectrum-sensing model can be planned as:: v(n) w n H0 h*s n +w n H1 (3.1) where
n=1….N, N is the number of samples, y(n) is the SU received signal, s(n) is the PU signal,
w(n) is the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with zero mean, variance and h is the
complex channel gain of the sensing channel.

H0 and H1 denote respectively the absence and the presence of the PU signal. The PU
signal detection is performed using one of the spectrum-sensing techniques to decide
between the two hypotheses H0 and H1. The detector output, also called the test
statistic, is then compared to a threshold in order to make the sensing decision about
the PU signal presence. The sensing decision is performed as: if T=? n H1 if T=? n H0
(3.2) where T denotes the test statistic of the detector and denotes the sensing
threshold. If the PU signal is absent, SU can access to the PU channel. Otherwise, it
cannot access to that channel at that time. Figure 3.2 presents the general model of the
spectrum-sensing.

/ Figure 3.2: General model of spectrum-sensing A number of sensing techniques have

been proposed in the literature. These techniques are classified into two main
categories: cooperative sensing and non-cooperative sensing. Under the non-
cooperative sensing classification, additionally called neighborhood sensing, each SU
looks for its own destinations and doesn't consider the choices of different SUs. As there
is no correspondence or collaboration between the diverse SUs that sense a similar
frequency band, the spectrum-sensing choice is performed locally. The non-cooperative
strategies are basic and don't require high handling time and equipment cost.

In any case, they are dependent upon blunders because of shadowing, blurring,
interferences, and noise vulnerability. They are for the most part received when just one
sensing terminal is accessible or when there is no conceivable correspondence between
the SUs. Under the cooperative spectrum-sensing class, the SUs work together and
facilitate with one another considering the destinations of every user to settle on the last
regular choice.

This cooperation between the distinctive SUs can be isolated into two plans: brought
together and circulated plans. For the appropriated conspire, SUs trade their nearby
perceptions and sensing results. Each SU considers its own choice taking the got
outcomes from the different SUs sensing a similar frequency band. This methodology
doesn't require any regular foundation for a ultimate choice and the recognition is
constrained by the SUs. For the brought together plan, all the SUs send their sensing
results to a focal unit, called combination focus. 3.2.1 Assignment and Transmission and
receiving A substantial method to ensure a high blunder rate for Eve is to keep Eve from
channel estimation.

As far as channel estimation, Sway has no bit of leeway over Eve. Thusly, our goal is to
plan a transmission plot so Weave can distinguish signals without channel information,
which can be acknowledged by moving the channel estimation task from the recipient
Sway to the transmitter Alice. When Alice has the channel information, she can change
the MIMO transmission with the goal that Bounce doesn't have to evaluate direct all
together for image estimation. There are different ways for Alice to evaluate the
channel.

We utilize the correspondence of the forward and in reverse diverts. Weave initially
sends a pilot signal to Alice utilizing a similar transporter frequency as the mystery
channel, during which Alice can gauge the retrogressive channel, and use it for exhibit
transmission. Note that this strategy is required just a single time as an introduction,
and gives no helpful data to Eve. CHAPTER 4 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED METHODOLOGY 4.1

PROPOSED WORK The main contribution of the proposed work is as follows- Implement
spectrum-assignment of licensed user or primary-users firstly. Then sense vacant
channel and allocate to secondary-users. Implement Optimization Problem of Linear
Cooperative Spectrum-Sensing Techniques. Calculate power, frequency, power spectral
density etc. parameters. / Figure 4.1: Flow Chart To Spectrum-sensing is the key to
coordinate the secondary-users in a cognitive-radio network by limiting the probability
of interference with the primary-users.

Linear cooperative spectrum-sensing consists of comparing the linear combination of

the secondary-users' recordings against a given threshold in order to assess the
presence of the primary-user signal. Algorithm- The spectrum-is assignment to primary-
users first. Then sense vacant place by proposed algorithm. Now assignment to
secondary-user in place of vacant space. Proposed algorithm gives proper assignment in
vacant space. Add noise level and assignment to secondary-users. Calculate power,
frequency and other parameters. Compare generated result from existing techniques
result. 4.2 METHODOLOGY 4.2.1

Linear Cooperative Spectrum-Sensing We consider a remote organization where

portable clients speak with a base-station which has sending radio wires. The base-
station has it is possible that one transmitter with an actual radio wire cluster, or
agreeable transmitters. We consider the last option since it incorporates the previous as
an exceptional case. The transmitters speak with one another utilizing a protected
connection, for example, the wireline Ethernet or a few links that straightforwardly
interface them together.

Bundles are sent by the transmitters agreeably, during which any unapproved client
ought to be denied of sign capture capacity, as delineated in Fig. 4.2. As displayed in Fig.
4.2, Alice communicates to Bounce with next to no common encryption keys, in face of
the aloof snoop Eve. Other than the send recieving wires in the protected channel, Alice
may likewise utilize a few different radio wires speaking with Bounce, which gives an
uncertain public channel (expected by numerous mystery conventions. / Figure 4.2:
Secure transmission model. We think about just the safe channel from Alice to Sway in
this part. Utilizing radio wires, Alice sends image succession. consistently dispersed with
zero-mean and unit change.

With a communicate beamforming-like plan, Alice sends vectors , (4.1) where means
the weighting coefficient of the send recieving wire during the image span . Expect the
spread channel be Rayleigh level blurring. The sign got by Sway is , (4.2) where is zero-
mean AWGN. The coefficients of the channel vector are free intricate roundabout
symmetric Gaussian conveyed with zero-mean and unit difference. In this letter, , and
mean form, render and Hermitian, individually With receiving antennas, Eve receives
signals , (4.3) where and are with aspect and , individually.

The vector is AWGN with zero-mean and covariance network , where is the personality
lattice. We accept that every component of has a similar circulation as, however is free
from, those of . From the broad examinations on recieving wire exhibit channels, we
realize that as long as the distance among Sway and Eve is bigger than a few transporter
frequencies, then, at that point, their channels can be considered as free. In the event
that Bounce and Eve have getting bit-mistake rate (BER) and , separately, then, at that
point, the mystery channel limit from Alice to Weave (with ensured data hypothetical
mystery) is if and in any case [2, 5], where means the twofold entropy work. Assuming
Alice and Sway can trade data over the public channel, the mystery channel limit
becomes [1]. Clearly, for little , the limit turns out to be too little to be in any way
helpful.

Consequently, our goal is to plan to ensure high yet little . A method for ensuring high is
to keep Eve from channel/image assessment. We propose to plan a transmission plot
with which Sway can recognize signals without channel information so that no
preparation is to be sent. Without preparing, Eve needs to depend on blind
deconvolution, which will be forestalled by a purposeful randomization plot. Note that
the essential pilots for Weave's synchronization reason can be sent by the recieving
wires of the public channel.

Since it is important to take advantage of as an underlying benefit, we ask Alice rather

than Sway to use the information on . Alice can gauge in light of channel
correspondence. Bounce initially communicates a preparation sign to Alice involving a
similar transporter recurrence as the mystery channel, from which Alice can gauge the
retrogressive channel. Since the forward channel rises to the regressive channel as per
correspondence, Alice can involve the assessed channel as to plan transmission
boundaries. Note that this progression gives no valuable data to Eve.

With the knowledge of , Alice designs so that , (4.4) where signifies the standard of .
From the got signal , Weave can without much of a stretch distinguish images from ,
where can be determined from the got signal power. We utilize the technique in [13] to
plan under the limitation (I.4). In every image stretch, we initially select arbitrarily a
component with adequately enormous size from . Let be chosen during the image
stretch . The weighting vector is then determined as (4.5) From (4.5), we can pick
fittingly to keep Eve from blind deconvolution.

For instance, this reason can be satisfied by essentially making with a dispersion obscure
to Eve since blind deconvolution requires known source insights [13]. By the by, to
renew a thorough quantitative examination, we consider a more organized plan where
Alice plans to such an extent that is - variate Gaussian circulated with mean and
covariance framework , i.e., . The boundaries and are erratic and obscure to both Eve
and Weave, and might in fact be time-shifting. 4.2.2

Energy detection method of spectrum-sensing Energy based reach identifying block

gives the yield of video signal affirmation as standard named region yield. The SNR and
vitality of sign are moreover evaluated on recipient side for the conveyed video signal
with the assistance of noteworthiness locater range identifying strategy. Assuming that
video is open noteworthiness of the sign gets higher than the edge and seen yield gets
one.

Notwithstanding, in the event that the sign transmission stops, by the centrality of the
sign turns out to be not whatever amount of cutoff and recognized yield gets zero. Here
video signal is going most likely as key client. This shows effective utilization of vitality
based identifier which recognizes the major client's quality on given repeat by setting
the ID yield. Fast Fourier Changes (FFT) and degree plots are utilized to watch the signs
at each point. Future work bases on trial and error of same range detecting systems for
working on the show in cognitive-radio and moreover finding the one which is
progressively suitable to work in remote condition.

Further this can be connected for simultaneous transmission of various signs and use of
various recurrence gatherings. In like manner this work will be exceptionally valuable for
execution of constant exercises, for instance, traffic signal which can use this range
detecting method for far off transmission and acknowledgment of traffic video signals
data from different sign presents on one pro actually take a look at post. This can be
moreover moved to control unit which will use this information for controlling the
traffic.

So unequivocal place of this system is construction and utilization of CR based traffic

signal structure for progressing video transmission. / Figure 4.3: Energy Detection At
first the working of just energy identifier is likewise tried under clamor condition with no
sign; results plainly show that commotion is distinguished as no sign present by the
identification yield banner in Figure 4.3; it shows the outcomes when video transmission
stops with status of location result and energy of the sign. CHAPTER 5
IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS CHAPTER 5 IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS The
implementation of the proposed algorithm is done over MATLAB 9.4.0.813654 (R2018a).
The signal processing toolbox helps us to use the functions available in MATLAB Library
for various methods like Windows, shifting, scaling etc. 5.1 SIMULATION SOFTWARE
MATLAB is a numerical figuring environment and fourth-age programming language.

Made by Math Works, MATLAB grants cross section controls, plotting of limits and data,
execution of estimations, arrangement of UIs, and associating with programs written in
various tongues, including C, C++, Java, and Fortran. course outline, especially the
Electrical and Hardware branches. MATLAB is a mathematical and graphical
programming pack; it has numerical, graphical, and programming limits. It has inborn
abilities to do various undertakings, and there are apparatus compartments that can be
added to expand these limits (e.g., for signal dealing with).

There are structures open for different gear stages, and there are both master and
student discharges. Right when the MATLAB writing computer programs is started, a
window is opened: the essential part is the Order Window .In the Order Window, there is
a clarification that says: In the Order Window, you should see: The >> is known as the
brief. In the Understudy Release, the short appears as: EDU>> In the Order Window,
MATLAB can be used insightfully. At the short, any MATLAB request or verbalization can
be entered, and MATLAB will rapidly respond with the result. It is moreover possible to
make programs in MATLAB, which are contained in script reports or M-records.
There are a few orders that can fill in as a prologue to MATLAB and permit you to find
support: Data will show contact data for the item Demo has demos of a few choices in
MATLAB Help program opens an Assistance Window / Figure 5.1: Snap shot of
MATLAB / Figure 5.2: Snap shot of MATLAB help 5.2 SIMULATION AND RESULT
DISCUSSION Following graphs are showing the power spectral density (PSD) versus
frequency. Spectrum-and users are configuration in this simulation scenario. / Figure 5.3:
Assignment to primary-users (Free 1) In figure 5.3, show the spectrum-assignment to
primary-users in network. Here spectrum-is assigned to primary-users 2,3,4 and 5 while
user-1 is empty. / Figure 5.4: Assignment to secondary-user-in place of primary-user-1
(free) Figure 5.4 presents spectrum-assignment to the secondary-user. In this case first
proposed algorithm find the vacant space in network and spectrum-is assigned to the
vacant user-1.

/ Figure 5.5: Assignment to primary-users (Free 2) In figure 5.5, show the spectrum-
assignment to primary-users in network. Here spectrum-is assigned to primary-users
1,3,4 and 5 while user-2 is empty. / Figure 5.6: Assignment to secondary-user-in place of
primary-user-1 (free) Figure 5.6 presents spectrum-assignment to the secondary-user. In
this case first proposed algorithm find the vacant space in network and spectrum-is
assigned to the vacant user-2. / Figure 5.7: Assignment to primary-users (Free 2 and 4)
In figure 5.7, show the spectrum-assignment to primary-users in network. Here
spectrum-is assigned to primary-users 1,3and 5 while user-2 and 4 is empty. / Figure 5.8:
Assignment to secondary-user-in place of primary-user-2 (free) Figure 5.8 presents
spectrum-assignment to the secondary-user. In this case first proposed algorithm find
the vacant space in network and spectrum-is assigned to the vacant user-2.

/ Figure 5.9: Assignment to primary-users (Free 3, 4 and 5) In figure 5.9, show the
spectrum-assignment to primary-users in network. Here spectrum-is assigned to
primary-users 1 and 2 while user-3,4 and 5 is empty. / Figure 5.10: Assignment to
secondary-user-in place of primary-user-3 (free) Figure 5.10 presents spectrum-
assignment to the secondary-user. In this case first proposed algorithm find the vacant
space in network and spectrum-is assigned to the vacant user-3. / Figure 5.11:
Assignment to primary-users (Free 1,2,3 and 4) In figure 5.11, show the spectrum-
assignment to primary-users in network. Here spectrum-is assigned to primary-users 5
while user-1,2,3 and 4 is empty. / Figure 5.12: Assignment to secondary-user-in place of
primary-user-1 (free) Figure 5.12 presents spectrum-assignment to the secondary-user.
In this case first proposed algorithm find the vacant space in network and spectrum-is
assigned to the vacant user-1.

/ Figure 5.13: Assignment to primary-users (Free 1and 2) In figure 5.13, show the
spectrum-assignment to primary-users in network. Here spectrum-is assigned to
primary-users 3, 4 and 5 while user-1and 2 is empty. / Figure 5.14: Assignment to
secondary-user-in place of primary-user-1 (free) Figure 5.14 presents spectrum-
assignment to the secondary-user. In this case first proposed algorithm find the vacant
space in network and spectrum-is assigned to the vacant user-1. / Figure 5.15:
Assignment to primary-users (Free 4) In figure 5.15, show the spectrum-assignment to
primary-users in network. Here spectrum-is assigned to primary-users 1, 2, 3 ,5,6,7 and
8, 4 is vacant. / Figure 5.16: Assignment to secondary-user-in place of primary-user-4
(free) Figure 5.16 presents spectrum-assignment to the secondary-user. In this case first
proposed algorithm find the vacant space in network and spectrum-is assigned to the
vacant user-4.

Table 5.1: Simulation Parameter Sr. No Parameter Value 1 Channel 9 2 No of primary-

user 8 3 No of secondary-user 1 to 7 4 Peak Power 5 dB Table 5.1 is showing the total
number of maximum channel i.e. 9 channel. Number of primary-users allocates upto 8
and secondary-users allocate upto 7. The total peak power is 5dB. Table 5.2: Comparison
of our Research work and previous work Sr. No. Parameter Existing Work Proposed
Work 1 No of primary-users 6 8 2 No of secondary-users 6 8 3 Total channel 7 9 4
Assigned Power 4 dB 5dB 5 Throughput 180 MHz 240 MHz 6 SNR 40 55 Table 5.2

is showing the comparison of our proposed research work and previous work results.
The number of primary and secondary-users is representing the maximum population
size of users. The assigned power shows the spectrum-availability in network. The
maximum throughput and SNR presents the reliability of user’s performance with
respect to the network performance. Therefore proposed algorithm gives the significant
better performance than previous approaches. / Figure 5.17: Comparison graph This
graph showing that proposed approach gives significant achievement in terms of
assigned power, throughput and SNR than the existing work. CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION
AND FUTURE WORK CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 6.1

CONCLUSION Cognitive-radio is another and invigorating advancement that, among

various applications, might potentially open the range fundamental for the plan of state
of the art high data rate structures. In any case, for this plan to transform into a realistic
advancement, assessment into the dealing with, transmission, and mix of range
detecting information is at this point crucial. The extending interest for distant
organizations and the static range portion plans have provoked range deficiency in
remote trades.

Moreover, missing usable radio frequencies and current inflexible recurrence portion
plans have achieved the conspicuous lack of the radio range in spite of the way that the
overall range inhabitance is still low. Cognitive-radios offer the affirmation of enabling
the future distant world by growing range capability through one of a kind range get to.
In remarkable range get to, the optional clients get to the underutilized fundamental
client's range innovatively. Range detecting is a key enabling impact for cognitive-
radios. Detecting gives care concerning the radio condition so the range openings can
be capably reused.

The point of convergence of this recommendation has been on the close by and
agreeable range detecting calculations. This paper proposed the range distribution of
optional clients utilizing advancement issue of straight helpful range detecting
strategies. Reproduced outcomes show that the quantity of essential and optional
clients is addressing the greatest populace size of clients. The designated power shows
the range accessibility in network. The greatest throughput and SNR gives the
dependability of client's presentation regard to the organization execution. Thusly
proposed calculation gives the critical preferable presentation over past methodologies.

The similar chart is showing that proposed approach gives huge accomplishment as far
as distributed power, throughput and SNR than the previous work. 6.2 FUTURE WORK In
this work, the whole examination is made expecting the essential client is either present
or missing. Detecting execution is to be contemplated during essential client advances
from present to missing as well as the other way around. The range detecting
investigation is made with a supposition of fixed SNR from all clients. Nonetheless,
detecting with various SNR for various clients should be explored.

In this work, all clients associated with the detecting are relegated equivalent loads.
Concentrates on should be done by allocating various loads in view of the got signal
solidarity to every optional client. Likewise sharing of dynamic essential client channel by
the optional client by keeping up with signal power levels inside the constraints of
impedance level is to be examined. One more intriguing thought for future work is to
fuse the impact of relationship in the plan of the client bunch task that chooses the
clients with least connection to detect in each gathering for execution upgrade.

This exploration can be further upgrade in followings perspectives Delicate registering

calculation like hereditary calculation, neural organization and so on can be utilized in
cognitive-radio organization for advancement issue. More boundaries can be
determined utilizing different methodologies. Basically execution should be possible
utilizing heterogeneous organization.

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components-In-a-the-arrivals-of-two-multipath_fig2_220713789
<1% - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26438488_Efficient_MAP-
algorithm_implementation_on_programmable_architectures
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https://www.academia.edu/7118042/Dissertation_Grid_Resource_Scheduling_based_on_
Credit_Model
<1% - https://dokumen.pub/internet-of-things-iot-concepts-and-applications-smart-
environments-1nbsped-303037467x-9783030374679.html