Educational technology

Education - process by which the knowledge, skills and attitude are

transmitted to the members of the society
Technology - systematic way of applying technique to achieve an objective
Educational technology - systematic application of technology in the field of
education
System of 5Ms - work together to achieve specific educational objectives
Man - teacher
Materials - books, pen and paper and the like
Machines - projector, computer
Media - translate information to students (visual, audio, internet, social media)
Methods - (intangible) how are you going to use technology in teaching?
Roles of Ed. Tech in learning
- Arouse and sustain interest
- Concretize abstract concept/idea
- Provide Rich Experiences
- Independent Learning
- Increase Vocabulary
- Develop continuity of thought
- Increase quality of learning
- learning id improved
History of Educational Technology
Prehistoric Era - informal education (parent & child)
- pictographs
- Cai lun - invented paper (China), Papyrus -Egyptian paper
- Phoenician - 1st phonemic alphabet
Ancient Times
- school - Greek word schole means
- Greece - schools1st operated
- Middle East, China and India - reading, writing and mathematics
Middle Ages
Peter Abelard - structuring an presenting materials (Scholastic education)
Johannes Guttenberge - invention of printing press (1 st book printed is the
Bibble)
John Amos Comenius - Father of the modern instructional technology, Orbis
Pictus (the world in picture) 1st textboook
J. H. Pestalozzi - instruction should proceed from familiar to something new
(object lesson approach)
F. Froebel - founder of kinder garden movement
K. F. Herbart - physical and the human environment in the development of the
mind
G. Mann - father of the common school movement
Maria Montessori - based on self-directed activity, hands-on learning and
collaborative play
E.L. Thorndike - apply psychological principles to the are of learning
J. Dewey - practical approach (Pragmatism) learning by doing
19th Century - visual instruction
1920 - publication of audio-visual media text
1926 - educational films
1932 - 1st instruction television programm
The Era of Computers
1960s - (CAI) computer assisted instruction
Microcomputers - introduced in late 1970s and adopted in public school
during 1980s
Pocket calculators - 1970s
1990 Tim Berners-Lee HTML WWW was born
Benefits of Technology in Education
- enable to independently solve problems
- Acquisition of technological skills
- Student’s motivation
- online resources - easier to access info.
- improved student’s writing
- effective technologies - effective teachers
- computer intensive- student-centric
- improved open access to education
- better integration - continuing education
Drawbacks of technology in Education
- distraction
- no social interaction
- The Everest Effect/Fallacy - which technology is best to use
- overstimulation - rapidly and profoundly altering our brains
Theories of Learning and Educational Technology
Learning - process of acquiring new KSA
Transfer - application of learned knowledge in new ways or situation
Instructional design - lesson plan, science of creating detailed specification to
facilitate learning
Instructional media- media used in teaching
Theories of learning and it’s implications to ed.tech.
Behaviorism - learning is accomplished when a proper response is
demonstrated
Classical conditioning (I.Pavlov) - learned response to previously neutral
stimulus
Operant conditioning (B.F.Skinner) - reward/reinforcement and
punishment
Implications:
Classroom/environment - both learner and environmental factors are
considered important
Activities - drill, Q&A, guided practice, regular review, reinforcement
Cognitivism (Piaget) - conceptualization of learning processes
- stimulus => cognitive processes => response
- Schema (info. About the world) => assimilation => Accommodation
Implications:
Classroom/environment - environment
Activities - paraphrasing/summarizing, note taking, review sheets, making
predictions, concept mapping, mnemonics
Constructivism - learning is an active, contextualized process of constructing
knowledge based on personal experiences and social environment
1. Concrete experience
2. Observation and reflection
3. Forming abstract concepts
4. Testing in new situation
Implications:
Classroom/environment - learner and environment
Activities - discovery learning, collaborative group work, scaffolding
Theories of Educational Technology
K.Brunner’s Stages of Cognitive Representation
- advocated teaching by organizing concepts and learning by discovery
(constructivist approach)
Stages of Cognitive Representation
Enactive representation - 0-3 info => action
Iconic representation - 3-8 info=> images and perception
Symbolic - 8-onwards info=> abstract form
E.Dale’s Cone of Experience
- learning experience from concrete to abstract
Using and Selecting Instructional Materials
Considerations:
- give true picture of ideas
- Contribute meaningful content
- material appropriate for age
- physical condition of material
- teacher’s guide
- helps to make students develop better thinking
- worth the time, expense and effort
General Guide on Using Instructional Media
P - prepare yourself
P - prepare your students
P - present materials
F - Follow up
Dale’s cone of experience (COE) incorporating Brunner’s Cognitive
Representation
 Symbolic Experiences (abstraction) - text, pictures
 Iconic Experiences (observation)- audio, motion pictures, exhibits, field
trips, demonstration
 Direct/purposeful Experiences(learning by doing) - dramatized, contrived
Non-projected Displays
- graphic aids
- display boards:
Black boards
Roll Up Board
Bulletin board
Magnetic board
- 3D aids