Analog & Digital IC – Chapter

Design & Applications 2

Jayen Modi
Department of Electronics Engineering
Vidyalankar Institute of Technology
Wadala (E), Mumbai – 400037
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Introduction to Filters
What are they ? Why are they needed ?
• Frequency selective or responsive networks

• Separates out signals according to their frequencies

• Selects a single or a certain band of frequencies

frequencies outside this band
are blocked/rejected/attenuated
• Typical applications are :-
Analog & Digital Communication
Signal & Speech Processing all use filters in some
form or the other
Electronic Instrumentation
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Introduction to Passive Filters
A Brief Overview & Some Critical Issues
• Implemented using passive components → R, L, C

• It works well for the high frequency (RF) range

• At audio frequencies (AF) inductors create ‘trouble’

become large, bulky
& very expensive
• More no. of turns of coil at low frequencies
 Increases the series resistance
 Increases the power dissipation
 Degrades the inductor’s performance
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Introduction to Active Filters
Any betterment over Passive Filters ?
• Use op-amps & passive components (R & C)

• Flexibility in gain & frequency adjustment

• No loading effect due to use of op-amps

• Low cost & small components, hence small size

 Require DC power supply Disadvantages
 Limited frequency range ≤ 1 MHz compared to
 Can’t handle large amount of power passive filters

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General Classification of Filters
Frequency Response Characteristics
• Low Pass Filter (LPF)

• High Pass Filter (HPF)

four main categories
of active filters
• Band Pass Filter (BPF)

• Band Stop Filter (BSF)

commonly used to achieve
• All Pass Filter (APF) phase shift between i/p & o/p

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1. Low Pass Filter (LPF)
Frequency Response Characteristics

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2. High Pass Filter (HPF)
Frequency Response Characteristics

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3. Band Pass Filter (BPF)
Frequency Response Characteristics

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4. Band Stop Filter (BSF)
Frequency Response Characteristics

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5. All Pass Filter (APF)
Input & Output Waveforms

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The Transfer Function (TF)
Introduction to LTI systems
linear time – invariant system

input LTI output

r(t) c(t)
signal System signal

 input & output relationship is of linear nature

 system parameters do not change with the time
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The Transfer Function (TF)
Mathematical Definition

input r(t) LTI c(t) output

signal R(s) System C(s) signal

C(s)
Transfer Function =
R(s)

ratio of LT of output to the LT of the input

considering all initial conditions to be zero
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The Transfer Function (TF)
Example of First Order System – LPF
Circuit Diagram
R

Vin(t) C Vout(t)

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The Transfer Function (TF)
Example of First Order System – LPF
Calculation of Laplace Transform
R

1
Vin(s) Vout(s)
sC

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The Transfer Function (TF)
Example of First Order System – LPF
Frequency Response Characteristics

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The Transfer Function (TF)
Example of First Order System – HPF
Circuit Diagram
C

Vin(t) R Vout(t)

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The Transfer Function (TF)
Example of First Order System – HPF
Calculation of Laplace Transform

1
Vin(t) sC R Vout(t)

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The Transfer Function (TF)
Example of First Order System – HPF
Frequency Response Characteristics

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First Order Active Filters
General Circuit Diagram
Circuit Diagram R1 R2

Z1
Vout
Vin
VA

Z2

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First Order Active Filters
Low Pass Filter (LPF)
Circuit Diagram R1 R2

R Vout
Vin
VA

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First Order Active Filters
Low Pass Filter (LPF)
Frequency Response Characteristics

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First Order Active Filters
High Pass Filter (HPF)
Circuit Diagram R1 R2

C
Vout
Vin
VA

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First Order Active Filters
High Pass Filter (HPF)
Frequency Response Characteristics

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Higher Order Active Filters
Low Pass Filters (LPF)
Frequency Response Characteristics

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Higher Order Active Filters
High Pass Filters (HPF)
Frequency Response Characteristics

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Second Order Active Filters
General Circuit Diagram
Circuit Diagram R1 R2

Z1 VA Z2
Vin Vout
VB
I1 I2
I3 Z3 I4 Z4

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Second Order Active Filters
Low Pass Filter (LPF)
Circuit Diagram R1 R2

R R
Vin Vout

C C

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Second Order Active Filters
Low Pass Filters (LPF)
Frequency Response Characteristics

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Second Order Active Filters
High Pass Filter (HPF)
Circuit Diagram R1 R2

C C
Vin Vout

R R

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Second Order Active Filters
High Pass Filters (HPF)
Frequency Response Characteristics

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