Fluid - Mechanics 04b

Fluid statics - (5) – hydrostatic force
how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

hydrostatic force = (pressure difference) x (area) - case:3 – open vessel
II
atmospheric force
napór atmosferyczny
III
h
napór cieczy - wypadkowy
hydrostatic force
( hydrostatyczny )
atmospheric force I
S
surface „I” – case a) – flat horizontal surface (constant hydrostatic pressure) solved
surface „II” – case b) – flat vertical surface (varying hydrostatic pressure)
surface „III” – case d) – curved surface (varying hydrostatic pressure)
32

hydrostatic force = (pressure difference) x (area) - case:3 – open vessel
II
atmospheric force
III
h
hydrostatic force
( hydrostatyczny )
atmospheric force I
S
surface „II” – case b) – flat vertical surface (varying hydrostatic pressure)
more general case – flat nonaligned surface, i.e. inclined at the

π
arbitrary angle „α” → for α = → case b)
2 33

hydrostatic force = (pressure difference) x (area) – variation of hydrostatic pressure
b) – flat vertical surface (varying

hydrostatic pressure) a) – flat horizontal surface (constant
hydrostatic pressure)
c) – flat inclined surface (varying d) – curved surface (varying

hydrostatic pressure) hydrostatic pressure)
various surface shapes → various

distribution of hydrostatic pressure
→ various integration procedures
34
dS
- we turn „z”
dSy axis downwards
k px n
dz p
z
py dSx
i dy
y dx
x
xy
dSz pz
j
?space filled with fluid and oriented with ?cartesian coordinate system
35
dS
dSy n
px
dz p
z
py dSx
i dy
y dx
x
xy
dSz pz
j z k
then rotate the „xy” plane clokwise with respect to „y” axis”
36
y
x
z
where:
x;y;z - coordinates ; (x;y) – free surface ; (z) vertical axis aligned with gravity
x1 ; y - coordinates outlining the planar surface inclined at „α” angle with respect
to free surface
A - arbitrary point at the planar surface x1 ; y

dF - surface area of point A neighbourhood, F is not it a good choice 37
elementary hydrostatic force at the vicinity of point "A":

 
d N = n  p  dF
where:

n - unit vector of "dF" surface (unit vector normal to the wall)
p - pressure difference at point "A"

p = p w  ps p = p a + ρ  g  z  p a
38
elementary hydrostatic force at the vicinity of point „A”:

 
d N = n  p  dF
where:

n - unit vector of „dF” surface (unit vector normal to the wall)
p - hydrostatic pressure at point „A”
p = ρgz
39
elementary hydrostatic force at the vicinity of point „A”:

 
d N = n  ρ  g  z  dF
resultant (total) hydrostatic force acting at surface „F” - rewritten:
  
N =  n  ρ  g  z  dF 
F
n  ρ  g   z  dF
F
(5.4)
40
modulus of resultant hydrostatic force :

 
N = N = n  ρ  g   z  dF = ρ  g   zdF
F F
41
modulus of resultant hydrostatic force :
N = ρ  g   zdF (5.4.a)
F
42
components of resultant hydrostatic force along coordinate axes:
   
N x = N  cos  n ; i   ρ  g   z  cos  n ; i  dF
  F  
 
N y = ρ  g   z  cos  n ; j  dF (5.5)
F  
 
N z = ρ  g   z  cos  n ; k  dF
F   43
 
N x = ρ  g   z  cos  n ; i  dF
F  
 
N y = ρ  g   z  cos  n ; j  dF (5.5)
F  
 
N z = ρ  g   z  cos  n ; k  dF
F   44
i
wall
 
N x = ρ  g   z  cos  n ; i  dF
F  
 
N y = ρ  g   z  cos  n ; j  dF (5.5)
F  
 
N z = ρ  g   z  cos  n ; k  dF
F   45
j    π 
cos  n ; i  = cos   α  =
  2 
=  sin  α 
components of resultant hydrostatic force along coordinate axes: a)
 
N x = ρ  g   z  cos  n ; i  dF
F  
 
N y = ρ  g   z  cos  n ; j  dF (5.5)
F  
 
N z = ρ  g   z  cos  n ; k  dF
F   46
j    π 
cos  n ; i  = cos   α  =
  2 
=  sin  α 
components of resultant hydrostatic force along coordinate axes: a)
N x =  ρ  g  sin  α   z  dF
F
 
 
N y = ρ  g   z  cos  n ; j  dF
F  
 
N z = ρ  g   z  cos  n ; k  dF
F   47


i j
j π
 
cos  n ; j  = cos   = 0
  2
components of resultant hydrostatic force along coordinate axes: b)
N x =  ρ  g  sin  α   z  dF
F
 
 
N y = ρ  g   z  cos  n ; j  dF
F  
 
N z = ρ  g   z  cos  n ; k  dF
F   48


i j
j π
 
cos  n ; j  = cos   = 0
  2
components of resultant hydrostatic force along coordinate axes: b)
N x =  ρ  g  sin  α   z  dF
F
Ny = 0
 
N z = ρ  g   z  cos  n ; k  dF
F   49
i
wall
j
 
cos  n ; k  = cos  α 
 
components of resultant hydrostatic force along coordinate axes: c)
N x =  ρ  g  sin  α   z  dF
F
Ny = 0
 
N z = ρ  g   z  cos  n ; k  dF
F   50
i
wall
j
 
cos  n ; k  = cos  α 
 
components of resultant hydrostatic force along coordinate axes: c)
N x =  ρ  g  sin  α   z  dF
F
Ny = 0
N z = ρ  g  cos  α   z  dF
51
F
components of resultant hydrostatic force along coordinate axes including a) + b) + c):
N x =  ρ  g  sin  α   z  dF
F
? (5.5)
Ny = 0
N z = ρ  g  cos  α   z  dF
52
F
where:
C - surface F gravity center
zC - immersion depth of surface F

gravity center
x0y - free surface of the liquid
 z  dF - static moment of surface „F” with respect to plane „x0y” (free surface)
F
 z  dF = z
F
C F (*)
static moment of surface „F” with respect to plane „x0y” (free surface)
equals area „F” times the immersion depth of surface „F” gravity center
53
N x =  ρ  g  sin  α   z  dF
F
 z  dF = z
F
C F (*)
Ny = 0 (5.5)
N z = ρ  g  cos  α   z  dF
54
F
components of resultant hydrostatic force along coordinate axes acounting for (A):
N x =  ρ  g  z C  F  sin  α 
Ny = 0 (5.5)
N z = ρ  g  z C  F  cos  α 
55
resultant hydrostatic force – substituting (5.5):
N= N 2x  N 2y  N z2 = ρ  g  z C  F sin 2  α   cos 2  α 
N x =  ρ  g  z C  F  sin  α 
Ny = 0 (5.5)
N z = ρ  g  z C  F  cos  α  56
resultant hydrostatic force – substituting (5.5):
N= N 2x  N 2y  N z2 = ρ  g  z C  F sin 2  α   cos 2  α 
=1
N= N 2x  N 2y  N z2 = ρ  g  z C  F (5.6)
57
gdzie:
C - surface F gravity center
zC - immersion depth of surface F

gravity center
resultant hydrostatic force:
N= N 2x  N 2y  N z2 = ρ  g  z C  F (5.6)
hydrostatic pressure at the gravity centre of surface „F”
58
N
where the resultant
N hydrostatic force acting
upon the planar nonaligned
surface is applied ?
resultant hydrostatic force – supporting at the gravity center:
N= N 2x  N 2y  N z2 = ρ  g  z C  F (5.6)
resultant hydrostatic force acting on the planar nonaligned surface

is a product of hydrostatic pressure at the gravity center of the surface
and the area of the surface considered – if the surface is supported at the
gravity center then the resultant hydrostatic force will have the same value
regardless of surface alignment – but always normal to the surface 59
?
where the resultant
hydrostatic force acting
upon the planar nonaligned
resultant hydrostatic force is

applied at point „SN”, which
is immersed at depth z N ,
point „SN” is immersed deeper
than gravity center „C” which
is immersed at depth z C
zN  zc
60
application point of resultant force → momentum balance equation:
x1n
x11
x1N N1 N 2
x1N
N
momentum balance equation:
x1N  N = x11  N1  x12  N 2  .... N
x1N  N =  ρ  g  x
F
1  z  dF
61
x1n
x1
x1N N1 N 2
x1N
N
x1N  N = x11  N1  x12  N 2  .... N
 ρ  g  x1  z  dF
two variables under the
x1N  N = integral ?
F 62
x1n
x1
x1N N1 N 2
x1N
N
x1N  N = x11  N1  x12  N 2  .... N
N  x1N =  ρ  g  x 1  z  dF z  x1  sin  α  (5.7)

F 63
x1n
x1
x1N N1 N 2
x1N
N
N = ρ  g   zdF (5.4.a) N
F
N  x1N =  ρ  g  x 1  z  dF z  x1  sin  α  (5.7)

F 64
x1n
x1
x1N N1 N 2
x1N
N
N = ρ  g   zdF (5.4.a) N
F
 ρ  g   x   sin  α   dF z  x1  sin  α 
2
N  x1N = 1 (5.7)
F 65
x1n
x1
x1N N1 N 2
x1N
N
N = ρ  g   zdF (5.4.a) N
F
x1N  ρ  g  z  dF=  ρ  g   x   sin  α   dF z  x1  sin  α 

2
1 (5.7)
F F 66
x1n
x1
x1N N1 N 2
x1N
N
N = ρ  g   zdF (5.4.a) N
F
x1N  ρ  g  x1  sin  α   dF=  ρ  g   x   sin  α   dF

2
1
F F 67
x1n
x1
x1N N1 N 2
x1N
N
x1N  ρ  g  sin  α   x1  dF = ρ  g  sin  α   x12  dF

F F 68
x1n
x1
x1N N1 N 2
x1N
N
N
 1 dF
2
x
x1N  F
 x dF
F
1
69
- inerta moment of surface „F”

with respect to „y” axis
x1n
x1N
N
 1 dF
2
x
x1N  F
- moment arm of resultant hydrostatic force
 x dF
F
1
70
 x dF 
F
1 My - static moment of surface „F”
x1n
x1C M y  F  x1C
x1N where:
s N x1C - the distance of surface „F” gravity center

from the „y” axis
 1 dF
2
x
x1N  F
 x dF
F
1
71
 x dF 
F
1 My - static moment of surface „F”
x1n
x1C M y  F  x1C
x1N where:
s N x1C - the distance of surface „F” gravity center

from the „y” axis
 1 dF
2
x
x1N  F
F  x1C
72
 1 dF  I y
2
x - inertia moment of surface „F”
F
x1n
x1C I y  IS  F  x1C
2
- Steiner’s theorem
x1N IS  F  iS2
s N
where:
IS - inerta moment of surface „F” with respect to
S axis crossing the gravity center and parallel
to „y” axis
 1 dF iS
2 - inertia arm of surface „F”
x
x1N  F
F  x1C
73
 1 dF  I y
2
F
x1n
2
s N
where:
IS - inerta moment of surface „F” with respect to
S axis crossing the gravity center and parallel
to „y” axis
 1 dF iS
2 - inertia arm of surface „F”
x
x1N  F
F  x1C
74
 1 dF  I y
2
F
x1n
2
s N
 1 dF
2
x
x1N  F
F  x1C
75
 1 dF  I y
2
F
x1n
x1C I y  F  iS2  F  x1C

2
s N
 1 dF
2
x
x1N  F
F  x1C
76
 1 dF  I y
2
F
x1n
x1C I y  F  iS2  F  x1C

2
x1N
s N
 1 dF
2
x
x1N  F
F  x1C
77
 1 dF  I y
2
F
x1n
x1C I y  F  iS2  F  x1C

2
x1N
s N
F  is2 +F  x1c2
x1N  - moment arm of resultant hydrostatic force
F  x1C
78
x1n
x1C
x1N
s N
the moment arm of resultant hydrostatic force (distance from „y” axis):
F  is2 +F  x1c2 is2

x1N  = x1c +
F  x1c x1c
79
x1n
x1C
x1N
s N
the moment arm of resultant hydrostatic force (distance from „y” axis):
is2
x1N  x1c + (5.9)
x1c
80
x1n
x1C
x1N
s N
immersion depth of resultant hydrostatic force application point from the free surface:
is2
z N = x1N sin  α  = z C + sin 2  α 
zC
z  x1  sin  α  (5.7) (5.9) 81

x1n
x1C
x1N
s N
is2
z N = x1N sin  α  = z C + sin 2  α 
zC
82
x1n
x1C
x1N
s N
is2
z N = z C + sin 2  α  (5.10)
zC
83
where the resultant

hydrostatic force acting
N upon the planar nonaligned
is2
z N = x1N sin  α  = z C + sin 2  α  (5.10)
zC
N= N 2x  N 2y  N z2 = ρ  g  z C  F (5.6)
resultant hydrostatic force is

applied at point „SN”, which
is immersed at depth z N ,
point „SN” is immersed deeper
than gravity center „C” which
is immersed at depth z C
zN  zc
84

hydrostatic force = (pressure) x (area) - case:1 – free standing open vessel
II
atmospheric force
III
h
hydrostatic force
( hydrostatyczny )
atmospheric force I
S
surface „I” – case a) – flat horizontal surface (constant hydrostatic pressure) solved
surface „II” – case b) – flat vertical surface (varying hydrostatic pressure) solved
surface „III” – case d) – curved surface (varying hydrostatic pressure)
85

Fluid - Mechanics 04b

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fluid - Mechanics 04b

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fluid statics - (5) – hydrostatic force

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

surface „II” – case b) – flat vertical surface (varying hydrostatic pressure)

surface „III” – case d) – curved surface (varying hydrostatic pressure)

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

more general case – flat nonaligned surface, i.e. inclined at the

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

b) – flat vertical surface (varying

c) – flat inclined surface (varying d) – curved surface (varying

various surface shapes → various

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

A - arbitrary point at the planar surface x1 ; y

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

elementary hydrostatic force at the vicinity of point "A":

p - pressure difference at point "A"

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

elementary hydrostatic force at the vicinity of point „A”:

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

elementary hydrostatic force at the vicinity of point „A”:

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

modulus of resultant hydrostatic force :

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

modulus of resultant hydrostatic force :

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

components of resultant hydrostatic force along coordinate axes:

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

components of resultant hydrostatic force along coordinate axes:

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

components of resultant hydrostatic force along coordinate axes:

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

components of resultant hydrostatic force along coordinate axes: a)

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

components of resultant hydrostatic force along coordinate axes: a)

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

components of resultant hydrostatic force along coordinate axes: b)

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

components of resultant hydrostatic force along coordinate axes: b)

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

components of resultant hydrostatic force along coordinate axes: c)

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

components of resultant hydrostatic force along coordinate axes: c)

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

components of resultant hydrostatic force along coordinate axes including a) + b) + c):

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

C - surface F gravity center

zC - immersion depth of surface F

x0y - free surface of the liquid

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

components of resultant hydrostatic force along coordinate axes:

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

resultant hydrostatic force – substituting (5.5):

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

resultant hydrostatic force – substituting (5.5):

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?

C - surface F gravity center

zC - immersion depth of surface F

resultant hydrostatic force:

hydrostatic pressure at the gravity centre of surface „F”

how to calculate the hydrostatic force?