UNIT III FARM EQUIPMENTS

FARM TRACTOR
Tractor is a self-propelled power unit having wheels or tracks for
operating agricultural implements and machines including
trailers. Tractor engine is used as a prime mover for active tools
and stationary farm machinery through power take-off shaft
(PTO) or belt pulley.
CLASSIFICATION OF TRACTORS
Tractors can be classified into three classes on the basis of structural-design:
(i) Wheel tractor: Tractors, having four pneumatic wheels are called wheel
tractors. Four wheel tractors are most popular everywhere.
(ii) Crawler tractor: This is also called track type tractor or chain type tractor.
In such tractors, there is endless chain or track in place of pneumatic
wheels.
(iii) Walking tractor (Power tiller): Power tiller is a walking type tractor.
This tractor is usually fitted with two wheels only. The direction of travel
and its controls for field operation is performed by the operator, walking behind
the tractor.
CRAWLER TRACTOR

WALKING TRACTOR
On the basis of purpose, wheeled tractor is classified into three groups:
General purpose tractor: It is used for major farm operations; such
as ploughing, harrowing , sowing, harvesting and transporting work. Such
tractors have
 low ground clearance
 Increased engine power
 good adhesion
 wide tyres.
Row crop tractor: It is used for crop cultivation. Such tractor is
provided with replaceable driving wheels of different tread widths. It has
high ground clearance to save damage of crops. Wide wheel track can be
adjusted to suit inter row distance.
Special purpose tractor: It is used for definite jobs like cotton fields,
marshy land, hillsides , garden etc. Special designs are there for special
purpose tractor.
 Special purpose
tractor
General purpose
tractor

Row crop tractor

 SELECTION OF TRACTOR
 Land holding: Under a single cropping pattern, it is normally recommended to consider 1 hp for
every 1 hectares of land, In other words, one tractor of 20-25 hp is suitable for 20 hectares farm.
 Cropping pattern: Generally less than 1.0 hectare/hp have been recommended where
adequate irrigation facilities are available and if more than one crop is taken a 30-35 hp tractor
is suitable for 25 hectares farm.
 Soil condition: A tractor with less wheel base, higher ground clearance and low overall weight
may work successfully in lighter soil but it will not be able to give sufficient depth in black cotton
soil.
 Climatic condition: For very hot zone and desert area, water cooled engines are preferred over
air-cooled engines. Similarly for higher altitude, air cooled engines are preferred because water
is liable to be frozen at higher altitude.
 Repairing facilities: It should be ensured that the tractor to be purchased has a dealer at near
by place with all the technical skills for repair and maintenance of machine.
 Running cost: Tractors with less specific fuel consumption should be preferred over others so
that running cost may be less.
 Initial cost and resale value: While keeping the resale value in mind, the initial cost should not
be very high; otherwise higher amount of interest will have to be paid.
 Test report: Test report of tractors released from farm machinery testing stations should be
consulted for guidance
 TRACTOR TYRES AND FRONT AXLE TYRES
• The tyres are available in many sizes with the ply ratings as 4, 6 or 8. The ply rating of tyres indicates the
comparative strength of tyres. The higher the rating, the stronger are the tyres. The tyres size 12—38 means,
that the sectional diameter of tyres is 12" and it is mounted on a rim of 38" diameter. The inflation pressure in
the rear wheels of the tractor varies between 0.8 to 1.5 kg/cm2 . The inflation pressure of the front wheel varies
from 1.5to2.5kg/ cm2 . Useful life of the pneumatic tyres under normal operating condition may be about 6000
working hours for drawbar work.
FRONT AXLE: Front axle is the unit on which front wheel is mounted. This wheel is an idler wheel by which tractor
is steered in various directions. The axle is a rigid tubular or I-section steel construction pivoted at the centre.
There are various adjustments of front wheel.
• Hitching system of Tractor Drawn Implements
Tractor drawn implements possess higher working capacity and are operated at higher speeds.. Tractor
drawn implements may be
 Trailed type
It is one that is pulled and guided from single hitch point but its weight is not supported by the tractor.
 Semi-mounted type
This type of implement is one which is attached to the tractor along a hinge axis and not at a single hitch
point. It is controlled directly by tractor steering unit but its weight is partly supported by the tractor.
 Mounted type.
A mounted implement is one which is attached to the tractor, such that it can be controlled directly by
the tractor steering unit. The implement is carried fully by the tractor when out of work.
IMPORTANT TERMS CONNECTED WITH
TRACTORS
• Wheelbase: Wheel base is the horizontal distance between the front
and rear wheels of a tractor, measured at the ground contact.
• Ground clearance: It is the height of the lowest point of the tractor
from the ground surface, the tractor being loaded to its maximum
permissible weight.
• Track: Track is the distance between the two wheels of the tractor on
the same axle, measured at the point of ground contact.
• Turning space: It is the diameter of the smallest circle, described by
the outermost point of the tractor, while moving at a speed, not
exceeding 2 km/hr with the steering wheels in full lock.
• Cage wheel: It is a wheel or an attachment to a wheel with spaced
cross bars for improving the traction of the tractor in a wet field. It is
generally used in paddy fields.
 Turning space

Wheelbase & Track Width

cage wheel
Function of power transmission system:
(i) to transmit power from the engine to the rear wheels of the tractor,
(ii) to make reduced speed available, to rear wheels of the tractor,
(iii) to alter the ratio of wheel speed and engine speed in order to suit the
field conditions
(iv) to transmit power through right angle drive , because the crankshaft and
rear axle are normally at right angles to each other.

The power transmission system consists of:

(a) Clutch (b) Transmission gears (c) Differential (d) Final drive (e) Rear axle
(f) Rear wheels.
 TRACTOR COMPONENTS
A tractor is made of following main components:

(1) I. C. engine, (12) Tractor pulley

(2) Clutch (13) Control panel
(3) Transmission gears
(4) Differential unit
(5) Final drive
(6) Rear wheels
(7) Front wheels
(8) Steering mechanism
(9) Hydraulic control and hitch system
(10) Brakes
(11)Power take-off unit
TRACTOR COMPONENTS
PTO OUTPUT SHAFT AND HITCH POINT
1. I.C engine
Internal combustion of suitable horse power is used as a prime move in a tractor.
Engines ranging from 8 to 200 hp are used in agricultural tractors. In India , four wheel
tractors for agricultural operations are fitted with 25-80 hp. Walking type tractors are fitted
with 8-12 hp engines
2. Clutch
Clutch is a device, used to connect and disconnect the tractor engine from the
transmission gears and drive wheels. Clutch transmits power by means of friction between
driving members and driven members
Necessity of clutch in a tractor
1. Engine needs cranking by any suitable device. For easy cranking, the engine is
disconnected from the rest of the transmission unit by the clutch. After starting the engine,
the clutch is engaged to transmit the power from engine to gear box
2. In order to change the gears, the gear box must be kept free from engine power,
otherwise the gear teeth will be damaged and engagement of gears will be difficult. This
work is done by clutch
3. 3. When the belt pulley of the tractor works in the field it needs to be stopped with out
stopping the engine. This is done by a clutch
Power transmission system of a tractor
Transmission is a speed reducing mechanism, equipped with several gears.
It may be called a sequence of gears and shafts, through which the engine power
is transmitted to the tractor wheels. The system consists of various devices, which
cause forward and backward movement of tractor to suit different field conditions.
The complete path of power from engine to wheel is called power train
Functions of power transmission system
1. To transmit power from the engine to the rear wheels of the tractor
2. To make reduced speed available, to rear wheels of the tractor
3. To alter the ratio of wheel speed and engine speed in order to suit the field
conditions
4. To transmit power through right angle drive, because the crankshaft and rear axle
are normally at right angles to each other.
The power transmission system consists of :
1. Clutch 2. Transmission gears
3. Differential 4. Final drive
5. Rear axle 6. Rear wheels
4. Transmission gears
A tractor runs at high speed, but the rear wheel of the tractor requires
power at low speed and high torque. That’s why it becomes essential to
reduce the engine speed and increase the torque available at the rear wheel
of the tractor because
Where,
T is torque in Newton –meter
N = speed in rev/min
If engine power is constant, it is obvious that for higher torque at wheels ,
low speed is required and vice versa.. So gear box is fitted between engine
and rear wheels for variable speed and torque.
5. Differential unit
Differential unit is a special arrangement of gears to permit one of the rear
wheels of the tractor to rotate slower or faster than the other. While turning the
tractor on a curved path, the inner wheel has to travel lesser distance than the
outer wheel. The inner wheel requires lesser power than the outer wheel. This
condition is fulfilled by differential unit, which permits one of the rear wheels of
the tractor to move faster than the other at a turning point.
Differential Lock
Differential lock is a device to join both half axles of the tractor so that even
if one wheel is less resistance , the tractor comes out of the mud etc. as both
wheels move with the same speed and apply equal traction.
6. Final drive
Final drive is a gear reduction unit in the power trains between differentials
and drive wheels. Final drive transmits the power finally to the rear axle and the
wheels. The tractor rear wheels are not directly attached to the half shafts but the
drive is taken through a pair of spur gears. Each half shaft terminates in a small
gear which meshes with a large gear called bull gear. The bull gear is mounted on
a shaft, carrying the tractor rear wheel. The device for final speed reduction,
suitable for tractor rear wheels is known as final drive mechanism.
7. Steering mechanism
The system, governing the angular movement of front wheels of a tractor is
called steering system. This system minimizes the efforts of the operator in turning
the front wheels with the application of leverages. The different components of
steering system are i)steering wheel ii) steering shaft iii)steering gear iv) drag link
v)steering arm vii) tie rod viii) king pin
 When the operator turns the steering wheel, the motion is transmitted
through the steering shaft to the angular motion of the pitman arm through
a set of gears. The angular movement of the pitman arm is further
transmitted to the steering arm through drag link and tie rods. Steering arm
are keyed to the respective king pins which are integral part of the stub
axle on which wheels are mounted. The movement of steering arm affects
the movement of front wheel
8. Hydraulic control system
It is a mechanism in a tractor to raise , hold or lower the mounted
implement or semi mounted equipments by hydraulic means. All tractors
are equipped with hydraulic control system for operating three point hitch
of the tractor.
Basic components of hydraulic system
1. Hydraulic pump
2. Hydraulic cylinder and piston
3. Hydraulic tank
4. Control valve
5. Safety valve
6. Hose pipe and fittings
7. Lifting arms
9. Brakes
Brake is used to stop or slow down the motion of the tractor. It is mounted
on the driving axle and operated by two independent pedals. Each pedal can be
operated independently to assist the turning of tractor during field work or locked
together by means of a lock.
Types of brakes – a) Mechanical brake b) hydraulic brake
10. Power take off
It is a part of tractor transmission system. It consists of a shaft, a
shield and a cover. The shaft is externally splined to transmit tortional
power to another machine. A rigid guard fitted on a tractor covers the
power-take-off shaft as a safety device. The guard is called power take off
shield. As per ASAE standards PTO speed is 540+ 10 rpm when operating
under load. In order to operate 1000 rpm PTO drive machine, a new
standard has been developed.
11. Belt pulley
All tractors are provided with a belt pulley. The function of the pulley is
to transmit power from the tractor to stationary machinery by means of a
belt. It is used to operate thresher, centrifugal pump, silage cutter, and
several other machinery. The pulley is located either on the left , right or
rear side of the tractor. Pulley drive is engaged or disengaged from the
engine by means of a clutch.
11. Control board or dash board
The control board of a tractor generally consists of
1. Main switch 2. Throttle PTO shaft
3. Decompression lever 4. Hour meter
5. Light switch` 6. Horn button
7. Battery charging indicator 8. oil pressure indicator
9. Water temperature gauge

1. Main switch - When the main switch is on , the electric current flows in
the electric circuit
2. Throttle lever - This lever is for increasing or decreasing the speed of the
engine.
3. Decompression lever - This lever releases the compression pressure
from the combustion chamber of the engine and helps to start the
engine.
4. Hour meter - This meter indicates the engine hour as well as engine
revolution per minute
5. Light switch - light switch is for light points only
6. Horn button - This is for horn of the tractor
7. Battery charger indicator - This indicates the charge and discharge of the
battery.
8. Oil pressure indicator - this indicates the lubricating oil pressure in the
system
9. Water temperature gauge - this indicates the temperature of water of
the cooling system
 FARM MACHINERY

1. Primary & secondary tillage of soil

2. Sowing / Planting
3. Intercrop operation, like weeding
4. Plant protection operation like pesticide spraying,
manure spreading
5. Irrigation activity, like watering the plants
6. Harvesting & threshing operations
FARM MACHINERY
FARM MACHINERY
Tillage
It is a mechanical manipulation of soil to provide favorable condition for crop
production. Soil tillage consists of breaking the compact surface of earth to a
certain depth and to loosen the soil mass, so as to enable the roots of the crops to
penetrate and spread into the soil.

Primary tillage
It constitutes the initial major soil working operation. It is normally designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant
materials and rearrange aggregates. The operations performed to open up any cultivable land with a view to
prepare a seed bed for growing crops is known as primary tillage. Animal drawn implements mostly include
indigenous plough and mould-board plough. Tractor drawn implements include mould-board plough,
disc plough, subsoil plough, chisel plough and other similar implements.

Secondary tillage
Tillage operations following primary tillage those are performed to create proper soil tilt for seeding and planting
are secondary tillage. These are lighter and finer operations, performed on the soil after primary tillage operations.
Secondary tillage consists of conditioning the soil to meet the different tillage objectives of the farm. The
implements include different types of harrow, cultivators, levelers, clod crushers etc.
 Primary tillage
The objectives of primary tillage are:
•to attain a reasonable depth (10-15 cm) of soft soil with varying clod sizes;
•kill weeds by burying or cutting and exposing the roots
•soil aeration and water accumulation; depending on the soil type and the plough the
soil will normally be inverted aerating the deep layers and trapping water during a
rainfall event
•chop and incorporate crop residues.
 SOIL INVERSION PLOUGHS
 Soil inversion or turning ploughs are made of iron
and drawn by tractors.
Mould board plough
 This type of plough leaves no un-ploughed land as
the furrow slices, cuts clean and inverted to one side
resulting in better pulverization.
 The animal drawn mould board plough is small,
plough to a depth of 15 cm.
 Two mould board ploughs of bigger in size are
attached to the tractor and ploughed to a depth of
25 to 30 cm.
 Mould board ploughs are used for soil inversion.
 DISC PLOUGH
 The disc plough is having little resemblance to the common
mould board plough.
 A large, revolving, concave steel disc replaces the share and
the mould board.
 The disc turns the furrow slice to one side with a scooping
action.
 The usual size of the disc is 60 cm in diameter and this turns
a 35 to 30 cm furrow slice.
 The disc plough is more suitable for land with much fibrous
growth of weeds, as the disc cuts and incorporates the
weeds.
 The disc plough works well in soils free from stones.
 SECONDARY TILLAGE
Secondary tillage is any working completed after primary tillage and is
undertaken for
•reducing clod size,
•weed control,
•incorporation of fertilizers,
•puddling and
•leveling soil surface.
 Tractor drawn cultivator

 Cultivator is an implement used for finer operations like

breaking clods and working the soil to a fine tilth for preparing
seedbed.
 Cultivator is also called as tiller or tooth harrow.
 It is used to further loosen the previously ploughed land before
sowing.
 It is also used to destroy weeds that germinate after ploughing.
 The main object of providing two rows and staggering the
position of tynes is to provide clearance between tynes so that
clods and plant residues can freely pass through without
blocking.
 The number of tynes ranges from 7 to 13.
 The shares of the tynes can be replaced when they are worn-out.
FIELD CULTIVATOR
FIELD CULTIVATOR
 DISC HARROW

 The disc harrow consists of a number of

concave discs of 45 to 55 cm in
diameter.
 The discs cut through the soil and
effectively pulverize the clods.
 Blade harrows are used for different
purposes like removal of weeds and
stubbles, crushing of clods, working of
soil to shallow depth, covering the
seeds, inter-cultivation and harvesting Disc harrow
of groundnut etc. (Source:
http://agriculture.indiabizclub.com/products/offset_disc_harrows)
TYPES OF DISC HARROW
LAYOUT OF SEED BED
Harrows are primarily used to level the soil surface, redistribute surface residue, pulverize clods and disturb
germination of weeds. Harrows are often attached to the rear of disks, field cultivators, or drills to smooth and
firm the soil surface and redistribute residue.

TINE HARROWS CHAIN HARROWS

SOWING & ITS EQUIPMENT
Seeding or sowing is an art of placing seeds in the soil to have good germination in the field. A perfect seeding gives
a. Correct amount of seed per unit area.
b. Correct depth at which seed is placed in the soil.
c. Correct spacing between row-to-row and plant-to-plant.
SEEDERS OR TILL PLANTERS
DOUBLE DISK OPENERS
 Cup feed mechanism :
It is a mechanism consisting of cups or spoons on the periphery of a vertical rotating disc which picks up the seeds from the
hopper and delivers them into the seed tubes. It consists of a seed hopper which has two parts. The upper one is called grain box
and the lower one is called feed box. The seed delivery mechanism consists of a spindle, carrying a number of discs with a ring of
cups attached to the periphery of each Disc . The spindle with its frame and attachment is called seed barrel. When the spindle
rotates, one disc with its set of cups rotates and picks up few seeds and drops them into small hoppers. The cups have two faces,
one for larger seeds and the rate at which the seed barrel revolves. This type of mechanism is common on British seed drills.
REGULAR SEED DRILL
Pneumatic Seed Drill.
 RIDGE-TILL CULTIVATORS

Ridge shapes.

Row shields to protect crop and

shape ridges.
TRACTOR MOUNTED FIELD SPRAYERS
TRACTOR MOUNTED FIELD SPRAYERS
PESTICIDE APPLICATION EQUIPMENT

Nozzle placement for directed application

 ROTARY HOES
Rotary hoes provide shallow, thorough stirring of the soil and thereby early weed control in some conservation tillage situations. Rotary hoe
performance depends on the quantity of residue, firmness of the soil surface, and design of the machine. A rotary hoe must be heavy and
aggressive to penetrate untilled soil and be “self-cleaning” to resist plugging when operated in corn residue. Rotary hoes work well in ridge-till to
control weeds in the row. Control is best when field conditions are hot, dry, and sunny. One or two passes supplement, or may eliminate, the
need for banded herbicides. Avoid breaking the crook of soybean plants if hoeing soon after emergence. The rotary hoe is an effective and
efficient tool within a sharply limited window of weed size. Many weeds will survive rotary hoeing once they form true leaves or can be seen from
the tractor seat while driving.
PADDY PLANTATION MACHINE
RICE TRANSPLANTER MECHANISM
PADDY HARVESTING
MACHINE
COMBINE HARVESTER

1. CEREAL CROPS
2. REEL (OR PICKUP REEL)
3. CUTTER BAR
4. CONVEYOR
5. THRESHING DRUM
6. SIEVES
7. STRAW WALKERS
8. UNLOADER
9. SPREADER
1.Cereal crops are gathered in by the header at the
front, which has a pair of sharp pincers called crop
dividers at either end. Generally speaking, the wider
the header, the faster and more efficiently a harvester
can cut a field. Different headers are used for cutting
different crops; the header is often hydraulically
powered and can be raised, lowered, and angled in
different ways from the cab. The header can be
removed and towed behind the harvester lengthwise
so it can fit down narrow lanes.
2.A slowly rotating wheel called the reel (or pickup reel) pushes the crops down toward the
cutter. The reel has horizontal bars called bats and vertical teeth or tines to grip the plant
stalks.

3.The cutter bar runs the entire length of the header underneath the reel. Its teeth (sometimes
called mowing fingers) open and close repeatedly to cut off the crops at their base, a bit like a
giant electric hedge cutter sweeping along at ground level.
4. Behind the cutter bar, the cut crops are fed toward
the center by spinning augers (screws) and travel
up a conveyor to the processing mechanism
inside the main part of the combine.

5. A threshing drum beats the cut crops to break

and shake the grains away from their stalks.

6. The grains fall through sieves into a collecting tank below.

7. The unwanted material (chaff and stalks) passes along conveyors called straw walkers toward the
back of the machine. More grain falls through into the tank.

8. When the grain tank is full, a tractor with a trailer on the back pulls alongside the combine. The grain
is carried up from the tank by an elevator and shoots out of a side pipe (sometimes called the
unloader) into the trailer.

9. The unwanted stalks and chaff tumble from the back of the machine. Some combines have a rotating
spreader mechanism that throws the straw over a wide area. Sometimes the straw is baled up by a
baling machine and used for animal bedding.
When to harvest paddy

Harvest rice when:

 20-25% grain moisture
 80-85% straw colored and
 The grains in the lower part of the
panicle are in the hard doe stage
 30 days after flowering
COMBINE HARVESTER
COMBINE HARVESTER
COMBINE HARVESTER
Combined harvester
 It is a machine designed for harvesting, threshing, separating,
cleaning and collecting grains while moving through standing crops.
 Bagging arrangement may be provided with a pick up attachment.

 The main functions of a combine are:

(i) Cutting the standing crops
(ii) Feeding the cut crops to threshing unit
(iii) Threshing the crops
(iv) Cleaning the grains from straw
(v) collecting the grains in a container.
Main functional components of a grain header

The grain header (a) is made of a platform (1)

with a frontal, reciprocating knife cutter bar
(2);
two lateral dividers of the plants (3);
cross-mounted, equidistant crop lifting devices
(4);
a reel (5) with slates and metal or plastic tines
(fingers); and
an intake auger (6),
combined with a retractable-finger drum (7).
All components, including power transmission
(8), are assembled on the header frame that
has a welded structure.
 CUTTING THE STANDING CROPS
Adjust the reel by height control switch the lift button to ensure that the reel tines touch the stalk below
spike when cutting, and the reel is in the position available for gripping crops.
 Feeding the cut crops to threshing unit

The cut crop is transported up the strand feeder house (also known as "feeder throat"), by a chain and flight elevator.
The feeder house lifts and deposits cut crops from the ground level into the belly of the combine to begin processing.
Feeding the cut crops to threshing unit
 Threshing the crops
grain travels up a conveyor to the threshing unit of combine harvesters. Here, the threshing drum beats the crops to break
against the combine concave.

Rotating cylinder or rotor (1),

equipped with active elements such as
rasp bars (2),
coupled with a separating body (3)
(concave or cage),
 Two-cylinder tangential threshing
module with final beater

Two-cylinder tangential
Conventional tangential threshing unit. threshing module

A more efficient way of increasing the throughput capacity of conventional combines

is using a series of tangential threshing units with two or more cylinder-concave units
(Figure). A beater can be placed between two cylinders or an impeller at the
end of the threshing module.
Threshing the crops
 Concaves
The combine concave executes two essential functions that are threshing and separating.
•Threshing is involved in freeing the seeds from the plants.
•Separating, as the name implies, executes separating the seeds from the chaff.

In general, the friction among the

threshing drum, also called the rotating
cylinder, the crop fed into the
threshing space, and the concave
create the threshing process.

When the crop comes in the threshing

unit, it gets smashed by the cylinder
against the concave, and grain starts to
pass through the openings of the
concave.

Therefore, the grain is separated from

the straw.
 Cleaning the grains from straw
A conventional combine may have four to eight straw walkers with a stepped separation surface. Each
straw walker is usually made of a U-shaped, long sheet metal channel for collecting separated grain and
chaff. The upper edge of the lateral plates of the channel is cut into a sawtooth configuration. On top of the
channel are mounted separation grates a few steps along. The number of steps, their height, and the
inclination angle of straw walkers differ among manufacturers. The straw walker parallel motion is
generated by a pair of spaced apart crankshafts, of which one is the driver.

Straw walkers with multifinger separation intensifier system.

 Retractable, multifinger rotary drum

This system may consist of a rotary drum having an eccentric axle

mounted herein. Rigid, retractable fingers are mounted on the axle, whose position can be
modified. During rotation of the drum, the fingers, projecting to the greatest (adjustable)
length at the bottom of the drum, tear apart the mat of straw, increasing grain separation.

Retractable, multifinger rotary drum

Cleaning the grains from straw
 Main components of a cleaning unit

The cleaning unit (Figure) generally consists of a grain pan, two sieves mounted one above the other, and a fan that
blows air upward through the bottom of the sieves toward the rear of the combine harvester. Between the grain pan
and the top sieve (also called chaffer), there is a winnowing step. The top sieve has openings whose size is
adjustable, while the bottom sieve is changeable for different crops. The air blows the chaff and straw fragments off,
while the grains separate through the openings of the sieves, and then an inclined wall moves them to the clean
grain auger. At the end of the top sieve, there is a chaffer extension that favors the tailings through which to
separate.
Cleaning shoe system
The cleaning shoe, necessary to both conventional and rotary combines, is usually composed of a receiving
element (preparation floor), a grain pan, a chaffer, a sieve, and a blower system. The preparation floor receives
the crop material directly from the threshing concave (or rotor grates), straw walkers, or possibly a return pan
under the straw walkers. The preparation floor’s delivery edge extends a series of conventional fingers that break
up the straw mat during its step fall to the grain pan. The blower or fan system directs a portion of airflow through
this walker-type step, partially blowing the chaff downstream to the end of the cleaning shoe system.
 Grain Tank
Grains are then lifted from the bottom of the combine and into the grain tank using a grain elevator.

As the collecting tank fills up, it must be emptied into a trailer through a pipe unloader (or side pipe).
The grain is elevated from the tank by an elevator and shoots out of a side pipe into the trailer. The trailer is usually
attached to a tractor and goes side-by-side with the combine harvester.
 Rear Discharge
The process of a straw chopper followed by a straw/chaff spreader with a swinging
discharge to spread the chaff and chopped straw at the desired width from the rear of the
machine, for a good mulching of straw and chaff in the soil.

One by-product from this working process is the material-other-than-

grain (MOG), which include remaining leaves and stems with limited
nutrients.
Certain combines have a rotating spreader mechanism that throws the
MOGs over a wide area. MOG is discharged on the farm, or baled up for
bedding and livestock.
SUGAR CANE HARVESTER CH570
Sugarcane harvester component locations
SUGARCANE HARVESTING
The basic components of a sugarcane combine are:
(i) Gathering mechanism
(ii) Topping mechanism
(iii) Base cuter
(iv) Feed conveyor
(v) Chopper
(vi) Elevator
(vii) Cleaning by air blast
Gathering mechanism
Crop Dividers
Two pairs of crop dividers enable separation of the sugarcane
row that is being harvested from the adjacent row and lift the
lodged cane stalks to facilitate the feeding operation.
Crop Dividers -Two pairs of crop dividers enable separation of the sugarcane
row that is being harvested from the adjacent row and lift the lodged cane
stalks to facilitate the feeding operation.
Topper - Cuts the tops and throws them away on the ground, on left or right
hand side.
Knockdown Roller-Inclines the cane stalks to be cut, facilitating the base
cutting operation and the initial feeding of the machine
Feedroller (finned) - Aligns the cane stalks and helps the feeding of the cane
stalks immediately after they are severed by the base cutter.
Basecutter - Ensures flush to ground level cane harvesting through
appropriately tilted base cutter discs and also enables feeding of the harvested
cane stalks to the butt-lift roller.
Feed rollers - Transports and horizontally feeds the cane stalks to the chopper drums.

Butt Lifter Roller - Lifts the sugarcane stalks cut by the base cutter and guides them into the machine feeder train.

Chopping system: Chopper Drums - A pair of chopper drums consisting of 3 blades each cuts
the sugarcane into billets and throws the billets into the elevator bowl. The chopper provides
clean cut billets through its differential speed cutting mechanism.
Unloading system: Elevator Bowl - Receives the sugarcane billets coming out of the chopper and feeds the elevator chain.
Cleaning system: Extractor -Equipped with Anti-Vortex fan, the extractor cleans the billets through suction of the extraneous
matter from the billet cane charge, chopped and cascaded by chopping drums towards extractor bin through a strong upward
air draft created by the fan.
Unloading system: Elevator Table - Pivots the elevator to the machine and supports sideways and up-down movement
Unloading system: Elevator - Transports the billets from the elevator bowl to the Infield Transporter. Its perforated elevator floor
aids the removal of mineral impurities.
Unloading system: Bin Flap - Directs the cane billets from elevator into the Infield Transporter and improves the distribution,
thereby increasing the loading density.
FELLER BUNCHERS
FELLER BUNCHERS
FELLER BUNCHERS
Feller Buncher Head

The feller buncher head is the part you see on the front of the Cat machine. This Cat
part grasps the tree, holds it and cuts it, and then sets it down. A different heavy
machine will then load the cut logs into a truck for transportation from the job site
to the mill. There are three types of felling heads:

1.Bunching head. These Cat attachments can grab and hold more than one tree
trunk while cutting. These come in three styles: disc saw, bar saw, and shear. The
bunching head looks like a grappler as it reaches out and grabs the stems.
2.Processing head. Processing heads can fell trees and then prepare them
somewhat for transportation. Most of these are used for delimbing the tree before
loading it up.
3.Felling head. This type of Cat attachment both grabs and cuts trees and then it can
control the direction of the fall.
Felling is the partial operation which dominates tree harvesting work.
It includes measures undertaken in order to separate standing trees from
the stumps or roots, or other methods necessary to fell the tree. Although
felling requires a relatively small proportion of the total time involved
in the harvesting of a tree, its proper performance is of importance for
the subsequent processing.
The term processing is often used for the preparation of the felled
trees for transport i.e. delimbing, bucking-scaling, debarking and chipping.
FORWARDERS
FORWARDERS
FORWARDERS

Main parts of a
forwarder.
1. Engine,
2. Rotating cabin,
3. Bogie,
4. Front axle wheels,
5. Axial joint,
6. Rear axle wheels,
7. Hydraulic crane,
8. Rotator,
9. Grapple,
10. Cargo space,
11. Stake,
12. Protective bars
HARVESTER

Main parts of a six-wheel harvester.

1. Engine,
2. Cabin,
3. Rear axle wheel,
4. Back frame,
5. Front frame,
6. Front axle wheel,
7. Axle,
8. Hydraulic crane,
9. Rotator,
10. Harvester head,
11. Work hydraulics of hydraulic
crane
HARVESTER HEAD

Harvester head.
1. Head fixed frame,
2. Rotator,
3. Fixed delimbing knife,
4. Front delimbing knifes,
5. Back delimbing knifes,
6. Feeding rollers,
7. Length measuring wheel,
8. Cutting unit (chain).