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By
1.Saif AldeenSaad
2. Khalid Muhsen
3.Jaafar Salah
Supervised by
Dr. Ola Adel Qasim
A.D 2016 A.H 1437
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this project is to analyze and design a multi-story building
(3D-dimensional reinforce concrete frame), the design of reinforced concrete slabs,
beams, columns, footings and Staircase were made by hand calculations according to
ACI code and compare the results by using STAAD.PRO. In order to design, it is
important to first obtain the plan of the particular building that is, positioning of the
particular rooms (Drawing room, bed room, kitchen toilet etc.) such that they serve
their respective purpose and also suiting to the requirement and comfort of the
inhabitants
An office building were used with reinforced concrete frame consists of three
floors where the maximum area of floor =(21.9*40.9) m2. Each floor consists of twelve
offices. We used AutoCAD programs to complete the architectural design, STAAD
Pro v8iSSS to design and analyze the structure of building. Finally, we arranged the
results as architectural and structural maps for this building.
STAAD PRO has a very interactive user interface which allows the user to draw
the frame and input the load values dimensions and materials properties. Then
according to the specified criteria assigned it analysis the structure and design the
members with reinforcement details for reinforced concrete frames.
The design process of structural planning and design requires not only imagination
and conceptual thinking but also sound knowledge of science of structural engineering
besides the knowledge of practical aspects, such as recent design codes, bye laws, backed
up by ample experience, intuition and judgment. The purpose of standards is to ensure and
enhance the safety, keeping careful balance between economy and safety.
For designing of columns and beams, it is necessary to know the moments they are
subjected to. Designing of slabs depends upon whether it is a one-way or a two way slab,
the end conditions and the loading. From the slabs, the loads are transferred to the beam.
Thereafter, the loads (mainly shear) from the beams are taken by the columns. Finally, the
sections must be checked for all the four components with regard to strength and
serviceability. Analysis of multi-storey building frames involves lot of complications and
Signature:
Date: / /2016
Committee Certification
Signature: Signature:
Name: Name:
(Chairman) (Member)
Signature:
Name: Dr.
Date: / /2016
(Supervisor)
List of Contents
PAGE
SUBJECT
NO.
Acknowledgment.
Abstract. I
List of Contents. III
List of Symbols V
List of Tables. VI
List of Figures. VII
Chapter One:- Introduction.
1-1 Introduction 1
1-2 Reinforced Concrete 2
1-3 Structural Elements 2
1-4 Design Philosophy 3
1-5 Design Bases 3
1-6 Multi-Storey Buildings 4
1-7 Concrete Frame Structures 5
1-8 Reinforced Concrete (RC) 5
1-9 Beam -And-Column Construction 6
1-10 One-Way And Two-Way Reinforced Concrete Slabs. 6
1-11 Beams 8
1-12 Columns. 10
1-13 Footing. 11
1-14 Staircases 12
1-15 Types of Stairs 13
Chapter Two:- Types of Loads.
2-1 Introduction. 15
2-2 Types of Load. 16
2-3 Loads on architectural and civil engineering structure. 16
2-4 Imposed Loads. 17
2-5 Dead Loads. 18
2-6 Live Loads. 18
2-7 Other Loads. 19
2-8 Load Combinations. 19
2-9 Load on supporting beams. 19
2-10 Moment Distribution. 21
2-11 Importance of Hand Calculations. 21
2-12 The Major Qualifying Project. 22
Chapter Three:- Design of Slabs.
3-1 introduction. 23
3-2 Prosperities and Descriptions of Slabs. 26
3-3 Design of Slab in First Floor. 30
3-4 Design of slab in Ground floor. 31
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building III
Chapter Four: - Design of Beams.
4-1 Introduction. 39
4-2 Loading on Beams (calculation of moments in Y-Direction). 39
4-3Beams Design of Ground Floor and First Floor. 40
4-4 Ground Floor Loading on beam. 42
4-5 First Floor Loading on beam. 43
4-6 Solving Moments by Moment Distribution Method. 45
4-7 Design of beams ABCD & A1B1C1D1 for flexural and shear using hand 47
calculation.
4-8 Loading on Beams (Calculation of moments in X-Direction). 57
4-9 STAAB PRO consists of the following. 59
4-10 Analysis And Design of Beams in Ground And First Floor Using Staad.Pro 2008 61
Analysis.
4-11 Comparison Between Hand Calculation and Staad.Pro 2008 Results of Beams. 63
Chapter Five: - Design of Columns and Footing.
5-1 Column B-B1. 64
5-2 Column B1-B2. 67
5-3 Analysis and design of columns in ground and first floor using staad program 70
analysis.
5-4 Comparison between hand calculation and staad.pro 2006 results of columns. 71
5-5 Design of Footing. 71
Chapter Six:- Design of Stair.
6-1 Introduction. 81
6-2 Calculation of thickness. 81
6-3 Calculation of loading. 81
6-4 Calculation of shear and moment. 81
6-5 Design for reinforcement. 82
Chapter Seven:- Conclusions and Recommendation.
7-1 Conclusions. 83
7-2 Recommendation 84
References.
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building VII
(4-15) Beam Section. 57
(4-16) Transforming Load from Slab to Beams. 57
(4-17) Load Distribution on Beams. 58
(4-18) Moment Diagram From STAAD PRO Program. 60
(4-19) Beam Number (Ground floor. 61
(4-20) (Beam Number (First floor). 61
Chapter Five: - Design of Columns and Footing.
(5-1) Column Chosen for design. 64
(5-2) Transfer of Load to column Chosen for design. 65
(5-3) shows details of reinforcement for column. 69
(5-4) shows name of column in Ground Floor. 69
(5-5) shows name of column in First Floor. 70
(5-6) strip in x and y directions. 72
(5-7) net factored soil pressure. 72
(5-8) sequence of load transfer between elements of a structure and the chosen 74
strip.
(5-9) shows the axial load for exterior strip 75
(5-10) represents shear force diagram for exterior strip footing. 77
(5-11) Details of reinforcement for exterior strip footing. 79
(5-12) Column Load of Exterior Strip and all columns (First floor and Ground 80
floor).
Chapter Six:- Design of Stair.
(6-1) Stairs details. 81
(6-2) Reinforcement details. 82
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building VIII
Chapter
One
Chapter one Introduction
Chapter One
Introduction
1-1 Introduction:
There is growing responsiveness of multi-storey reinforced concrete structures, to
accommodate growing population. Generally such structures have prismatic sections
which are common in developing countries, which resist applied loads without any
appreciable deformation of one part relative to another. It is the need to accomplish some
function, one of them is to receive loads (usually known as service loads) at certain points
& transmit them safely to other points, that prompts the designer to give life to a structure
furthermore since it is the need for a safe, serviceable, feasible and aesthetically pleasing
fulfillment of a structure. The ultimate aim of structural analysis is to design all the
structural elements of a structural system in such a way that they perform their functions
satisfactorily and at the same time assist design to become efficient, elegant and
economical which helps to choose the right type of sections consistent with economy
along with safety of the structure.
Many structures are built of reinforced concrete: bridges, viaducts, buildings,
retaining walls, tunnels, tanks, conduits, and others .This deals primarily with fundamental
principles in the design and investigation of reinforced concrete members subjected to
axial force, bending moment, shear, torsion, or combinations of these. Thus these
principles are basically applicable to the design of any type of structure, so long as
information is known about the variation of axial force, shear moment, etc., along the
length of each member. Although analysis and design may be treated separately, they are
inseparable in practice, especially in the case of reinforced.
The multistory building is statically indeterminate structure and there are several
methods to analysis this structures such as method three and moment distribution…..etc.
To analyze and design the multistory building we must analyze and design the
elements that combined it, such slabs, beams, columns and footing. Large amounts of
Fig. (1-8) (a); (b) Straight flight stairs; (c) Quarter-turn stairs; (d) Half-turn stairs; (e) Branching
stairs; (f) Open-well (half turn); (g) Open-well with quarter turn landing; (h); (i); (j) Geometrical
stairs Technical Terms
The definitions of some technical terms, which are used in connection with design of
stairs, Fig. (1-9) shows main technical terms associated with stairs design:
a. Tread or Going: horizontal upper portion of a step.
b. Riser: vertical portion of a step.
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 12
Chapter one Introduction
c. Rise: vertical distance between two consecutive treads.
d. Flight: a series of steps provided between two landings.
e. Landing: a horizontal slab provided between two flights.
f. Waist: the least thickness of a stair slab.
g. Winder: radiating or angular tapering steps.
h. Soffit: the bottom surface of a stair slab.
i. Nosing: the intersection of the tread and the riser.
j. Headroom: the vertical distance from a line connecting the nosing's of all treads and the
soffit above.
Chapter Two
Types of Loads
2-1 Introduction:
Structural loads or actions are forces, deformations, or accelerations applied to
a structure or its components. Loads cause stresses, deformations, and displacements in
structures. Assessment of their effects is carried out by the methods of structural
analysis. Excess load or overloading may cause structural failure, and hence such
possibility should be either considered in the design or strictly controlled. Mechanical
structures, such as aircraft, satellites, rockets, space stations, ships and submarines, have
their own particular structural loads and actions. Engineers often evaluate structural
loads based upon published regulations, contracts, or specifications. Accepted technical
standards are used for acceptance testing and inspection.
The loads are broadly classified as vertical loads, horizontal loads and longitudinal
loads. The vertical loads consist of dead load, live load and impact load. The horizontal
loads comprises of wind load and earthquake load. The longitudinal loads i.e. tractive
and braking forces are considered in special case of design of bridges, gantry girders etc.
𝑤.𝑆
For short beam:
3
𝑤.𝑆 3−𝑚2 𝑆
For long beam: ( ) Where 𝑚 =
3 2 𝐿
Fig. (2-3) Method of transferring load from the slabs to the beams.
2-10 Moment Distribution:
In the moment distribution method, every joint of the structure to be analyzed is
fixed so as to develop the fixed-end moments. Then each fixed joint is sequentially
released and the fixed-end moments (which by the time of release are not in equilibrium)
are distributed to adjacent members until equilibrium is achieved. The moment
distribution method in mathematical terms can be demonstrated as the process of solving
a set of simultaneous equations by means of iteration. Moment distribution is a great
method for quickly computing end moments on continuous beams. Over the years,
several variations of the method have been presented. These methods take advantage of
various observations made about the process. While this method can be applied to a
variety of indeterminate structures. The moment distribution method begins by
determining the relative flexural stiffness, in the plane of loading, of all the elements
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 20
Chapter Two Load Type
rigidly connected to each joint. Rotational stiffness of a member is proportional to
material and geometric stiffness:
Relative Rotational Stiffness = EI/L
E is the modulus of elasticity of the material,
I is the moment of inertia about the axis of bending in the plane of the frame, and
L is the length of the member.
The distribution factors are computed joint by joint for the ends of each member
connected to the joint. After computing the fixed end moments (FEM) for each span,
you will observe that there is an unbalanced moment at each joint. In other words, the
sum of moments at the joint does not equal zero, a necessary requirement for
equilibrium. To rectify this problem, a joint is "released" and the unbalanced moment
(i.e. the difference of the FEMs) is divided among the members attached to joint in
proportion to their contributions to the joint rotational stiffness using the distribution
factors. Once the distributed moments are added to each preexisting FEM at the joint,
the resulting FEMs are "balanced". In other words, the sum of the moments at the joint
equal zero and equilibrium is satisfied at that joint (for now!). The addition of moment
to each element attached to the joint induces a moment on the opposite end of each
member. This is called "carry over" (CO). The carry over moment is added to the
preexisting FEM at that joint. The CO moment tends to unbalance the joints adjacent to
newly balanced joint. These joints are, in turn released, balanced and send back CO
moments to unbalance the adjacent joint. Joints are successively released and balanced
until the CO moments get small enough to ignore. This means that this is an iterative
process that looks for convergence.
2-11 Importance of Hand Calculations:
The students have been asked to perform hand calculations. Computer analysis and
design programs offer great benefits to the design engineer. However, the computer
programs can be easily misused without proper precautions in analysis and design
procedures. If the design of any structure is based on the results obtained from erroneous
Chapter Three
Design of Slabs
3-1 Introduction:
The building is official building with dimensions shown in the figure and consist with
columns and beams and slabs with thickness of 200 mm and analyze depend on ACI-Code.
The building consists of two story ground floor and first floor.
Fig. (3-6) Ground Floor (Positions and dimensions of beams and columns).
1−√1−2.36∗𝑅
ω= = 0.0644073
1.18
ρ=ω*fc'/fy=0.0644073*25/400=0.00402546
Smin=40 mm and Smax= minimum of [3*t], (600mm) or 500 mm; use 500mm
Chapter Four
Design of Beams
4-1Introduction:
From previous chapter we can obtain factored uniform load on first floor =13.4
kN/m2 . Factored uniform load on ground floor = 12.254 kN/m2
4-2 Loading on Beams (calculation of moments in Y-Direction):
Loads transfer from slabs to beam to the column finally to foundation. There is a
different between one way slab loading and two way slabs loading.
For columns
540000
KAA1=KA1A2=KDD1=KD1D2= = 1161.3 K rel.=1.73
465
312500
KBB1=KB1B2=KCC1=KC1C2 = = 672 K rel.=1
465
For beams
540000
KAB=KBA=KA1B1=KB1A1= =675 K rel.=1.01
800
540000
KBC=KCB=KB1C1=KC1B1 = = 923 K rel.=1.376
585
540000
KCD=KDC=KC1D1=KD1C1 = =670.8 K rel.=1
805
𝟓𝟒.𝟔𝟖 ∗(5.85)2
F.E.M (BC)=-(CB) = = 155.9405 kN.m
12
𝟔𝟖.𝟗𝟖 ∗(8.05)2
F.E.M (CD)=-(DC) = = 372.5064 kN.m
12
𝟖𝟔.𝟔𝟑 ∗(8)2
F.E.M (A1B1)=-(B1A1) = = 462.0267 kN.m
12
𝟓𝟎.𝟔𝟗∗(5.85)2
F.E.M (B1C1)=-(C1B1)= = 144.5615 kN.m
12
𝟒𝑬𝑰
The stiffness of each member (K) = for Fixed End
𝑳
𝟑𝑬𝑰
The stiffness of each member (K) = For Hinge or Roller (Free End)
𝑳
DF=K/ΣK
17.57 kN.m
21.98 kN.m
V2= W*L-V1
𝑉1∗𝐿
X=
𝑉1+𝑉2
+
𝑋2
𝑀 = −𝑀1 − 𝑊 ∗ + 𝑉1 ∗ 𝑋
2
(M1=moment at left end, M2= moment at right end)
4-7-1 Design of beam ABCD (First Floor):
The neg. moments at the ends taken from Table (4-1):
68.77 kN/m 285.8 kN.m
4-7-1-1 For AB -339.4kN.m
VAB=248.97 kN
VBA VAB
VBA=263.36 kN 7.45 m
X=3.83 m
𝑀+ =164.89 kN.m
4-7-1-2 For BC
4-7-1-3 For CD
VCD= 265.88 kN
VDC= 251.48 kN
68.98 kN/m 344.9 kN.m
X= 3.65 m -290.9kN.m
𝑀 + =167.49 kN.m
VDC VCD
𝑀 − = 344.9 kN.m 7.5 m
We must design every beam according its pos. & neg. moments and shear, but for easily
we will choose the max. 𝑀 + & max. 𝑀− and max. Shear for the continuous beam:
Max.𝑴+ =167.49 kN.m
Max. 𝑴− = 344.9 kN.m
Max. shear = 265.88 kN
The dimension of beam which will be used is 300 mm width and 600 mm depth
For For 𝑴+ = 167.49 kN.m
Use b = 2012.5 mm
d= 600-40-10 =550 mm
Let∅ =0.9 → Mnf=0.85∅ fc' *b*hf(d-hf/2) = 3464 kN.m≫ 167.49 kN.m, then use
rectangle section.
𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑢 = = 0.012228
∅∗𝑏∗𝑓𝑐 ′ ∗𝑑 2
1−√1−2.36∗𝑅
𝜔= = 0.012317
1,18
𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜌=𝜔∗ = 0.00077
𝑓𝑦
344.9∗106
Ru= = 0.168913
0.9∗25∗300∗5502
Design of shear
Vu = V-W*d = 265.88 – 68.98 * 0.55 = 227.941kN
X= 3.73 m
𝑀 + = 184.99 kN.m VBA VAB
7.45 m
M-=- 417.7kN.m
𝑀 − = 21.98, 204.8KN.m
VDC=325.15 kN
VDC VCD
X= 3.75 m 7.5 m
𝑀 + = 187.85 kN.m
𝑀 − = 424.2 kN.m
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 54
Chapter Four Design of Beams
Max. shear=326 kN
b=2012.5mm , d=550mm
Ru= 0.013716
ω =0.013829
Design of shear
S @d= 149.7 mm
Use Ø10@150
5.55 2
13.4∗7.15 13.4∗5.55 3−( )
7.15
Total load = + ∗ +5.184 = 66.83739 kN/m.
3 3 2
13.4∗5.5 13.4∗5.5
Total load = + +5.184 = 54.31733 kN/m.
3 3
5.55 2
13.4∗7.4 13.4∗5.55 3−( )
7.4
Total load = + ∗ +5.184 = 68.45015 kN/m.
3 3 2
5.55 2
13.4∗7.5 13.4∗5.55 3−( )
7.5
Total load = + ∗ +5.184 = 69.0815 kN/m.
3 3 2
5.55 2
12.3∗7.15 12.3∗5.55 3−( )
7.15
Total load = + ∗ +5.184++23.085 = 84.86129 kN/m.
3 3 2
5.55 2
12.3∗6.4 12.3∗5.55 3−( )
6.4
Total load = + ∗ +5.184+23.085 = 80.08546 kN/m.
3 3 2
12.3∗5.5 12.3∗5.5
Total load = + +5.184++23.085 = 73.369 kN/m.
3 3
5.55 2
12.3∗7.4 12.3∗5.55 3−( )
7.4
Total load = + ∗ +5.184+23.085 = 86.34166 kN/m.
3 3 2
12.3∗7.5
Total load = +5.184+23.085 = 59.019 kN/m.
3
69.08 kN/m 68.45 kN/m 54.33 kN/m 61.63 kN/m 66.83 kN/m 52.97 kN/m
59.01 kN/m 86.34 kN/m 73.369 kN/m 80.08kN/m 84.86kN/m 73.989 kN/m
Analysis and design of multi-story building using very popular designing software
STAAD Pro. We have chosen STAAD Pro because of its following advantaged:
1-Easy to use interface
2- Conformation with the ACI code
3- Versatile nature of solving any type of problem
4- Accuracy of the solution
STAAD Pro features a state-of the-art user interface, visualization tools, powerful
analysis and design engines with advanced finite element and dynamic analysis
capabilities. From model generation, analysis and design to visualization and result
verification, Staad pro is the professional's choice for steel, concrete, timber, aluminum
and cold-formed steel design of low and high-rise building, culverts, petrochemical
plants, tunnels, bridges, piles and much more.
4-9 STAAB PRO consists of the following:
The STAAD Pro graphical user interface:- Its use generate the model, which can then
be analyzes using the STTAD engine. After analysis and design is completed, the GUI can
also be use to view the result graphically.
The STAAD analysis and design engine:- Its general-purpose calculation engine for
structure analysis and integrated steel, concrete, timber and aluminum design.
To start with we have solved some sample problem using STAAD Pro and checked
the accuracy of the result with manual calculation. The results were satisfaction and were
accurate in the initial phase of our project we have done conclusions regarding loadings on
buildings and also considered seismic a wind load.
Structure analysis comprises the set of physical laws mathematics required to study
and predicts the behavior of structure analysis can be viewed more abstractly as a method to
drive the engineering design process or prove the soundness of the design with out a
dependence on directly testing. To perform an accurate analysis structure engineer most
determine such information as structural loads, geometry, supports condition and materials
No. of stirrups
(mm)
Right
Right
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
Left
Left
300 4 Ø20 4 Ø25 5 Ø20 14 Ø10@271 400 4 Ø16 4 Ø20 3 Ø20 14 Ø10@272
301 2 Ø16 3 Ø20 3 Ø20 10 Ø10@272 401 2 Ø16 3 Ø16 3 Ø16 10 Ø10@272
302 4 Ø20 2 Ø32 4 Ø25 15 Ø10@263 402 4 Ø16 3 Ø20 4 Ø20 14 Ø10@272
303 5 Ø16 4 Ø25 3 Ø25 14 Ø10@272 403 4 Ø16 4 Ø20 4 Ø16 14 Ø10@272
304 5 Ø20 3 Ø32 3 Ø32 404 3 Ø25 3 Ø32 5 Ø20 14 Ø10@221
305 5 Ø20 3 Ø32 405 3 Ø25 3 Ø32 5 Ø20 R=17 RØ10@221
L=17
LØ10@272
306 5 Ø16 4 Ø25 3 Ø25 14 Ø10 @272 406 4 Ø16 4 Ø20 4 Ø16 14 Ø10@272
307 4 Ø25 407 5 Ø20 3Ø32 4 Ø25 R=18 RØ10@208
L=17
LØ10@227
308 4 Ø20 4 Ø20 10 Ø10@300 408 2 Ø16 4 Ø20 4 Ø20 10 Ø10@272
309 4 Ø25 409 2 Ø32 4 Ø25 3 Ø32 R=17 RØ10@218
L=11
LØ10@200
310 3 Ø20 3 Ø25 4 Ø25 14 Ø10@271 410 3Ø16 4 Ø16 2 Ø25 14 Ø10@272
311 3 Ø25 3 Ø32 411 4 Ø20 4 Ø25 3 Ø32 R=17 RØ10@271
L=11
LØ10@241
312 3 Ø25 3 Ø32 412 4 Ø20 4 Ø25 3 Ø32 R=14 RØ10@271
L=15
LØ10@241
313 3 Ø20 3 Ø25 4 Ø25 14 Ø10@271 413 2 Ø20 3 Ø20 4 Ø20 14 Ø10@271
314 4 Ø25 414 3 Ø25 3 Ø32 4 Ø25 R=17 RØ10@224
L=16
LØ10@241
315 2 Ø16 4 Ø20 4 Ø20 10 Ø10@272 415 2 Ø16 4 Ø20 4 Ø20 10 Ø10@272
316 4 Ø25 416 3 Ø25 3 Ø32 4 Ø25 R=17 RØ10@219
L=16
LØ10@237
317 3 Ø16 3 Ø20 3 Ø20 10 Ø10@272 417 2Ø16 3 Ø16 3 Ø16 10 Ø10@272
318 3 Ø16 4 Ø20 3 Ø25 10 Ø10@272 418 3 Ø16 3 Ø20 4 Ø20 10 Ø10@272
319 3 Ø16 4 Ø20 3 Ø25 10 Ø10@272 419 3 Ø16 3 Ø20 5 Ø16 10 Ø10@272
320 3 Ø16 3 Ø20 3 Ø20 420 2 Ø16 3 Ø16 3 Ø16 10 Ø10@272
321 4 Ø25 421 3 Ø25 3 Ø32 4 Ø25 R=16 RØ10@234
L=15
LØ10@252
322 2 Ø16 4 Ø20 4 Ø20 10 Ø10@272 422 2 Ø16 4 Ø20 4 Ø20 10 Ø10@272
323 4 Ø25 423 3 Ø25 4 Ø25 3 Ø32 R=16 RØ10@243
L=17
LØ10@228
324 3Ø16 3 Ø25 3 Ø20 12 Ø10@271 424 3 Ø16 4 Ø16 3 Ø16 12 Ø10@272
325 3 Ø20 4Ø25 3 Ø25 15 Ø10@314 425 4 Ø16 3 Ø25 4 Ø20 12 Ø10@272
326 3 Ø20 4 Ø25 3 Ø25 R=15 RØ10@213 426 4 Ø16 3 Ø24 4 Ø20 12 Ø10@272
L=12
LØ10@260
327 3 Ø16 3 Ø25 3 Ø20 12 Ø10@272 427 3 Ø16 4 Ø16 3 Ø16 12 Ø10@272
4-11 Comparison Between Hand Calculation and Staad.Pro 2008 Results of Beams:
The difference in the analysis between hand calculation and staad.pro is shown in
table (4-3) below.
Table (4-3) Comparison between the reinforcement obtained from hand calculation and staad.pro
2008 analysis.
Cal. Beam Reinf. @ Reinf. @ supports Shear reinf.
type designation mid span
name (mm) Right (mm) Left(mm) No. of Diameter &
stirrups spacing (mm)
Hand AB 3Ø22 2 Ø22 + 2 Ø22 + 12 Ø10 @200
3 Ø25 3 Ø25
Staad 421 3 Ø25 3 Ø32 4 Ø25 15 Ø10 @260
Chapter Five
Design of Columns and Footings
5-1 Column B-B1: (assume non side sway for the building)
Pu(Top)=(1/4 slab )+(1/4 slab )+ (1/4 slab )+ (1/4 slab )+(1/2 beam)+ (1/2 beam)+ (1/2
beam)+ (1/2 beam)+column self weight.
Pu(Top)=(1/4 slab )+(1/4 slab )+ (1/4 slab )+ (1/4 slab )+(1/2 beam)+ (1/2 beam)+ (1/2
beam)+ (1/2 beam)+column self weight+(1/2 wall)+ (1/2 wall)+ (1/2 wall)+Weight of
Tope column.
2∗0.7∗672.04
φx bot = = 1.65
0.35∗1632.33
Kx =0.83
KL 0.83∗4.05
( )x = = 22.41
r 0.3∗0.5
Ix, Iy=LB3 /12 = moment of inertia about the x-axis and y-axis
Mx= P ey = moment of the column loads about the x-axis
My= P ex = moment of the column loads about the y-axis
ex and ey are the load eccentricities in the directions of x and y. These load eccentricities
can be determined using X, Y coordinates
where Xg and Yg are coordinates of center of gravity of raft measured with respect to X
and Y coordinates, X R and Y R are coordinates of resultant of loads, c.g is center of
gravity, and c.l. is center of loads.
Compute the net factored soil pressure under the raft.
total soil reaction is equal to , where q min is the average pressure value
at one edge of the strip, and q max is the average pressure value at the other edge of the
strip. The total column load on this strip P1+P2+P3. The sum of the column loads on the
strip will not be equal to the total soil reaction due to presence of shear stresses between
every neighboring strip. Therefore, the soil reaction and the column loads need to be
modified on an average load basis. The average load is the sum of the total column loads
and total soil reaction divided by 2.0. Modified minimum soil pressure qmin, m at one
edge of the strip is given by:
load is given as
If the loads and the spans are symmetrical, the soil pressure under the strip is taken
uniform by considering the average of the soil pressure at two ends of the strip.
At this time, the shear and moment diagrams for this strip, using modified loads can be
drawn. This process is to be repeated for all strips in the x and y directions.
Check footing depth for beam shear for each of the individual strips.
Determine the required amount of reinforcement for each of the strips.
Check bearing strength under the columns.
Check reinforcing bars for anchorage lengths.
Fig (5-8) sequence of load transfer between elements of a structure and the chosen strip.
Table (5-3) Column Load of Exterior Strip (First floor and Ground floor).
Column kN
First floor
C1 F =(8*7.8/4)*13.4+5.184 *7.8/2+5.184 *8/2+24 *0.5*0.5*4.05 274.2936
C2 F =(8*7.8/4)*13.4+(8*7.7/4)*13.4+5.184 *7.8/2+5.184 *8/2+5.184
493.808
*7.7/2+24 *0.6*0.3*4.05
C3 F =(8*7.7/4)*13.4+(8*5.8/4)*13.4+5.184 *7.7/2+5.184 *8/2+5.184
435.024
*5.8/2+24 *0.6*0.3*4.05
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building 74
Chapter Five Design of Columns and Footings
C4 F =(8*5.8/4)*13.4+(8*6.7/4)*13.4+5.184 *5.8/2+5.184 *8/2+5.184
405.632
*6.7/2+24 *0.6*0.3*4.05
C5 F =(8*6.7/4)*13.4+(8*7.45/4)*13.4+5.184 *6.7/2+5.184 *8/2+5.184
454.1288
*7.45/2+24 *0.6*0.3*4.05
C6 F =(8*7.45/4)*13.4+(8*5.45/4)*13.4+5.184 *7.45/2+5.184 *8/2+5.184
417.3888
*5.45/2+24 *0.6*0.3*4.05
C7 F =(8*7.8/4)*13.4+5.184 *7.8/2+5.184 *8/2+24 *0.3*0.3*4.05 258.7416
Ground floor
C1 G =(8*7.8/4)*12.3+5.184 *7.8/2+5.184 *8/2+24
713.5222
*0.5*0.5*4.05+23.05*7.8/2+23.05*8/2+C1F
C2 G =(8*7.8/4)*12.3+(8*7.7/4)*12.3+5.184 *7.8/2+5.184 *8/2+5.184
1224.3535
*7.7/2+24 *0.6*0.3*4.05+23.05 *7.8/2+23.05 *8/2+23.05 *7.7/2+C2F
C3 G =(8*7.7/4)*12.3+(8*5.8/4)*12.3+5.184 *7.7/2+5.184 *8/2+5.184
1088.1355
*5.8/2+23.05 *7.7/2+23.05 *8/2+23.05 *5.8/2+24 *0.6*0.3*4.05+C3F
C4 G =(8*5.8/4)*12.3+(8*6.7/4)*12.3+5.184 *5.8/2+5.184 *8/2+5.184
*6.7/2+23.05 *5.8/2+23.05 *8/2+23.05 *6.7/2+24 1020.0265
*0.6*0.3*4.05+C4F
C5 G =(8*6.7/4)*12.3+(8*7.45/4)*12.3+5.184 *6.7/2+5.184 *8/2+5.184
*7.45/2+23.05 *6.7/2+23.05 *8/2+23.05 *7.45/2+24 1132.4064
*0.6*0.3*4.05+C5F
C6 G =(8*7.45/4)* 12.3+(8*5.45/4)* 12.3+5.184 *7.45/2+5.184 *8/2+5.184
*5.45/2+23.05*7.45/2+23.05 *8/2+23.05 *5.45/2+24 1047.2701
*0.6*0.3*4.05+C6F
C7 G =(8*7.8/4)*12.3+5.184 *7.8/2+5.184 *8/2+23.05 *7.8/2+23.05
682.4182
*8/2+24 *0.3*0.3*4.05+C7F
Assume allowable bearing capacity of soil = 60 kN/ m2 , 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 30 MPa.
The axial load for exterior strip footing is shown below Fig. (5-1) (from hand
calculation).
R= ∑p = 6908.132 kN
Figure (5-10) shear force diagram for exterior strip footing (hand calculation and Staad Pro).
5-5-2 Design of shear:
Maximum shear = 748.7007 kN
Beam shear @ the critical section for one-way shear @ distance d from face of
columns:
Vu = 748.7007– 164.8718975*d
√𝑓𝑐 ′ √30
ØVc = 0.85* * b * d = 0.85 * *3 * d * 103 = 2327.8208 d
6 6
Punching shear:
Check punching shear for max. Column load (where P= 1898.92 kN)
bo = (0.3 + 0.4) * 2 + (0.5 + 0.4) * 2 = 3.2 m
√𝑓𝑐 ′ √30
ØVc = 0.85* * bo * d = ØVc = 0.85* * 3.2 * 0.4 *103 = 1986.405 kN
3 3
1−√1−2.36∗𝑅
𝜔= = 0.038669 < 𝜔 max. = 0.3094 o.k
1.18
𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜌=𝜔∗ = 0.03866 ∗ 30/400=0.002899 <𝜌min=1.4/fy=1.4/400=0.0035 ..use𝜌 min.
𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜌=𝜔∗ = 0.19358 ∗ 30/400=0.0145 >𝜌min=1.4/fy=1.4/400=0.0035.
𝑓𝑦
Table (5-12) Column Load of Exterior Strip and all columns (First floor and Ground floor).
Comparison between hand calculation and Staad pro results for footing load.
Table (5-4) Footing load of hand calculation and staad pro.
Support Load kN Load kN
Name From hand calculation From Staad Pro
C1 G 713.5222 619.287
C2 G 1224.3535 1229.435
C3 G 1088.1355 1032.949
C4 G 1020.0265 938.594
C5 G 1132.4064 1113.535
C6 G 1047.2701 950.788
C7 G 682.4182 409.296
Chapter Six
Design of Stairs
6-1 Introduction:
This type of stairs is designed as one-way slab supported at the top and bottom of
the flight, while the steps themselves are treated as nonstructural elements.
6-2 Calculation of thickness:
Minimum stair thickness required to satisfy deflection requirements is given by:
Min thickness of stair = L/20 = 4.19/20 = 0.209 m (use 25cm)
Chapter Seven
Conclusions & Recommendations
7-1 Conclusions:
In the present study building of two story is designed and analysis with its (Slabs,
Beams, Columns and Footings and staircase) using software like (Auto CAD, MD solid,
Excel, and Staad Pro). The loads are calculated namely the dead loads which depend on
the unit weight of the materials used (concrete, brick) and the live loads using the code.
The safety of reinforced concrete building will depend upon the initial architectural and
structural configuration of the total building, the quality of the structural analysis, design
and reinforcement detailing of the building frame to achieve stability of elements and
their ductile performance. Proper quality of construction and stability of the infill walls
and partitions are additional safety requirements of the structure as a whole.
The advantages of using computer program is faster to analysis the structural
element and time consuming.
In this project we design and analysis of Multi story building using the equations
to design and analysis and solving. So that this project take along time for solving
the equation of design. But to save time by using a computer software programs,
which takes the inputs of design and carried out the calculations easily and quickly
so that we saved time and ensure that the design was correct.
From compare the results between hands calculate and the program we find that:
The programs very fast so that the results show according a minute while the hand
calculating take a long time.
The degree of agreement of the results with the program is good.
Accuracy of the results depends upon the inputs accuracy.
It's very easy for user while the hand calculate should be have more information
for slab design and be more accrue in calculate .
7-2 Recommendations:
1- Design and analysis of different type of Multi story building (concrete and steel).
2- Design and analysis of multi story building with other codes not just ACI codes.
3- Design and analysis of multi story building with different type like, Agricultural,
Commercial, Residential, Educational, Government, Industrial, Military, Parking
structures and storage, Religious, Transport, Infrastructure and Power stations/plants.
structures",13th edition.
structures",10th edition.
http://www. Bentley.com.
APPENDIX A
A-1
Moments and reinforcement details calculations of chapter 3 are are represented
here for first floor and ground floor.
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building A10
Appendix
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building A11
Appendix
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building A12
Appendix
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building A13
Appendix
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building A14
Appendix
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building A15
Appendix
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building A16
Appendix
Full hand calculation, analysis and design of multi story building A17
خالصة البحث
الهدف الرئيسي من هذا المشروع هو تحليل وتصميم مبنى متعدد الطوابق ،حيث تم التصميم والتحليل لمختلف
التراكيب االنشائية الخرسانية المسلحة ( من بالطات ,العتبات ,واألعمدة واالسس والدرج) بواسطة اوال الحسابات
اليدوية اعتمادا ووفقا لمدونة ( )ACI Codeوثانيا مقارنة النتائج باستخدام برنامج ( .)STAAD PROمن أجل
التصميم ،فمن المهم الحصول شكل ومخطط للبناية المراد تصميمها وتحليلها ،وتحديد مواقع الغرف مثل (غرفة
المعيشة وغرفة النوم والمطبخ والحمامات الخ) بحيث أنها تخدم كل منهما الغرض الخاص بها وتناسب أيضا متطلبات
الراحة للسكان.
في هذا المشروع تم تصميم وتحليل مبنى خرساني مسلح (مكتبي) يتكون من طابقين حيث ان المساحة الكلية
للطابق (21.9*40.9م .)2يتكون كل طابق من اثني عشر مكتب .تم استخدام برامج األوتوكاد الستكمال التصميم
المعماري،و ( )STAAD Pro v8iلتحليل وتصميم هيكل المبنى .في النهاية تم اعداد لنتائج وخرائط الهيكلية لهذا
المبنى.
برنامج ( )STAAD PROيحتوي على واجهة مستخدم تفاعلية جدا التي تسمح للمستخدم لرسم المنشأ وإدخال
االحمال واالبعاد وخصائص المادة .ثم وفقا لمعايير محددة يتم تحليل وتصميم التراكيب االنشائية للمنشأ حيث يحلل
ويصمم ويعطي تفاصيل التسليح للمقاطع الخرسانية المسلحة.
عملية التصميم والتخطيط الهيكلي تتطلب ليس فقط الخيال والتفكير النظري ولكن أيضا المعرفة السليمة للعلم
(علم الهندسة اإلنشائية) إلى جانب معرفة الجوانب العملية ،مثل متابعة المدونات الحديثة (الكودات) ورموز التصميم
األخيرة ،والقوانين ،والتي تكون مدعومة بخبرة وافرة ،والحدس والحكم .والغرض من المعايير هو ضمان وتعزيز
السالمة ،والحفاظ على التوازن الدقيق بين االقتصاد والسالمة.
لتصميم األعمدة والعتبات ,من الضروري معرفة العزوم التي يتعرضون لها .يعتمد تصميم البالطات الخرسانية
المسلحة على ما إذا كانت ذات اتجاه واحد أو اتجاهين ،ونوع المساند ونوع االحمال .انتقال االحمال يكون كالتالي تنتقل
االحمال من البالطات إلى العتبات ,بعد ذلك ،يتم تنقل االحمال من العتبات بشكل قوى قص الى االعمدة وأخيرا ،تنتقل
االحمال من االعمدة الى االسس .في النهاية ال بد من التحقق من جميع المقاطع لجميع القوى األربعة (القوى العامودية,
قوى القص ,العزوم واللي) فيما يتعلق بالمقاومة وقابليتهة التشغيلية .تحليل المنشاءات المتعددة الطوابق ينطوي على
الكثير من التعقيدات والحسابات المملة بالطرق التقليدية عن طريق اليد .ان تنفيذ هكذا نوع من التحليل يستغرق وقتا
طويال.
في هذا المشروع تم التعامل مع العديد من برامج الكمبيوتر لمساعدتنا إلتمام العمل .حيث استخدم برنامج اكسل
وصمم لحساب العزوم وكمية حديد التسليح للبالطات باستخدام طريقة المعامالت ( )Method IIمع برنامج لحساب
الفرق بين المعامالت وبرنامج لحساب االحمال على العتبات وطريقة حسابات توزيع العزوم .حيث ان تصميم برنامج
على االكسل اثبت فعاليته بزيادة سرعة الحل لتحليل البالطات ذات االتجاهين بواسطة ادخال معلومات ومتغيرات التي
لها عالقة بنوع البالطة وابعادها والعتبات واالحمال .تقسم حسابات البالطات الى قسمين واحدة عمودية واخرى افقية
(باتجاه االبعاد الطويلة واالبعاد القصيرة) ثم تحسب العزوم لكل اتجاه وبعد ذلك يتم حساب المساحة المطلوبة لحديد
التسليح والمسافة بين قضبان التسليح .
تنقسم هذه الدراسة إلى سبعة فصول:
يتضمن الفصل األول مقدمة عن المباني المتعددة األدوار واهم تراكيب المنشأ ,البالطات ،العتبات ،واألعمدة،
واالسس الخ..
يتضمن الفصل الثاني أنواع االحمال على المنشأ.
يتضمن الفصل الثالث الحسابات التصميمة للبالطات ورسم البناية.
يتضمن الفصل الرابع الحسابات التصميمة للعتبات.
يتضمن الفصل الخامس الحسابات التصميمة لألعمدة واالسس.
يتضمن الفصل السادس الحسابات التصميمة للدرج.
يتضمن الفصل السابع االستنتاجات والتوصيات لهذه الدراسة.
كلية المنصور الجامعة
مشروع مقدم لقسم الهندسة المدنية في كلية المنصور الجامعة كجزء من متطلبات نيل شهادة
بكلوريوس هندسة في الهندسة المدنية.
اعداد
.1سيف الدين سعد
.2خالد محسن
.3جعفر صالح
اشراف