SUMMARY NOTES FOR PURE MATHS P1 9709 – 1

1.1 QUADRATICS
(i) COMPLETING THE SQUARE

Coefficient of x 2is 1 →you should end up with ( x +a )2 +b

[a and b can be positive or negative]

To find a and b equate

2 2
x −3 x−2 ¿ ( x + a ) + b i . e .
x 2−3 x−2 ≡ x 2+ 2ax +a 2+ b
and equate like terms separately.
The vertex is the point (−a ; b ) and is a min. point
in this case because the coefficient of x 2 is positive.
The line of symmetry is x=−a.

Coefficient of x 2is not 1 e.g. −x 2+ 4 x +3 → you end up with a ( x +b )2 +c

To find a; b and c equate

2
−x 2+ 4 x +3 ¿ a ( x +b ) +c i.e.
−x 2+ 4 x +3 ≡a x 2 +2 abx+ b2 +c
and equate like terms separately.
The vertex is the point (−b ; c ) and is a max. point
in this case because coefficient of x 2 is negative
The line of symmetry is x=−b .
(ii) THE DISCRIMINANT
−b ± √ b2−4 ac
From the quadratic formula x=
2a

b 2−4 ac is the discriminant because it can tell us what type

of roots the quadratic equation has.

(a) b 2−4 ac> 0 we get two distinct (unequal) real roots.

( b ) b 2−4 ac=0 we get one repeated real root[line is a tangent]

 ( c ) b2−4 ac <0 we have no real roots at all – no intersection

( d ) b2−4 ac ≥ 0 we get either (a) or (b) .

(iii) SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS AND QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES

Quadratic Equations
If it factorizes → factorize and equate the factors to zero and get the roots.
−b ± √ b2−4 ac
If it does not factorize → use the quadratic formula ; x=
2a
make sure you get the a; b; and c with their correct signs.

You can use completing the square but remember when you find the
square root put ±. e.g. 3 x 2−2 x −5=0

2 5
( a ) make coefficient of x 2 1 x 2− x=
3 3
2
( b ) complete the square x 2− 2 x + 1 = 5 + 1 → x− 1 = 16
( )
3 9 3 9 3 9

( c ) takethe square root ( x− 13 )=± 43 x= 53 ∨−1.

Quadratic Inequalities
(a) Bring all terms to one side and factorize.
(b) Equate the factors to zero and get the roots.
(c) Put the roots on a number line and sketch the graph- either a max or min.
max if coefficient of x 2 is negative and min if coefficient of x 2 is positive.
(d) Shade where the inequality is satisfied and then write down the answers.

e.g. x 2> 3 x −2
( a ) x 2−3 x+ 2> 0 ( b ) ( x−2 )( x−1 )=0 x=2∨1

1 2
 x <1∨x >2

(iv) SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS→ 1 LINEAR 1 QUADRATIC

Make one of the variables in the linear equation subject
↓
Substitute the variable in the quadratic equation.
↓
Solve the quadratic and then find the solutions but you must pair them.

(v) SOLVING EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO QUADRATIC FORM

e.g. y 4 −7 y 2+ 12=0 let t= y 2 → t 2 −7 t+12=0
x +3 √ x +2=0let t=√ x → t 2+3 t +2=0
2 5 1
− +2=0let t= →2 t 2−5 t+2=0
x x x
2

1.2 FUNCTIONS
(i) TERMS

(a) MAPPING – pairs elements in the first set with elements in the second set.

Domain Range

1 0

2 1

3 2

One to one mapping

Domain Range

1 0
2 1
3

Many to one mapping

 Domain Range

1 0

2 4

One to many mapping

Domain Range

1 5
2 3

4 0

Many to many mapping

(b)FUNCTION → A function is a one to one or a many to one mapping.

It assigns every element in the domain to at most one element in

the range as shown in the first two diagrams.

(c ) DOMAIN → This is the set where we get the values of x from.

(d ) RANGE → This is simply the set of values taken by f ( x )∨ y . To find the range
of a function sketch the graph of the function to see the values of y.

(e ) INVERSE FUNCTION f −1 (x)

f (x)
domain range
2 8
1 1
1 0

range [of f −1 ( x)¿ domain [of f −1 ( x)]

f −1 (x)
 Inverse function takes us from the range of f(x) back to the domain of f(x).
Note that
the range of f(x) is the domain of the inverse function i.e. if asked
for the domain of f −1 ( x) first find the range of f(x) that gives you
the domain of the inverse function and if asked for the range of
the inverse function just give the domain of f(x).

the domain of any function is in terms of x and the range is in

terms of y .

geometrically f −1 ( x) is a reflection of f(x) in the line y=x .

only a one to one function has an inverse, a many to one function

does not have an inverse.

(f ) COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
To do this just substitute one function into another i.e. you take the
expression of one and substitute in the x of the other and simplify.

(ii) USE OF GRAPHS TO DETERMINE FUNCTIONS AND TYPYE OF FUNCTION

(a ) To determine whether a given mapping is a function or not draw the graph

and draw lines parallel to the y axis. If these lines cut the graph once and
once only then the mapping is a function.

This is a function This is not a function

(b ) To find out if a given function is a one to one or many to one, draw lines parallel to
the x axis. If these lines cut the graph once and once only then the function is a
one to one function and it has an inverse.
If the lines cut the graph more than once, then it is a many to one function and it
does not have an inverse.
This is a one to one function This is a many to one function
and it has an inverse. and it does not have an inverse.

(iii) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A FUNCTION AND ITS INVERSE

(a ) How to find the inverse of a one to one function:

Given f ( x ) replace it by y
↓
Interchange x∧ y
↓
Make y subject. [ In cases where you found the square root, put ±
then go to the domain of f (x) to see whether you
plus or minus. Don’t leave it as ±.]

(b ) The graph of a function and its inverse.

f ( x )=3 x +3

3 y=x

−1
3
−1

1
f −1 ( x )= x −1
3
 (iv ) FUNCTIONS AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS

TRANSFORMATION RULES FOR FUNCTIONS

Function Notation Type of Transformation Change to Coordinate point

f ( x ) +d Vertical translation up d units ( x ; y)→(x ; y +d )

f ( x )−d Vertical translation down d units ( x ; y)→(x ; y−d)

f ( x +c ) Horizontal translation left c units ( x ; y) →( x−c ; y)

f ( x−c ) Horizontal translation right c units ( x ; y) →( x+ c ; y )

−f ( x) Reflection in the x axis ( x ; y) →(x ;− y )

f (−x) Reflection in the y axis ( x ; y)→(−x ; y )

a f ( x) Vertical Stretch if |a|>1

( x ; y) →( x ; a y )
Vertical compression if −1<a< 1

f (b x) Horizontal Compression if |b|>1

Horizontal stretch if −1<b< 1 ( x ; y)→ ( xb ; y )

1.3 COORDINATE GEOMETRY

(i ) EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE

y=mx+c is the standard equation of a straight line.

To find the equation of a line two things are required:

(a) Coordinates of one point on the line.
you might be given.
you are given two points on the line.
(b) Gradient you are given a parallel line.
you are given a perpendicular line.
You are given the angle the line makes with + ve x axis.
 y 2− y 1
Given two points on the line - m= .
x 2−x 1

Given a parallel line – put the equation in the form y=mx+c

then m is the gradient of the new line.

Given a perpendicular line – put the equation in the form

−1
y=mx+c then is the gradient.
m

Given the angle θ the line makes with + ve x axis -

then m=tan θ.

If you have the m and one point then go

y− y1 =m ( x−x 1 ) and simplify.

Note that a straight line can also be given as

ax +by +c=0. However , if you want m∨c , put it ∈the std . form .

(ii ) MID POINT; LENGTH OF A LINE.

Mid point of A ( x 1 ; y 1 ) B ( x 2 ; y 2 ) is M ( x +2 x ; y +2 y )
1 2 1 2

2 2
√
The length of line AB→ l= ( x 2−x 1 ) + ( y 2− y 1 ) or the equivalent.

If asked for coordinates of a point, it will be either mid-point or intersection of

two lines.
If you have the mid-point and one of the points, you can find the other point by
using formula for mid-point.

(iii ) THE CIRCLE

(a) The expanded form of the equation of a circle is

x 2+ y 2+2 gx+ 2 fy+c =0 Note that the coefficients of x 2∧ y 2
must be the same.
When you complete the square for
each variable the constant term taken to
 the right hand side must be positive.
(b) The equation above can be put in the form:
( x−a )2+ ( y −b )2=r 2 by completing the square for each variable.
Centre (a; b) ; radius r .
(c) When working out questions recall and use all the geometrical properties
of the circle e.g. radius and tangent meet at 90° etc.

(iv ) ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS

(a) y=mx+c

(b ) y=x 2

(c ) y 2=x

(d ) y=x 3
 (e ) ( x−a )2+ ( y −b )2=r 2 (a ; b ¿
r

1
(f ) y=
x

1.4 CIRCULAR MEASURE

(i ) ANGLES
These can be measured in degrees ° or radians(i.e. just numbers)
π
In the calculation of the arc length and area of a sector always comes∈¿.
180°
1 1
From this we set up the following: 180 °=π ; 90 °= π ; 30 °= π etc .
2 6
Remember that π is just a number .

θ
To change degrees to radians → × π;
180

θ
¿ convert radians ¿ degrees → ×180 .
π

(ii ) In this topic we never work in degrees, we always use degrees. If given an
angle in degrees, change it to radians.
Calculator must be in radian mode.

(iii ) Arc length l=rθ (θ ∈radians )

 1 2
Area of a sector A= r θ(θ∈radians)
2
1 2 1 2
Area of a segment ¿ sector−triangle → r θ− r sinθ
2 2

Recall properties of isosceles triangles and circle geometry.

1.5 TRIGONOMETRY 2 y=2sin θ

(i ) GRAPHS

1 y=sinθ

y=sin2 θ

0 90 180 270 360

-1

−2

1
When sketching y=sin θ → go ∈steps of 90 °∨ π .
2
1
When sketching y=sin 2 θ → go∈ steps of 45 °∨ π .
4
1
When sketching y=sin 3 θ → go∈ steps of 30° ∨ π .
6
1
When sketching y=sin θ → go∈steps of 180° ∨π .
2

y=2cos θ

y=cos 2θ y =cos θ
 0 90 180 270 360

−1

1
When sketching y=cos θ→ go∈steps of 90 °∨ π .
2
1
When sketching y=cos 2θ → go ∈steps of 45 °∨ π .
4
1
When sketching y=cos 3θ → go∈steps of 30 °∨ π .
6
1
When sketching y=cos θ → go∈steps of 180 °∨π .
2

y=tan θ

y=tan 2θ

0 45 90 180 270
 1
When sketching y=tan θ→ go∈steps of 90 °∨ π . Asymptotes are at these intervals .
2
1
When sketching y=tan 2θ → go ∈steps of 45 °∨ π . Asymptotes are at these intervals .
4
1
When sketching y=tan θ → go∈steps of 180 °∨π . Asymptotes are at these intervals
2

Given y=a sin bx ¿ find a−it is the max of the graph on ther vertical axis.
¿ find b−it is the number of cycles the graph makes∈interval 2 π .
[ period – is the angular distance or time the graph takes to start repeating itself.
1
Frequency f = , amplitude A=max . of the graph on the vertical axis .]
period
Given y=a+bcos cx−determine the horizontalline where the graph waves about
then apply theabove .

π π π
(ii ) EXACT VALUES OF SPECIAL ANGLES [30 °∨ ; 60 °∨ ; 45 °∨ ∧their related angles¿
6 3 4

If your calculator does not give exact values you can use the following two triangles:

30 °

√3 2

1 60 °

1 1 3 − 3
sin 30= sin 150= sin 60= √ sin 120= √
2 2 2 2

3 − 3 1
cos 30= √ cos 150= √ cos 60= cos 120=
−1
2 2 2 2

1 −1
tan30= tan 150= tan 60= √3 tan120=−√ 3
√3 √3

45 √2
 1

1 45

1 1
sin 45= sin135=
√2 √2
1 −1
cos 45= cos 135=
√2 √2
tan 45=1 tan135=−1

(iii ) THE PRINCIPAL VALUES OF THE INVERSE TRIG RELATIONS

sin−1 x cos−1 x tan−1 x

The trig. functions y=sin x ; y=cos x ∧ y=tan x are not one to one because
they are periodic – they repeat a basic pattern.

They can be made one to one by restricting the domain. It is this restricted domain
which constitutes PRINCIPAL VALUES i.e. principal values are simply the restricted
interval for which a given trig. function has an inverse.
−π π
For y=sin−1 x the principal value are ≤x ≤ .
2 2

For y=cos−1 x the principal values are 0 ≤ x ≤ π .

−π π
For y=tan −1 x the principal values are ≤x ≤ .
2 2

GRAPHS OF THE INVERSE TRIG. FUNCTIONS.

−π π
y=sin−1 x [ ≤ x ≤ .]
2 2

2 y=x

π
y=sin−1 x
2

y=sin x

−π π
2 2
 −2 2

−π
2

−2

π y=cos−1 x [0 ≤ x ≤ π ]

y=cos−1 x

π
y=x
2

y=cos x

π
π
2
 −1

−π π
y=tan −1 x [ ≤ x ≤ .]
2 2

π
y=x
2

y=tan −1 x

y=tan x

−π π
0
2 2

−π
=
2

(iv ) THE TRIG. IDENTITIES

These come from a right angled triangle.

O h

a θ

o a o
sin θ= cos θ= tan θ=
h h a

sin θ
≡ tan θ sin2 θ+cos 2 θ=1 [From Pythagoras Theorem]
cos θ

sin 2 θ=1−cos 2 θ∧cos2 θ=1−sin 2 θ

 (iv ) SOLVING TRIG EQUATIONS

(a ) Given 3 sin θ cos θ+cos θ=0

Factorize cos θ ¿ ¿

cos θ=0 ¿ ¿
cos θ∨sin θ∨tan θ=0∨1∨−1¿ ¿

θ=90 ° ; 270 °

−1
sin θ= ¿
3

the quadrants you choose take care of the minus . ¿

Go sin
−1
( 13 )=19.47

19,47 19,47

θ=180+19,47=199,5∨360−19,47=340,5. ¿ If 0 ≤θ ≤ 360 ¿

Or θ = −19,5∨19,47−180=−160,5[ If −180 ≤ θ ≤180]

WATCH THE RANGE GIVEN. If in deg./rad, the your answers must be deg./rad.

(b ) As a general rule if possible have an equation in one trig. function. If it is not possible
then you factorize as in (a).
You make an equation in one trig. function by substituting
sin 2 x by 1−cos 2 x and cos 2 x by 1−sin 2 x .

Then you solve the quadratic equation. Remember to use quadrants noting the
given range. Where you are taking square roots remember ±.

e.g. 3 sin2 x−5 cos x=1

3 ( 1−cos2 x ) −5 cos x−1=0
0=3 cos2 x+5 cos x −2
0=(3 cos x −1)¿
cos x=−2no solution
1 1
cos x=
3
x=cos−1
3 ()
 1.231
1.231

x=1,23∨−1,23if range is−π ≤ x ≤ π

If given multiple angles, multiply the given range by the multiple, list all the angles in
that range, find the x , then list the angles in the given range.

e.g. 4 tan 2 x+1=0 for−π ≤ x ≤ π

2 x=tan −1 (−14 ) [ list all the angles in the range −2 π ≤ x ≤ 2 π

0,2449
0,2449

2 x=π−0,2449 ;−0,2449
x=1,45∨−0,122

1.6 SERIES
(a ) BINOMIAL EXPANSION
(i ) ( a+ bx )n ¿
n n
For ( a−bx ) you write it as ( a+(−bx)) ]

C n0 a n ( bx )0 +C n1 an−1 ( bx )1 +C2n a n−2 ( bx )2+ …+C nr a n−r ( bx )r +…

n
n
()
[note that C r is r ∧n !=n ( n−1 )( n−2 ) … … 2× 1]

(ii ) To find the coefficient of a particular term in x e.g.

11
1
3
Find the coefficient of x ∈the expansion of 2 x− ( 3x ).
Pick the exes ( x ) only∧let the power of the SECOND x be r .

1 r 3
11−r
Then form the equation ( x ) .
x ()
=x [ don’t include coefficients]

Now focus on the powers 11−r−r =3 so r=4

 Now you can write the COMPLETE term and find the coefficient i.e.

−1 4 1 14080 3
C 11
4 (2 x )
11−4
( )
3x ( )
=330 ( 128 x 7 )
81 x 4
=
27
x

3 14080
Therefore the coefficient of x is .
27

(iii ) If asked for the term independent of xmeans you look for the coefficient
of x 0 .

(b ) ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS

1 st 2nd 3 rd 4 th … … .. nth… … … . .
a+ a+d +a+ 2d + a+3 d+ … a+ ( n−1 d )+ …

a is the first term ; d is the common difference ; ¿ etc]

nth term=a+ ( n−1 ) d .
Can be used to find the value of the nth term; or a; or n or d.

Given the formula for the nth term put n=1 to find the first term; put n=2 to find the
2nd term then find the difference to get d the common difference.
e.g. T n=5−3 n. T 1=2 ; T 2=−1 ; therefore d=−3.

If a ; b ;∧c are consecutiveterms of an AP then2 b=a+c

The ∑ of the first n termsis denoted by S n .

n n
Sn = [ 2 a+ ( n−1 ) d ] or Sn= [ a+l ] if you have thelast term l .
2 2

Given a formula for Sn substitute n=1 ¿ get S 1 which will be the first term a ;
then substitute n=2 to get S2 which is the sum of the first two terms.
Find the difference S2−S 1 this gives you the second term.

(c ) GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS
1 st 2nd 3 rd 4 th nth
a+ ar +a r 2 +a r 3 +… … .+a r n−1+ … ….

2 nd term 3 rd term
a 1 st term ; r common ratio[r= ∨r= etc]
1 st term 2 nd term
 [ also note thethat!if a ; b∧c are consecutive terms of a GP , then b 2=ac . ]

nth term=ar n−1 {Given that the termsof a GP are generated by T n

put n=1¿ get a∧n=2 ¿ get 2 nd term , hence r }

If you form 2 simultaneous equations divide one by the other instead of substitution.
e.g. Given that the the 3 rd term of a GP is 9∧the5 thterm is 81 find a∧r .
2 4 81 a r 4 2
9=a r 81=a r then you go = 2 9=r r =±3 a=1.
9 ar

The ∑ of the first n terms of a GP isdenoted S n.

a ( r n−1 ) a ( 1−r n )
Sn= [if |r|>1] ¿ Sn= ¿
r−1 1−r

CONVERGENT AND DIVERGENT GPs

If |r|>1 then S n diverges i . e . it gets bigger∧bigger .

¿ the series is said ¿ be divergent .
divergent
Sn

If |r|<1 i .e .−1<r <1 then Sn converges i .e .it approaches a definite ∑ ¿

¿ the series is said ¿ be convergent . The definite ∑ it approaches is called
∞ a
S∞ ∑ . S∞ = .
1−r
convergent S∞

Here is something to note about GP questions:

If given say : A certain ∑ of money∨a substance increases by 5 % of the previous amount .

Then know straight away know that it is a GP of r = 1,05.

This is how you get it: [say the starting figure is 500]

1 st 2nd 3 rd etc
5
500+[500+ × 500]
100
500+500[1+0,05]
2
500+500 [ 1,05 ] +500 [ 1,05 ]
1.7 DIFFERENCIATION

(i ) Idea of a limit: in Maths a limit is what a sequence[chain of values] approaches.

e.g. 2,5→2,4→2,3→2,2→2,1→2,08→2,05→2,03→2,01→2,009→2,007 etc
points out to 2,0 so the sequence has a limit of 2.

(ii ) The gradient of a curve varies from one point to another.

Gradient of a curve is defined as the gradient of the tangent to the curve at that
point.
This gradient is a limit of a sequence of the gradients of the chords to the curve
about the point where you want to find the gradient.

Q( x ; y)

P3 (x−h 3 ; y 3 )

P2 (x−h 2 ; y 2)

P1 (x−h1 ; y 1) P – tangent
h1
h2
h3

As we keep swinging P1 Q until it is tangent PQ we get chords P2 Q ; P3 Q etc.

The gradients of P1 Q ; P2 Q; P3 Q etc form a sequence and the limit of this
sequence is the gradient of the tangent PQ.

y− y 1 y− y 1 y− y 2 y− y 3
We can find the gradients = ; ; ∧the limit of this seqence
x−(x−h1) h1 h2 h3

dy ¿
is the gradient of thetangent PQ∧is denoted ∨f (x).
dx

(iii ) The Process of Differentiation:

1 −1
2 dy dy 1 dy
(a) y=x then =2 x ; y=x 2 = x 2 ; y=x −3 =−3 x−4
dx dx 2 dx

dy 1 dy dy
y=4 x 3 +2 x =12 x 2+ 2; y = 2 → y=x−2 =−2 x−1 ; y=3 =0.
dx x dx dx
 dy
so y=k x n =nk x n−1 i.e. multiply by the power of exe and reduce it by 1.
dx

dy dx
{ is the rate of change of y with respect ¿ x and is the rate of change of x wrt t . }
dx dt

3 n dy n−1 n −1
(b) For y =k ( a x + b ) =nk ( a x 3+ b ) ×3 a x 2=3 nk x2 ( a x 3 +b )
dx

i.e. multiply by the power of the bracket and reduce it by 1 and multiply by the bracket
differentiated. Thus you do two things!

(c ) The process can be repeated to get the second derivative:

3 dy 2 d2 y d2 y ¿/ ¿¿¿
y=2 x −4 x =6 x −4 ; 2 =12 x 2
can also be written as f )
dx dx dx

(d ) The chain Rule: [and rates of change]

3 dy
Given that y=x then =3 x2.
dx
dx
Given also that x is changing at 2 cm/s i.e =2 and we are asked to find the
dt
dy
rate of change of y i. e we use the chain rule which says
dt

dy dy dx dh dh dV dr dr dA
= ×
dt dx dt [ = ×
dt dV dt ][ =
dt dA dt
× ]
[from differentiation]

dy
=3 x2 ×2 [ we will be given the value of x]
dt

(iv ) Application of Differentiation

(a ) Gradients of Tangents and Normals

Differentiate once to get the first derivative and substitute the value of
x to get the gradient of the curve which is also the gradient of the tangent
to curve at that point.

To get the gradient of the normal – first get the gradient of the curve at that
point and then get the negative reciprocal of that gradient that is the gradient
 of the normal.

A normal to the curve is the line perpendicular to the tangent to the curve
at that point.

Normal tangent

Given the gradient of the normal and you are asked to find the point on the
curve; (i ) find the negative reciprocal of that gradient → gradient of tangent,
dy
(ii ) find and equate it to your answer in (i),
dx
(iii ) solve for x .

(b ) Increasing and Decreasing Functions

A function isan increasing function if when x increases y increases .

A function isa decreasing function if when x increases y decreases .

Decreasing function Increasing function

To find the values of x for which a function is an increasing:

dy
(i ) find ;
dx
dy
(ii ) solve the inequality > 0.
dx

To find the values of x for which a function is a decreasing:

dy
(i ) find ;
dx
dy
(ii ) solve the inequality < 0.
dx

( c ) Rates of Change
 dA dA dr
= × see (d) above.
dt dr dt

(d ) Locating Stationary Points

For turning points; stationary points;

greatest value; least value;
largest value; smallest value;
maximum point; minimum point →

you differentiate and equate to zero;

then you solve the equation which will give you the value of the independent
variable.

To get the value of the dependent variable substitute the value you got in
the equation.

(e ) To Find the Nature of the Stationary Points

d 2 y ¿/¿ ¿¿
Find ∨f ) [don’t equate this to zero]
d x2

Substitute the value of the independent variable from (d).

d2 y d2 y
If >0 then it is a minimum if <0 then it is a maximum.
d x2 d x2

(f ) Curve Sketching

(a ) Find intercepts with axes → put x =0 ;∧ y =0.

(b ) Find turning points.

(c ) Determine behaviour of the curve as x →+ ∞∧x →−∞.

With this information you can sketch the curve.