1.1 Overview 1.

2 Set the power management plan

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1.1 Overview

The world's first truly meaningful notebook computer was manufactured by Toshiba Corporation in 1985 and named T1000.
T1000 uses Intel8086CPU, the main frequency is less than 1MHz, no hard disk, with a 9in monochrome display, you can
Run MS-DOS system. As soon as the T1000 was launched, it received widespread attention in the industry, and with people ’s need for mobile office
The number of laptops continues to increase, and laptops have grown to today's level.
Notebook computers are similar to desktop computers, consisting of CPU, motherboard architecture, hard disk, memory, display, graphics card, various
Interface and other external devices.

1.2 Set power management plan

As we all know, the battery is one of the main supports for laptop computers to achieve mobile office. The laptop battery is like a hand
Like machine batteries, the earliest nickel-metal hydride batteries or nickel-chromium batteries were soon replaced by lithium-ion batteries. Lithium ion battery energy storage
Large degree, can be charged at any time, and the continuous discharge time is long (generally about 3h).
Although lithium-ion batteries have many advantages, but to extend the life of the battery and maintain power for a longer period of time, you need to
To master some professional skills.
The most common operating system currently used in notebook computers is Windows XP. WindowsXP system is a laptop
The brain provides powerful power management functions, and its power management features can reduce the power consumption of a large number of power-consuming components
Until only meet the actual needs.
(1) Choice of power management scheme. Select the "Start" → "Control Panel" command to open the "Control Panel" window
Port, as shown in Figure 1r1. Click the "Power Options" icon to enter the "Power Options Properties" dialog box, as shown in Figure 1r2
Show. Select "Portable Pocket" from the "Power Plan" drop-down option. WindowsXP is installed by default
"Always on"; do not choose the "home / desk" option that consumes a lot of power.
(2) Configuration of power management time. In the time option of "Turn off the monitor", Windows XP defaults to "connected"
"Power" is "after 15 minutes", "Battery use" is "after 2 minutes". In the time option of "Turn off hard disk",
WindowsXP defaults to "after power on" as "after 30 minutes" and "using battery" as "after three minutes". Computer Office
In the waiting state, the sleep state will be entered after the set time. The sleep feature of power management will turn off the monitor and hard
Disk, save the contents of the memory to the hard disk, and then shut down the computer. When the computer is restarted, the desktop will be accurately restored to enter

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The state before sleep, which reduces the power consumption. The options can be modified appropriately according to the usage requirements, and then single
Click the "Save As" button to save the plan.
(3) Alarm settings. Click the "Alarm" tab, in the "Battery Low Alarm" column, Windows XP defaults to
10%; In the "Battery Shortage Alert" column, Windows XP defaults to 3%, which can be modified as needed. single
Click the "Alarm Response" button of both, and select both "Sound Alarm" and "Display Message".
Select, so that when the battery uses the alarm limit, a warning window will pop up automatically, and the buzzer will sound an alarm to

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Figure 1r1 "Control Panel" window

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Figure 1r2 "Power Options Properties" dialog box

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Show users to save information in time. Finally click the "OK" button to exit the power management settings.
In addition, if the laptop has a built-in infrared port, it can be disabled when not in use to extend the laptop battery
Time of use.
The power supply system is an important part to ensure the normal operation of the laptop. No matter how good the laptop is, if it is not high
An effective power system will also fail. The power system consists of three parts: power adapter, rechargeable battery and power management system
to make. In addition, the car mobile power supply provides a new way for the power supply of laptop computers. To make the laptop mobile
To be fully utilized, it is necessary to use different power sources reasonably. When using a laptop in the room, you can use the power supply
Adapter to protect the battery. The main indicators for testing the power adapter are stability and anti-interference. When applying, keep away from mobile phones,
The magnetic fields of TVs, stereos and other objects should be connected to power sockets with overload protection as much as possible. In the journey of trains and planes
Use rechargeable batteries in the office and on-board mobile power in the car, which ensures the continuity of power supply. note:
(1) When the laptop is not used for a long time, the battery must be removed to avoid damage to the laptop;
(2) When users have spare batteries, they should take turns to minimize the excessive consumption of one battery;
(3) When the battery is fully charged, the AC input should be disconnected, because overcharging will cause the battery to overheat and shrink.
Short battery life;
(4) When the battery is too cold or too hot, do not charge, because the appropriate temperature for charging is between 10 ~ 30C.
The development trend of notebook computers is that the processor speed is getting faster and faster, and the capacity of memory and hard disk is getting larger and larger.
The power consumption is increasing, and the power supply capacity is required to be stronger. Simply increase the power supply capacity, for example, choose a lithium battery with a larger energy storage density or
Expanding the battery capacity not only results in a large amount of energy consumption, but also makes the heat dissipation problem more prominent, so just doing this is
not enough. Toshiba adopts the power management specification ACPI to control the power on the computer and every device connected to it.
When parts of the computer or external devices are not used, ACPI will automatically turn off their power and put them into a sleep state.
When receiving a request signal from an application or an external device, these devices will be automatically woken up and the display will turn on again
Up. In addition, ACPI also supports plug-and-play functionality, making its application more flexible. The application of ACPI saves electricity and weakens
The impact of heat dissipation is an example of the application of intelligent power saving ideas.
IntelSpeedStep technology allows the mobile processor to operate according to different power conditions of the system (external AC power or pen
Notebook computer battery) automatically switch the operating frequency and voltage.
When a notebook computer based on a new processor is operating in Battery Optimized Mode,
The operating frequency of the processor is 500MHz, and the operating voltage is 1.35V, thereby reducing power consumption. When the user accesses the exchange
When power is on, the laptop will automatically switch to Maximum Performance Mode (MaximumPerformanceMode), operating voltage
It is 1.6V, and the operating frequency is 650MHz or 600MHz (the operating frequency depends on the processor model). The automatic conversion process only
It takes 1 / 2000s, so that users cannot detect it even in complex applications such as DVD playback. Batteryman

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1.1 Overview 1.2 Set the power management plan
In the operating state, the user can also choose to run at the highest operating frequency. To complete this conversion process, just click at the bottom of the screen
An icon without restarting the computer.
Intel has developed the necessary hardware and software components to ensure the smooth adoption of new technologies, including system BIOS, user community
Surface software, switch control ASIC and chipset support.
IntelSpeedStep technology is supported by major operating systems, including Windows98, WindowsNT,
Windows2000, WindowsXP and Windows7.
The notebook computer based on the new mobile processor realizes convenient Internet connection and e-commerce functions anytime, anywhere
Ideal. The performance of these laptops is comparable to that of desktop computers, and they also have large screens, large-capacity hard drives,

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DVD drive and AGP 3D graphics controller, as well as a USB connector that can easily connect to external devices. In addition, some departments
The system also has IEEE1394 capability, can support high-quality digital video, and can be equipped with a rewritable optical drive.

1.3 Common sense of using and maintaining notebook computers

1. LCD screen

(1) The color display screen of the notebook computer is divided into passive and active types (commonly known as false color and true color) according to the luminescence mechanism.
The color screen (DSTN) can display 256 colors and the color effect is close to the effect of the active display screen, also known as simulated color in the industry. True color
The display speed and number of display colors are much higher than the fake color screen, and the effect is more reasonable when displaying movies, animations and games
miss you. Earlier years, users who bought laptops often looked at the display screen from different angles in front of the counter, for fear of merchants getting false colors
The machine was sold to him. Now, the fake color screen has almost completely withdrawn from the market, only used in the field of special instruments / industrial control.
(2) The vast majority of the resolutions of laptop display screens used to be 800 pixels x 600 pixels, which is now new on the market
The resolution of most models is 1280 pixels x 1024 pixels. In the first two years, users often used it on high-resolution machines
With DOS software, only a small area of 640 pixels x 480 pixels is displayed in the middle of the display screen. Now, use the DOS software
There are fewer and fewer people, and most of the machines on the market are able to support the full-screen work of DOS software.
(3) Since the position of each point on the LCD panel of the laptop is absolutely fixed, it can be
Brain monitors also change the screen resolution by changing the scan rate. But some laptops have unique
"Look at the big picture in the window" display mode, in this mode, the resolution of the laptop LCD screen may be 800 pixels x
600 pixels, but the display mode can be set to 1024 pixels x 768 pixels, or even higher.
(4) The big difference between true color LCD screen and fake color LCD screen is that there is no brightness and contrast adjustment function, but the actual use
There is still a way to adjust the brightness and display effect. This method is to adjust the elevation angle of the LCD screen, so that the brightness and display effect
Meet your own requirements. If you need to clean the display during use, you can only wipe it with a clean soft cloth.
Clean the LCD screen. When packaging and transporting laptops, priority should be given to the protection of the LCD screen and adequate
Protective measures to avoid damage to the LCD screen. At present, the domestic laptop computer maintenance capabilities are not yet mature.
The scrap of the entire laptop.

2. Rechargeable battery

(1) Rechargeable batteries for notebook computers are divided into three types: nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, and lithium-ion batteries.

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1.1 Overview 1.2 Set the power management plan
(2) The rechargeable battery has a certain "memory effect", that is, if the battery has not been discharged (if there is still half),
Charge the battery, and when it is half discharged next time, the battery will show no power, and the remaining part of the battery cannot be used.
The electricity is called "residual electricity", which is similar to the "residual fluid" in the daily use of liquefied gas tanks, which will make the capacity of the rechargeable battery lower
drop. Among the three kinds of batteries, the strongest "memory effect" is the nickel battery, and the weakest "memory effect" is the lithium ion battery.
(3) Due to the "memory effect", improper use of batteries will lead to a rapid decline in capacity or even scrap.
(4) The battery of the notebook computer generally does not need to be removed from the body for charging, as long as the AC power is plugged in, the battery
Charge it. If it is turned on and used, the charging speed is slow; if it is turned off and charged, the charging speed is faster.
According to the characteristics of rechargeable batteries, there are two principles for protecting rechargeable batteries during use: one is when it is not necessary
Do not enable the battery; the second is that if the battery is enabled, the battery must be used up before recharging, not when the battery has not been used up

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Plug in AC power.

3. Hard disk

The hard disk is the component with the highest failure rate of the notebook computer. This may be the use of some users who have not carefully read the computer.
It is assumed that notebook computers should have anti-vibration performance. In fact, the anti-vibration measures of the hard disk are only
According to the data, it can automatically lock the magnetic head to the safe track. If the hard disk encounters vibration during the read / write operation, it is likely to cause
Permanent physical damage. Therefore, users must be careful not to move a laptop with the power on, not to mention
Use laptops in moving cars or other transportation.
The laptop uses a 2.5in standard hard drive, which may be the only device in the laptop that follows strict industry standards
Most of the 2.5in hard drives on the market are universal.

4. Interface on laptop

The interface of the notebook computer includes a parallel port, a serial port, a display interface, a keyboard interface, a mouse interface, and a USB interface.
The multimedia notebook computer also has a speaker and a headphone jack. All interface control circuits of the laptop are on the motherboard,
Once a problem occurs, the whole machine needs to be repaired, and the cost is high and the time is long. Therefore, users must pay attention to protection
The interface is strictly forbidden to be plugged or unplugged or rough operation. The body interface of a few notebook computers is designed to be limited by the size of the body
The non-standard form can be converted into a standard interface with a special adapter that comes with the machine. These adapters are small and non-standard,
It is difficult to get it after losing it, and users should keep it carefully.
The USB interface is now the basic configuration on a laptop computer, it supports hot swapping with electricity, and the data transfer rate is also far
Higher than the traditional interface, a USB interface can connect hundreds of external devices (either serial or parallel).

5. PCMCIA slot

The PCMCIA slot is an important device expansion interface on a laptop computer and can be used to insert fax cards, network cards, and storage
Cards, sound cards, etc., some professional magazines even predict that PCMCIA will become the standard on desktop computers, automobiles and household appliances in the future
Quasi-interface. The main advantage of PCMCIA is that it can be plugged and unplugged with power, and it can be plugged and used with appropriate software.

1.4 Handling of common problems in laptops

1. BIOS and boot problems

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Laptop computers rarely use the AMI and AwardBIOS of desktop computers, and most laptop computers use Phoniex
BIOS, some major brands also use their own specially developed BIOS. The way to enter the BIOS is also strange, for most
For laptops, press the "F2" key to enter the BIOS. In addition, there is (IBM) that presses the "F1" key, press
"Esc + F1" key combination (Toshiba), press the "F10" key (COMPAQ and HP). Generally speaking,
There will be a prompt to enter the BIOS button when it is activated.
The adjustment options of the notebook computer BIOS are very limited, mainly used to switch some ports and adjust the startup sequence. most
For laptops using PhoniexBIOS, you can call up the temporary boot device selection menu by pressing the "F12" key during startup
You can select the boot device temporarily. These selections will not change the settings in the BIOS, but will only take effect at the time of selection.
The fan of the laptop is directly controlled by the BIOS settings, and starts to rotate when the temperature reaches the preset value.
It will also adjust automatically, but few manufacturers will open this setting in the BIOS, at most one allows users to use

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The option to keep the fan running at AC power.

At present, most of the new notebook computers support USB device boot. Therefore, many start-up U on the market
Both disks can simulate a floppy drive to boot the laptop.
If the optical drive of the notebook computer is built-in, the IDE interface or SATA interface is generally used. If it is external,
There are four kinds of USB, PC card, IEEE1394 and special interface. Different machines can support different interfaces, the early
The machine may only support the PC card interface or its own special interface. The current machine generally supports the USB interface.
guide. As for the IEEE1394 boot, a special BIOS is required. Currently only SONY, some Samsung models and 2000
Apple models after the year can be supported.
Even the most versatile USB interface, not all USB optical drives can boot a laptop. the best
The method is actually tested.
Laptops generally support network booting. Of course, some home models (such as most SONY machines) do not.
For machines that support network boot, press the "F12" key at startup to display "NetworkBoot", as long as the network ring
The environment supports network boot (such as installing a terminal service with Windows 2000 Server version), you can use this option.

2. Battery problems

The laptop battery is very important. In actual use, we often encounter laptop battery problems, mainly asking
The questions focused on the inability to use and correct. Most laptop batteries have a protection circuit, when the battery temperature is too high or
When the discharge current is too large, the battery may be forcibly de-energized due to exceeding the operating standards of the battery's protection circuit.
The most common situation is that when the laptop is running at full speed when using the battery, the current is too large and it is automatically protected. For example
For example, when copying the contents of a DVD disc from a CD-ROM drive to a mobile hard disk, a large amount of power is consumed by the host and external devices.
It is possible to make the current exceed the battery protection standard. In this case, do n’t panic, just disconnect the external device and wait for 10
Restart the computer in about minutes.
There is also a common situation where the laptop is used in a hot environment and the battery runs at high load, so that the ambient temperature increases
The heat generated by the discharge of the upper battery itself may exceed the preset temperature of the battery protection circuit. In such a situation, you should take out the electricity
Place the pool in a place with low temperature (remember not to freeze in the refrigerator), and it should return to normal after half an hour. High temperature
The damage to lithium batteries is relatively large, and you should avoid using laptop computers under high temperatures and high loads as a last resort.
In order to maintain the BIOS state, many laptops have a battery calibration option. This function will
After the battery is fully charged, release it until it is completely discharged, and then charge it again. In this way, the accumulated errors caused by long-term failure to discharge completely

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The difference has a certain correction effect. However, the time it takes to correct in the BIOS is relatively long.
Do not calibrate the battery too frequently. Frequent deep discharge will shorten the service life of the battery, so it is recommended to take two to three months
Just discharge once.

3. Screen problems

Most laptops use TFTrLCD screens, the main problems in actual use are dead pixels, white spots, black screens and out
Now bright line. The dead pixels are actually defects in the production process of TFTrLCD. Each manufacturer has its own dead pixels standard.
These standards are higher than national standards.
(1) Dead pixels. Dead pixels can be divided into true dead pixels and false dead pixels. The real dead pixels are irreparable. The fake dead pixels are temporary,
Usually caused by poor contact of the pixel's primary color point. The characteristic of fake dead pixels is that the position is not fixed, or sometimes
no. In this case, you can find a match stick or other blunt-headed stick that is not too hard, and gently place it in the dead spot

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A few clicks (do not use force) can sometimes eliminate this kind of fake dead pixels. If after finding out it is impossible to repair, do n’t
Try again; otherwise, pressing too much may push the fake dead pixels into true dead pixels.
(2) White spots. White spots are usually caused by problems with the reflective layer inside the laptop screen. The most common situation is
It is the white spots caused by the pressure of the screen or the collision of sharp objects. If white spots have just appeared, check the top cover of the screen for deformation or screen
Are there any traces of impact on the screen surface.
(3) Black screen. The reasons for the black screen can be roughly divided into two types: one is that the screen or wiring is completely broken, and there is no obvious
The other is that the backlight of the screen cannot be turned on, it seems that the screen is black. Take the machine to a place with strong light and enter the department
System (with or without display), and then look at the screen from all angles against the light, if you see a faint display on the screen, then
The explanation is that the backlight cannot be turned on. If you can't see any display at all, it means that the screen or wiring is damaged.
Regarding the problem that the screen backlight cannot be turned on, there may be two reasons: the backlight lamp burns out or the high voltage driving the lamp tube
The package is damaged. You can put your ear on the screen frame and listen carefully when you just press the power button to start.
The squeak sound sounded, and then there was no sound, probably the problem of the high-voltage package; if it has been silent, it may be the lamp
Question, this judgment is very rough, but it is applicable in general.
(4) Bright line. The appearance of bright lines means that one or more pixel-wide bright lines appear on the screen and appear horizontally on the screen
Or a vertical line, the color will not change, especially in some backgrounds. The characteristics of the bright line: the position is fixed,
It is a horizontal or vertical line that spans the entire screen.
This situation is usually caused by the loose cable of the screen, you can try to shake the screen back and forth and press the screen with your hand
The border around the screen, if the bright line flashes or changes, it means that the screen is indeed a problem with the cable, please send it for repair as soon as possible.
Yu. If not, you can disassemble the machine with the power off and the battery removed, and find the interface between the screen cable and the motherboard (usually
(Below the keyboard), clean it and plug it back in, sometimes the problem can be solved.

4. Problems with the interface

The most problem-prone interfaces on laptops are network card interface, USB interface, 4-pin IEEE1394 interface and ear
Machine jack. The main reason for the problem is the use of poor quality plugs and rough operation. For this, remember to choose good quality
Plug. It is recommended that you try to choose a product with a standard interface and a flexible cable between the plug and the device.
In addition, try not to use external devices that consume too much power on the USB interface. If you find that the external device is working
Do not continue to use them on the USB if it is abnormal. It is easy to burn the USB interface if it is in an excessive current state for a long time.

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If you confirm that the interface pins are damaged, you can try to use tweezers to turn the pins in the off state, but this way
Fa is not always long. If the plating on the surface of the port peels off due to wear and rust, you can try to wipe it off with a drawing rubber.

1.5 Commonly used maintenance instruments and tools

1.5.1 Multimeter

1. Pointer multimeter

There are many models of pointer multimeters, the representative model is MF47 type multimeter. The appearance of MF47 multimeter is shown in Figure 1r3.
1) Dial

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As shown in Figure 1r3, the first scale line is the reading of the electrical barrier, its right end is "0", and the left end is "∞ (infinity
Large) ", the scale line is uneven, the reading should be read from right to left, that is, the closer the needle is to the left end, the greater the resistance value. Second,
The three lines are the readings of AC voltage, DC voltage and each DC current, the left end is "0", the right end is the maximum reading. according to
Different range switch, even when the hands are placed in the same position, the indicated voltage and current values are not the same.
The fourth is the AC voltage reading line, which is set to improve the accuracy of small voltage readings. The fifth line is the test transistor
Large multiple (h FE ). The sixth and seventh lines are reading lines for measuring load current and load voltage, respectively. The eighth line is sound
Frequency level (dB) reading line.

Figure 1r3 The appearance of MF47 multimeter

The MF47 multimeter is also equipped with reflective lenses to reduce visual errors.
2) Range switch
(1) Measure resistance value: Turn the range switch to Rx1 Rxl0k.

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(2) Measuring AC voltage: switch the range switch to the range of 10 1000V.
(3) Measuring DC voltage: switch the range switch to 0.25 1000V. If measuring high voltage, insert the test leads
2500V jack is enough.
(4) Measuring DC current: switch the range switch to 0.25 247mA. If measuring a large current, the "positive"
The (red) test lead is inserted into the "+ 5A" hole. At this time, the negative (black) test lead should also be inserted in the original position.
(5) Measuring transistor magnification: the range conversion switch is first dialed to the ADJ gear to adjust the zero adjustment, so that the pointer points to the right zero position,
After turning the range switch to h FE , insert the transistor into the NPN or PNP socket, and read the value of the fifth line.
3) matters needing attention
(1) Before using a pointer-type multimeter, you should first check whether the pointer is pointing to the position of "∞ (infinity)".
If the needle is not in this position, use a screwdriver to adjust the mechanical zero-adjustment knob, so that the watch hand is in the infinite position.
Note: This zero adjustment knob can only be adjusted by half a turn; otherwise, the zero adjustment knob may be damaged, making it impossible to adjust.
(2) Before the measurement, the physical quantity of the test should be clear first, and the range switch should be set to the corresponding gear, and at the same time
Also consider the connection of the test leads to avoid damage to the multimeter due to misuse.

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(3) Insert the red test lead into the "+" hole, and the black test lead into the "r" or " " hole. If you need to measure large current,
For high voltage, you can insert the red test leads into the 2500V or 5A jacks respectively.
4) Measuring resistance
Before using different ranges of electric blocking, the positive and negative test leads should be docked, and the "zero potentiometer" should be adjusted.
Let the hand of the watch be exactly at the zero position, and then make the measurement; otherwise, the measured resistance error is large.
Note: Every time the range is changed, the zero must be adjusted.
How to read the resistance value: Multiply the number indicated by the range switch and the reading on the dial to obtain the resistance value of the measured resistance.
For example, use Rxl00 block to measure the resistance of a resistor, the pointer is at the "10" position, then the resistance of this resistor is 10x
100Ω = 1000Ω = 1kΩ; if the pointer is in the “1” position, the resistance value is 100Ω; if it is in the “100”, then
It is 10kΩ.
Figure 1r4 shows a schematic diagram of the inspection of a common amplifying circuit. In the following, the on-the-circuit measurement method of electrical blocking is explained based on this circuit.
Set the multimeter to Rx1, the black test lead is connected to the base b of the triode BG, and the red test lead is connected to the collector c and BG of the BG respectively
Emitter e. At this time, the positive resistance of BG is measured, and the hands of the dials swing to about one third of the dial. Reverse the test leads, red table
The pen is connected to the base of BG, and the black test pen is connected to the collector and emitter of BG respectively. At this time, the reverse resistance of BG is measured. because
The resistance value of the peripheral connection of BG is relatively large (as is the case with general lines), so the hands of the watch are basically not moving (in the infinite position).
Then use two test leads to measure the resistance of the collector and emitter of BG, the needle is still not moving, then you can think of "BG" as
Ok. If the resistance value is abnormal in the above measurement, for example, the forward and reverse resistance values between the collector and the emitter are very small, indicating BG
It may have been penetrated. Then disconnect the BG pin for further measurement. This method of measuring diodes is also effective.
Note: Do not use high gear (such as Rx100 gear) in the road test diode and transistor, because their periphery has resistance and capacitance
Parts, high gear will measure the resistance of the resistor connected to it, the measurement result is not accurate.
5) Measuring voltage
When measuring the voltage, the multimeter should be adjusted to the voltage block, and the two test leads should be connected in parallel in the circuit. When measuring AC voltage, the meter
The pen can be divided into positive and negative poles; when measuring DC voltage, the red test pen is connected to the positive pole of the power supply, and the black test pen is connected to the negative pole of the power supply.
If it is reversed, the test leads will swing in the opposite direction. If the magnitude of the voltage of the circuit under test cannot be estimated before measurement, apply a larger

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To test the range, if the hands of the hands are very small, then move the range switch to the position of a smaller range; if the hands are quickly
When it reaches zero, the test leads should be removed from the circuit immediately, and the measurement should be done after increasing the range.
Note: When measuring the voltage, you should observe the swing of the needle while trying to measure with a test pen to prevent voltage
Too high to bend or burn the multimeter.
The schematic diagram of the voltage measurement method on the road is shown in Figure 1r5.

Figure 1r4 Schematic diagram of the inspection of the common amplifier

Figure
circuit
1r5 Schematic diagram of on-line voltage measurement method

10

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6) Measuring DC current
Connect the test leads in series in the circuit for measurement. The red test lead is connected to the positive electrode in the circuit, and the black test lead is connected to the negative electrode in the circuit. measuring
You should first use the high gear, if the hands of the watch swing very little, then shift to the lower gear. If you need to measure large current, you should use the extension gear. Note
Note: The current block of the multimeter is the easiest to be burned, so be careful when measuring.
The schematic diagram of the current measurement method on the road is shown in Figure 1r6.
7) Measuring transistor magnification (h FE )
First turn the range switch to ADJ gear (for other models of multimeters without ADJ gear, Rx1k gear can be used)
After the zero position, turn the range switch to h FE gear to measure. Insert the three poles b, c and e of the transistor into the universal
In the three jacks b, c and e on the table, the PNP transistor is inserted into the PNP position, and the value on the fourth scale line is read; NPN
The type transistor is inserted into the NPN position, and the value of the fifth scale line is read, all of which are read as real numbers.
8) Measuring penetration current
Insert the transistor into the corresponding hole according to the method of "Measurement of Transistor Magnification (h FE )", but the
b is not inserted, at this time the hands will have a small swing, according to the size of the hands swing to estimate the "penetrating current"
Smaller, the greater the swing of the hands, the greater the penetration current; otherwise, it is small.
Because the multimeter CUF, LUH scale line and dB scale line are rarely used, they will not be repeated here.

2. Digital Multimeter

The digital multimeter uses the principle of analog-to-digital conversion to convert the measured analog electric quantity parameters into digital electric quantity parameters, and
An instrument displayed in digital form. Compared with the pointer multimeter, it has high precision, fast speed, high input impedance, and
The influence of the circuit is small, and the reading is convenient and accurate. Its appearance is shown in Figure 1r7.

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Figure 1r6 Schematic diagram of on-line current measurement method Figure 1r7 Digital Multimeter Appearance

1) Basic use of digital multimeter

Turn on the power, insert the black test lead into the "COM" jack, and the red test lead into the "V · Ω" jack.
(1) Resistance measurement. Adjust the range switch to the Ω range, and connect the test lead measurement to both ends of the resistance to display the phase
The corresponding value, if the maximum value "1" (overflow symbol) is displayed, it must be adjusted to the high resistance value gear until the effective value is displayed.
In order to ensure the measurement accuracy, it is best to disconnect one end of the resistance when measuring the resistance in the circuit, so as not to be in the circuit during the measurement
Form a loop and affect the measurement results.
Note: It is not allowed to conduct online measurement while power is on. Before measuring, the power must be cut off and the large capacity

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Capacitance discharge.
When the equipment to be repaired is not energized or a part of the circuit is not disconnected, use a multimeter to block the rough measurement of the resistance of a component.
To determine whether the component is damaged. This method is practical, simple, and fast.
Can quickly find the fault.
Use Rx1 to block the rough measurement of the quality of diodes and transistors: the power connected to the diodes and transistors in the circuit
Resistance, capacitance, the general resistance value is relatively large, and the forward resistance of the diode and transistor is very small, use Rxl block detection
At this time, the hands will also swing about one third. Knowing this principle, you can easily judge the diode and the three-pole
Good or bad.
To judge whether the resistance is good or not: it can be measured according to the resistance value of the resistance to be measured. For example, measuring a 10kΩ resistor on the road,
You can use the Rx100 or Rx1k block to measure forward and reverse. If the resistance measured in both forward and reverse directions is less than 10kΩ, then this
The resistance must be bad.
Judging the power supply circuit failure: generally measured with Rx1Ω block, positive and negative twice, the resistance difference is large and normal; otherwise, it can be
There may be a short-circuit fault.
(2) DC voltage measurement. The test leads must be in reliable contact with the test terminal (parallel measurement). In principle, by high voltage gear
Gradually adjust the measurement to the low-voltage gear until the gear is 1/3 to 2/3, and the value at this time is more accurate.
Note: It is strictly forbidden to measure large voltages with small voltage gears; it is not allowed to adjust the range switch under the power-on state.
(3) AC voltage measurement. The test leads must be in reliable contact with the test terminal (parallel measurement). In principle, by high voltage gear
Gradually adjust the measurement to the low-voltage gear until the gear is 1/3 to 2/3.
Note: It is strictly forbidden to measure large voltages with small voltage gears; it is not allowed to adjust the range switch under the power-on state.
(4) Diode measurement. Set the range switch to the diode position, the black test lead is connected to the cathode of the diode, and the red test lead is connected to the second
The anode of the polar tube can measure the forward voltage drop of the diode.
(5) Measurement of transistor amplification factor h EF . Set the range switch to “h FE ”, select according to the transistor under test

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"PNP" or "NPN" position, the transistor can be measured correctly by inserting the transistor into the test socket
"H FE " value.
(6) Open circuit detection. Set the range switch to the position with buzzer symbol, the test pen reliably touches the test point,
If the two are lower than 20 ± 10Ω, the buzzer will sound, indicating that the line is connected; if it does not sound, it indicates that the line
Nowhere.
Note: It is not allowed to test when the circuit to be measured is energized.
(7) DC current measurement. When the current is less than 200mA, the red test lead is inserted into the "A" jack, the test lead must be connected to the test terminal
Reliable contact (series measurement). In principle, gradually adjust the measurement from the high current gear to the low current gear until the gear shows the value
Up to 1/3 to 2/3, the indication at this time is more accurate.
Note: It is strictly forbidden to measure large currents with small current gears; it is not allowed to adjust the range switch under the state of power on.
(8) AC current measurement. The measurement method is the same as the DC current measurement method.
2) Common faults and detection of digital multimeter
(1) The instrument has no display. First check whether the battery voltage is normal. Generally, a 9V battery is used. New batteries should also be checked.
Measurement. Then check whether the fuse is normal, if it is not normal, then replace it; check whether the voltage regulator block is normal, if it is not normal, then
Replace it; if the current-limiting resistor is open, replace it if it is open. Then check the circuit board for corrosion or short circuit,
Open circuit phenomenon (especially the main power circuit). If there is, the circuit board should be cleaned, and the drying and soldering work should be done in time.

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If everything is normal, measure the two pins showing the power input of the integrated block and test whether the voltage is normal. If normal, then
It indicates that the integrated block is damaged, and the integrated block must be replaced; if it is not normal, check for other short-circuit points. If so,
It must be dealt with in time; if it is not or after treatment, it is not normal, then the integrated block has been internally short-circuited.
Must be replaced.
(2) The electrical barrier cannot be measured. First check the circuit board from the appearance, whether there is any connection resistance in the electric blocking circuit
Burned out. If there is, it must be replaced immediately; if not, each connected component must be measured.
Change; if the external components are normal, it indicates that the integrated block is damaged and must be replaced.
(3) The voltage display is inaccurate when measuring high voltage, or inaccurate for a long time, or even unstable. Such reason
Most of the obstacles are caused by insufficient working power of one or several components. If within a few seconds of stopping the measurement, the inspection will
It is found that these components will be hot, which is caused by the thermal effect due to insufficient power, and at the same time, the formation of the components
Deterioration (the same is true of integrated blocks), at which time the component or integrated circuit must be replaced.
(4) The current block cannot be measured. Mostly caused by improper operation, check whether the current-limiting resistor and the voltage divider resistor burn
Bad. If it burns out, it should be replaced. Check the connection to the amplifier for damage. If it is damaged, it should be reconnected.
If it is not normal, the amplifier should be replaced.
(5) The indicated value is unstable and there is a phenomenon of skipping characters. Check whether the circuit board is damp or leaking. If there is, you must clean the electricity
The road board should be dried. Check the input circuit for poor contact or virtual soldering (including test pen), if so, then
Must be re-welded. Check whether the resistance has deteriorated or whether the components have abnormally hot hands just after the test. This phenomenon
It is caused by the reduction of its power. If this phenomenon occurs, the component should be replaced.
(6) The indicated value is not accurate. This phenomenon is mainly caused by the resistance value or capacitance failure in the measurement path. Replace the capacitor or
resistance. Check the resistance value of the channel (including resistance value in thermal reaction), if the resistance value changes or the thermal reaction value changes, then
Replace the resistor; Check whether the resistance and capacitance in the reference voltage circuit of the A / D converter are damaged, if damaged,

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Replace it.

1.5.2 Capacitance table

The digital capacitance meter is widely used now. The digital capacitance meter is a kind of digital instrument specially used for measuring capacitance.
Digital capacitance meter has wide measurement range, high resolution, small measurement error, etc.
advantage.

1. Structure principle of digital capacitance meter

Here take the commonly used MIr303 type digital capacitance meter as an example to explain the number
Use and precautions of electric capacitance meter. As shown in Figure 1r8, the upper part of the panel
It is a three and a half LCD liquid crystal display with a maximum display reading of 1999. panel
The left side of the middle is the gear selection button, and the upper right side has a power switch, power supply
Below the switch is the zero adjustment knob. The lower part of the panel is the jack of the capacitor under test, left
Negative right positive.
MIr303 digital capacitance meter can measure 0.1pF 2000μF
Electric capacity, divided into 8 measuring gears, through the 8 gear buttons on the left side of the watch body
Switch to select. When in use, estimate the size of the measured electrical capacity
Figure 1r8 Schematic diagram of the digital capacitor surface board

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When the gear is in position, just press the corresponding gear button to display the capacitance.

2. Digital capacitance meter application

Install the battery before using the digital capacitance meter. The battery compartment is on the back of the capacitance meter. Open the battery compartment cover and place a 9V
The stacked battery is fastened on the battery buckle and put into the battery compartment. Turn on the power switch (POWER), the LCD display should show
"000". If the number displayed on the LCD display is not "000", you should slowly turn the zero adjustment knob (ZERO) from left to right until
"000" is displayed.
When measuring, press the required gear button and insert the measured capacitance into the measuring jack. For electrolytic capacitors, etc.
Content, should pay attention to distinguish between positive and negative, left negative right positive.
For example, measuring 8.2μF electrolytic capacitor, the gear is selected in the "20μF" gear, the reading is "8.26", that is, the capacitor
The actual capacity is 8.26μF.
When measuring non-polar capacitors, the measured capacitance is inserted into the measurement jack regardless of positive or negative. For example, measuring 0.15μF
Capacity, the gear is selected in the "2μF" gear, the reading is "158", that is, the actual capacity of the capacitor is 0.158μF. when
When the number displayed on the display is "1", it indicates that the display is overflowing, indicating that the selected gear is too small, and you should switch to a larger gear before entering.
Line measurement.

1.5.3 Electronic Oscilloscope

Electronic oscilloscope is an indispensable tool for debugging, inspection, repair and production of various electronic instrumentation equipment.
The application and development of transduction technology have made temperature, pressure, vibration, speed, sound, light, magnetism and other non-electricity physical quantities,
It can be converted into electricity for easy observation, recording and measurement, and displayed on the screen of the electronic oscilloscope in the form of electronic signals.

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In the maintenance of household appliances, an oscilloscope is usually used to measure the signal waveform and determine the presence or absence of the signal. Common oscilloscope
(BSr7701 / 7702), multi-purpose oscilloscope (such as SBMr10, SBMr14), dual-track oscilloscope (such as SR8
Type, SBEr7 type) and sampling oscilloscope (SSQr6 type, SQr12 type), etc.
Here is a common VPR5565A dual trace oscilloscope as an example to introduce, as shown in Figure 1r9, it consists of three groups
Into, namely the display part, the X-axis plug-in and the Y-axis plug-in.

1. Various operating functions of the oscilloscope

(1) Display part.

The display part includes two parts: the display screen and the basic operation knob.
The display is engraved with an 8x10 bisector coordinate scale, the vertical scale is calibrated with voltage, and the horizontal direction is with time
target. Next, take the square wave waveform as an example to briefly explain the basic parameters of the waveform. If TIME / DIV in the X-axis plug-in is turned on
The switch is set to 0.1ms / DIV, just one cycle in the horizontal direction; the VOLTS / DIV switch in the Y-axis plug-in is set to 0.2V /
DIV, the vertical direction is 5 divisions, can be calculated, the period of the waveform is 0.1ms / DIVx10DIV (div) = 1ms, the voltage
The amplitude is 0.2V / DIV (div) x5DIV = 1V, which is a square wave with a frequency of 1000Hz and a voltage amplitude of 1V
signal.
(2) X-axis plug-in.
The X-axis plug-in is a system where the oscilloscope controls the horizontal scanning of the electron beam.
"Scanning extension" is a device to speed up scanning, it can expand the horizontal scanning speed by 10 times, and the scanning line length is also extended
The corresponding multiple is mainly used to observe the details of the waveform. For example, when the instrument tests a signal near the upper limit of the bandwidth, the displayed wave

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There are too many shaped periods, and the single waveforms are too close to each other, which is not conducive to observation. After expanding the waveforms of dozens of periods, only the display will show
There are several waveforms, adjust the X-axis displacement knob appropriately, so that the expanded waveform just falls on the coordinate scale.
Read the time. After the expansion, the scanning time error will increase, and the brightness of the light trace will also become darker.
note.

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Figure 1r9 Dual trace oscilloscope panel diagram

(3) Y axis plug-in.

VPr5565A is a dual trace single time base oscilloscope that can measure two related signals simultaneously. Circuit structure
An electronic switch, and there are the same two sets of Y-axis pre-amplifiers, and the post-amplifiers are common. Therefore, the panel
There are two input sockets for CH1 and CH2, two sensitivity adjustment knobs, and one switch for switching the display mode.
Guan et al.
For single-track measurement, select either CH1 channel or CH2 channel, input socket, fine-tuning sensitivity and V / DIV switch,
Y-axis balance, Y-axis displacement, etc. can be corresponded to.
The "VOLTS / DIV" knob is used to adjust the vertical sensitivity. The operation method is the same for single or double trace display. The instrument
The maximum sensitivity of the device is 5mV / DIV, and the maximum input voltage is 440V. In order not to damage the instrument, the operator should deal with
Have a clear understanding of the maximum amplitude of the measured signal, and choose the correct vertical attenuator. The oscilloscope is testing the voltage amplitude, and its value is
The DC voltage is equivalent to the peak-to-peak AC signal.
When selecting the dual trace display, you can select the three methods of alternating, adding and intermittent according to the signal to be tested or the needs of the test.
The so-called alternating working mode is to display the two input signals on the screen in turn, when the scanning circuit scans for the first time
During scanning, the oscilloscope displays the first waveform; during the second scan, the second waveform is displayed; for each subsequent scan, only
It is alternately displaying these two measured waveforms in turn. When the scanning time is longer, it is not suitable to observe the signal with lower frequency. So-called
The intermittent working mode is to display a certain segment of the first measured waveform at the first moment of the first scan, the second moment
It shows a certain segment of the second measured signal. In the following moments, the rest of the two measured waveforms are displayed in turn.

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Segment, after several intermittent conversions, two complete waveforms can be displayed on the screen. Due to the intermittent conversion frequency
High, showing that each small segment is close together, the human eye still looks like a continuous waveform, which is the opposite of the alternating display method.
The method is not suitable for observing higher frequency signals. The working method of addition is actually to add two test signals algebraically, when
When the signals of CH1 and CH2 are in phase, the total amplitude increases. When the two signals are inverted, the two signals are displayed.
The difference in amplitude.
A dual trace oscilloscope generally has four test cables: two straight-through cables and two probes with 10: 1 attenuation. Direct power
The cable can only be used to measure low-frequency small signals, such as audio signals, because the input capacitance of the cable itself is too large. Attenuation probe
In order to effectively isolate the distributed capacitance of the cable, it can also greatly increase the input impedance when the instrument is connected to the circuit. Of course, the input signal
The signal is also attenuated, and the effect of the attenuation must be taken into account when reading the voltage amplitude.

2. Oscilloscope application

Understanding the function of the operation knob on the instrument panel can only indicate that it is ready for actual operation.
At the same time, some basic testing exercises must also be carried out. The signal waveforms to be tested during maintenance are very different, and it is impossible to list them all
Come out as a standard for comparison to determine the fault. Therefore, starting with some basic waveform tests, learn to read and master the test
Methods and essentials, so that it can be used for maintenance practice in an inconsistent manner.
When in use, the oscilloscope should be placed on the workbench, the screen should avoid direct light, and electrical appliances such as color TVs should be detected.
Isolate from the mains with an isolation transformer. In some cases, in order to avoid interference, the dedicated ground socket on the instrument panel should be properly connected
Ground. After turning on the instrument, do not be busy connecting to the test signal. First, adjust the brightness and clarity of the light spot or trace, and
Move the optical trace to a suitable position, select the t / DIV and V / DIV knobs according to the amplitude and time of the measured signal, and connect the measurement

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Test the cable or probe. When connecting to the point to be tested in the circuit, the device connected to the ground wire should be found near the circuit test point to
Fix the ground alligator clip.
1) Calibration before testing
Before testing, the instrument should be calibrated regularly, such as vertical balance, vertical sensitivity, and horizontal scanning time.
When calibrating the vertical balance, put the scanning mode into the automatic scanning state, form a horizontal scanning baseline on the screen, adjust Y
Fine adjustment of the axis, when normal, the scanning line should not change significantly in the vertical direction, if the change is large, adjust the balance knob
Perform calibration, generally this calibration needs to be repeated several times to achieve the best balance; for vertical sensitivity and
Calibration of scanning time, input square wave signal with frequency of 1000kHz and voltage amplitude of 1V, using single trace display mode
When adjusting, if the displayed waveform amplitude, time and shape cannot always reach the standard, it means that the signal is not accurate.
Or there is a problem with the oscilloscope.
2) Basic method of waveform testing
(1) Measurement of voltage amplitude.
Measuring voltage is actually measuring the vertical amplitude of the signal waveform. The number of grids occupied by the measured signal in the vertical direction, and
The product of the nominal value corresponding to V / DIV is the voltage amplitude of the signal. Assuming that the V / DIV switch is placed at 0.5V / DIV, the waveform is vertical
If the vertical direction occupies 5 divisions, the amplitude of this signal is 0.5V / DIVx5 divisions = 2.5V (when the test voltage is quantitative, the vertical micro
The adjustment should be placed in the calibration position). For DC signals, since the voltage value does not change with time, the maximum value and instantaneous value are phase
The same, so the light trace displayed by the oscilloscope is just a scanning line that is displaced in the vertical direction. Voltage amplitude includes straight
Flow amplitude and AC amplitude.
The frequency range of the oscilloscope to measure the voltage can be from zero to thousands of megahertz, which is difficult for other voltage measuring instruments
Now. Figure 1r10 (a) shows the amplitude value test.

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Figure 1r10 waveform measurement method

The AC signal is different from the DC signal, the amplitude of the DC signal does not change with time, the AC signal changes continuously with time
The amplitude corresponding to different time is different (represented in the shape of the waveform). In most cases, these signals are periodic
For a sexual change, a period of signal waveform can help us understand this signal.
Simpler and more common are sine wave, square wave, sawtooth wave, etc. Color bar video signal and grayscale video signal in TV
Signals, etc. are typical composite signals, which are often composed of different combinations of several different components in amplitude and time in one cycle.
It is not only necessary to measure their voltage or time, but also to distinguish them according to the components in the graph.
The test of waveform amplitude is the most basic of oscilloscope, and it is also a frequent operation. Sometimes only the amplitude needs to be measured,
The operation process can be relatively simplified. When testing, first determine the vertical attenuation according to the possible amplitude of the signal to be tested.
The waveform displayed on the screen should occupy about 70% of the coordinates.
The nonlinearity of the screen will also increase the error). The vertical input mode is selected according to the signal to be tested. If it is an AC signal, select
AC; if you need to measure a DC signal, select DC. When it is not necessary to accurately read the time, the setting of the scanning time, etc.
It can be arbitrary, as long as it can display a waveform of more than one cycle, it can be read even if there is no stable synchronization.

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Out of magnitude.
(2) Test of signal period, time interval and frequency.
Most AC signals change periodically, such as the mains electricity in China, the time of change (one cycle) is 20ms,
The field scan signal of the TV has a period of 20ms, and the line scan signal has a period of 64μs. When these signals pass through the oscilloscope
After the device is displayed, according to the nominal value corresponding to the scan speed switch (t / DIV) and the horizontal grid occupied by the waveform on the screen
Number, you can read the period of this signal. The period and frequency are reciprocal relations, that is f = 1 / T. Therefore, period and frequency
Can be converted between each other.
(3) Phase comparison of dual trace waveform signals.
In practical applications, it is sometimes necessary to compare the phases of two signals. In this case, the CH1 and CH2 channels need to be input simultaneously.
Input signal, the display result is shown in Figure 1r10 (c).

1.5.4 Digital Frequency Meter

Digital frequency meter can test the working frequency in the oscillation circuit and AC circuit. Especially when repairing laptops
At this time, the frequency of the main frequency, clock, bus and other circuits can be accurately measured by the digital frequency meter. Figure 1r11 shows
Physical picture of digital frequency meter.

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Figure 1r11 Physical diagram of digital frequency meter

1. How to use

(1) Frequency measurement: insert the power plug on the instrument into the 220V AC power socket, and turn on the power on the rear panel
Switch, after the instrument displays H2000rA, it will automatically enter the last operation state (memory function), insert the random cable into the panel
You can measure the signal frequency by selecting the appropriate gear and gate time on the corresponding socket on the board. The gate time is short, the frequency measurement speed is fast,
But the resolution is low; the gate time is long, the frequency measurement speed is slow, but the resolution is high.
Measurement of frequencies from 30MHz to 2.4GHz: insert the random cable into A (the uppermost jack), and press the "gear"
Press key to "1" gear, press "gate" key to any value, then press "OK" key to confirm, at this time "MHz" and "high
"Frequency" light is on, you can get the value of the measured frequency.
Measurement of 1 30MHz frequency: insert the random cable into B (the middle socket), press the “gear” button to
"2" gear, press the "gate" button to any value, and then press the "OK" button to confirm, at this time "megahertz" and "IF" lights
On, you can get the value of the measured frequency.

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Measurement of frequency from 10Hz to 1MHz: insert the random cable into B (the middle socket), and press the “gear” button to
"3" gear, press the "gate" key to any value, and then press the "OK" key to confirm, at this time, "KHz" and "low frequency" lights
On, you can get the value of the measured frequency. Since the low frequency is high impedance, and the test frequency is low impedance (such as testing
50Hz AC power supply), there will be a serious impedance mismatch at this time, a 1MΩ resistor can be connected in series with the low-frequency probe.
(2) Counting measurement: Insert the random cable into C (the bottom socket), and press the "Gear" key to the "4" gear,
Press the "gate" button to 0.1s, and then press the "OK" button to confirm, then the "count" light is on, you can count measurement.

2. Matters needing attention

(1) When measuring the frequency of high-voltage and strong radiation signals, for wired mode, a large resistance resistor should be connected in series; for wireless
Method, the frequency meter should be far away from the radiation signal source, or the signal is attenuated before testing, so as not to damage the instrument.
(2) When measuring signals above 100MHz, the measurement cable should be as short as possible.
(3) The period and count input terminals of this instrument are Schmitt inverters. The input signal should be a square wave. When measuring other
Appropriate transformation should be done when the signal is formal.
(4) Do not place the instrument in a high-temperature, humid, dusty environment, and avoid violent vibration.

1.5.5 Repair power supply

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When overhauling a laptop computer, a special maintenance power supply is needed to provide a stable working voltage for the circuit. Pen makes this computer
The power supply and the universal power cord are shown in Figure 1r12.

Figure 1r12 Notebook computer power supply and universal power cord

Insert the positive (red) and negative (black) poles of the universal power cord into the positive and negative jacks of the laptop computer power supply.
Turn on and adjust the proper voltage, select the appropriate plug and insert it into the jack of the laptop adapter.
Note: Do not adjust the voltage too high, generally between 15 ~ 20V; otherwise, the laptop will be damaged.

1.5.6 Welding and disassembly tools

When testing the circuit and its components, commonly used soldering tools include electric iron, tin absorber, hot air gun and its auxiliary disassembly

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Tools etc.

1. Electric soldering iron

Electric soldering iron is an indispensable welding tool in the production and maintenance of electronic products, including internal heating type, external heating type and electronic constant temperature type
And so on.
1) Internal heating electric iron
The tip of the internal heating type electric iron is inserted into the iron core, which has the characteristics of fast heating and high efficiency. According to the power,
It can be used after being powered on for 2 to 5 minutes. The maximum temperature of the soldering iron tip can reach 350C. The advantages are light weight, small size, fast heat,
Low power consumption and high thermal efficiency. Commonly used internal-heating irons are 20W, 25W, 30W, 50W and so on. Electronic equipment repair
Generally use 20 ~ 30W internal heating type iron.
(1) Structure.
As shown in Figure 1r13, the internal heating type electric iron is composed of a shell, a handle, a soldering iron head, a soldering iron core, a power cord, etc.
Made of heat-resistant bakelite, it will not damage the handle due to the heat of the electric iron. The tip of the soldering iron is made of red copper, its quality is good or bad,
It has a great relationship with welding quality. The soldering iron core is made of very fine nickel-chromium resistance wire wound on the porcelain tube. Under normal conditions, it
The resistance value is 1 3kΩ according to the power. The soldering iron core shell is generally made of seamless steel pipe, so it will not be over temperature

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Heat and deform. The soldering iron core of some fast-heating electric irons is made of brass tubes. Due to the fast heat transfer, it is not suitable for long-term use of electricity;
Otherwise, the handle may be damaged. The binding posts are made of copper screws to fix the soldering iron core and the power cord.

Figure 1r13 Internal heating electric soldering iron

(2) Use.
Before using a new electric soldering iron, a multimeter should be used to detect the resistance value at both ends of the power cord. If the resistance value is zero, it means that the internal
The wire should be disassembled, disconnect the point where the wire touches and then plug in the power; if there is no resistance, it means that the soldering iron core or the lead is disconnected; if the resistance is
About 3kΩ, plug in the power supply, after a few minutes of power on, pick up the soldering iron dipped in rosin. Normally it should smoke and "squeak"
Sound, then dip tin again, so that the soldering iron is soaked with tin before soldering.
Note: Be sure to dip the tip of the soldering iron on the rosin before turning on the electricity to prevent the tip of the soldering iron from being oxidized, thus prolonging its use
life.
The welding precautions are described below.
Can't solder immediately after picking up the electric iron, you should first dip it in rosin or solder paste (solder oil), the purpose: one is
Remove the dirt on the tip of the soldering iron; the second is to test the temperature, and then to dip tin, beginners should develop this good habit.
Excessively dirty parts should be cleaned first, then dipped in welding oil to weld. Welding oil cannot be used too much; otherwise, it will rot
Corrosion of the circuit board, causing failures that are difficult to repair, use rosin welding as much as possible.
When placed after power on, the tip of the soldering iron should be higher than the handle; otherwise, the handle may be easily burned out.
If the electric iron is overheated, you should pull out the tip of the iron from the core shell; if the temperature is too low, you can
Insert more into the head to get the right temperature.
Solder diodes, integrated circuits and other devices at a faster speed; otherwise, the devices are easily scalded. However, you must wait for the solder

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Remove the soldering iron only after it is completely fused to the circuit board and component pins; otherwise, it will cause false soldering and bring sequelae to maintenance.
Welding technology looks easy, but it takes a training process to really weld all kinds of parts. For example, what to solder
Parts, how much solder joints are needed, how high temperatures are needed, and how long it takes to solder, all need to be constantly explored in practice.
(3) Maintenance.
Change the soldering iron core. Due to long working hours, the soldering iron core has a high failure rate. When replacing, first remove the iron tip and use pliers
Clamp the bakelite connecting rod, loosen the handle, loosen the terminal screws, and remove the power cord and the broken soldering iron core. New soldering iron core
Carefully put it into the core casing from the nozzle of the terminal, and the insertion position should be aligned with the other end of the core casing. Put the soldering iron core
Then, fasten the two leads of the soldering iron core together with the power supply lead on the binding post, and install the handle and soldering iron head.
Change the tip of the soldering iron. The soldering iron tip will burn very little after being used for a certain period of time and cannot be dipped in tin, which requires a new one. Put old
Remove the tip of the soldering iron and replace it with a suitable one. If it is too tight, you can remove the spring, if it is too loose, you can use tweezers
tight. The soldering iron head is best made of copper rod car, and it is not suitable to use copper and other cores. The method of distinguishing between the two is hand-made with a ring shape
There are no patterns on the core.
2) Electronic constant temperature electric soldering iron

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The electronic constant temperature electric soldering iron is made by adding a temperature control circuit to the internal heating electric soldering iron. Suitable for welding to temperature
For components with higher requirements, just adjust the temperature control button to reach the appropriate temperature. Electronic constant temperature electric iron
As shown in Figure 1r14.

Figure 1r14 Electronic constant temperature electric soldering iron

2. Hot air gun

The hot air gun is the best tool for disassembling multi-pin components. There are two types of gas hot air gun and electronic constant temperature hot air gun.

1) Gas-fired hot air gun

Gas-fired hot air gun (also called self-heating electric soldering iron) uses the heat generated by the combustion of butane gas to heat the soldering iron head
Welding. In addition, it can also use hot air to weld plastic, shrink heat shrink sleeves and flame heaters.
Butane gas produced by liquefied butane is ejected from the gas tank at high speed, and the flame generated after ignition is used for heating. But not directly
To heat the iron tip (low thermal efficiency), but use a flame to heat the porous ceramic catalyst. When heated to red, it will radiate a lot of red
To heat the soldering iron tip (patented technology) from outside, high thermal efficiency, flame temperature up to 1300C, by adjusting the size of the flame
Control the temperature so that the temperature is between 200 and 500C.
2) Electronic constant temperature hot air gun
The shape of the electronic constant temperature hot air gun is shown in Figure 1r15. The difference with the gas type hot air gun is that it uses the air pump to
The heat generated by the heating wire is blown out, and its temperature is controlled by an electronic thermostat. It is easy to use and the temperature can be controlled. It combines a variety of models
The soldering iron head is suitable for soldering various integrated circuits.
(1) Disassemble the integrated circuit. Select the nozzle that matches the size of the integrated circuit and loosen the nozzle screw. Install the nozzle, press

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Lower the power switch, adjust the airflow and temperature control button, and insert the puller under the integrated circuit. If the IC width does not match
Lifting steel wire size, can squeeze the steel wire width to adapt. Hold the welding gun, align the nozzle with the part of the flux to be melted, and let the spray out
The hot gas melts the flux. The nozzle should not touch the integrated circuit. When the flux is melted, lift the puller, remove the integrated circuit, and use the suction tin
Wire or suction pump to remove residual flux.

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Figure 1r15 Electronic constant temperature hot air gun shape

(2) Welding method. Apply an appropriate amount of solder paste, place the integrated circuit on the circuit board, and spray hot air evenly to the lead frame.
welding.
(3) Maintenance method. The common fault is the damage of the heating material. When replacing, loosen the screw of the handle and remove the wire tube. turn on
Take out the pipe with the handle. There is quartz glass and thermal insulator in the pipe. Do not drop or lose it. Loosen the terminal, remove the heating material, insert
Incorporating new heating materials, do not rub the heating material wires. Reconnect the terminal. Follow the reverse procedure at the time of disassembly and reinstall the handle.

3. Tin suction device

Tin-absorber is an ideal tool for disassembling multi-pin components and via soldering parts, as shown in Figure 1r16.

Figure 1r16 Outline drawing of the tin suction device

1) Structure and working principle

The tin suction device is composed of a tin suction head, a soldering iron core shell, a soldering iron core, a suction pipe, a handle, a gas cylinder, a switch, a power cord, etc.
The tin suction head is made of copper, one end is a screw buckle, installed on the suction pipe, and the other end is a hole, so that the molten tin will be
Hole inhalation. The shape of the soldering iron core is similar to the external heating soldering iron core, which is sleeved on the suction tube. The suction tube is made of red copper, and the heat passes through it
Passed to the tin suction head, the heat of the tin suction hair turns the solid tin into liquid tin into the tube. The core shell is perforated for better dispersion
heat. The air cylinder is special. When the air tube is pressed, the switch will lock it. After the tin suction head melts the tin, press it by hand
Switch, the air cylinder will quickly return to the position, using the suction force of the air cylinder, the molten tin is sucked into the cylinder to reach the components on the circuit board.

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The purpose of separating the feet from the circuit board.

2) Use and maintenance
The use and maintenance of the tin suction device is basically similar to other electric soldering irons, but to grasp the temperature, the tin suction head should be clean.
(1) The diameter of the hole of the tin suction head is large or small. If you need to remove the parts with fine pins (such as integrated circuits, etc.), you should choose a small diameter
If you need to remove the thick pin parts (such as line output transformers, etc.), you should use a large diameter tin suction head. The suction head is very
It is easy to burn out, so you should disconnect the power after use, try not to use it for welding.
(2) After inhaling once, you should press the pump repeatedly to clear the liquid tin inside.
(3) Check whether the tin absorber is good or bad. You should also use a multimeter to block the two ends of the power supply line and observe the resistance value. If it is burnt out,
You can continue to use a soldering iron core of the same model.
(4) If the suction power of the cylinder is too small, you can add a little oil to increase the suction power.
(5) There are generally 30W and 35W tin suction devices, and their performance is similar, so they can be selected in practical applications.

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4. Solder wire

Solder wire is essential in testing electronic equipment. At present, the core type of solder wire is commonly used, that is, in the solder
Filled with flux (rosin) to make it more convenient in welding. When soldering, according to different needs, you can choose different diameter solder
Silk to achieve the best results.
In addition to ordinary solder wire, there is also a silver-containing solder wire suitable for electronic devices with small solder joints but high strength requirements
Prepare. There are special silver solder wires on the market. If you can't buy it for a while, you can use ordinary solder wire and silver wire to make your own. Use silver pliers
Cut the child into small pieces (the smaller the better), melt the tin with an electric soldering iron, add the silver, and stir back and forth with the electric soldering iron until the
Stop, and then pull into strips. During the production process, do not add too much silver; otherwise, the low-power electric iron cannot melt the solder
Wire, affecting the welding quality.

5. Auxiliary tools

Auxiliary tools include needle nose pliers, diagonal pliers, steel nail pliers, screwdrivers, electric pens, tweezers, knives, small brushes, peeling
Tools such as wire pliers are shown in Figure 1r17.

Figure 1r17 Common auxiliary tools

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