Anat Muscle

Myology
the study of muscles

Introduction
Attachment: bone, fascia, skin
We have more than 500 large and small muscles in our body
40% of our body weight is muscle.
When people work out, they may not always lose weight because
they may build muscle tissue.
Muscles are fibrous tissues that contract and move when given
messages by nervous system.
Myology: support the skeleton, produces body movements,

contour the body, and is involved in the functions of the digestive,
circulatory and nervous systems.
Introduction
Morphology
Epimysium
• Epimysium
– Surrounds entire muscle
• Perimysium Perimysium
– Surrounds bundles of muscle fibers
• Fascicles
• Endomysium
– Surrounds individual muscle fibers
Endomysium
Introduction
Morphology
Belly: muscle fibers

Tendon: collagen bundles,
aponeurosis origin
belly
tendon
insertion
Introduction
Morphology
Shape of muscle
long
short
broad
sphincter (Orbicular)
Some muscles more than one belly

digastric muscle
biceps, triceps,
Unipennate muscle
Bipennate muscle
multipennate
Introduction
Origin, insertion and action of skeletal muscle
origin: is a fixed, nonmoving part to the muscle
belly: the middle of the muscle
insertion: joined to moveable attachments of the bones,
moveable muscles, and skin.
Prime movers( agonist)

Antagonist origin
Synergists
belly
fixators
tendon
insertion
Introduction
Associated connective tissues
Fascia
Superficial fascia
Deep fascia
Synovial bursa
Introduction
Supplementary structures
tendinous sheath
synovial sheath
visceral layer, parietal layer
fibrous sheath
mesotendon, vincula tendinum
Introduction
Prime Movers
• A muscle that provides

the major force for
producing a specific
movement is called a
prime mover or agonist
• The biceps brachii is the
prime mover of elbow
flexion
Introduction
Antagonist
• Muscles that oppose a
particular movement are
called antagonist
• When a prime mover is
active, the antagonist
muscles are often
stretched and may be in
a relaxed state
• Antagonists also
regulate the action of
prime mover
Introduction
Synergist
• Synergists aid agonists
by promoting the same
movement and by
reducing extraneous
movements that may be
produced when the prime
mover acts
• In two joint muscles
synergists stabilize a joint
as the muscle acts on the
Synergist can also restrict rotary
other movement at a joint so the muscle’s
full effort be applied to the desired
movement
Introduction
Naming
• Location of the muscle

– Intercostal, Temporalis
• Shape of the muscle
– Deltoid; Trapezius
• Relative size of the muscle
– Maximus; medius; minimus; brevis; longus
• Direction of muscle fibers
– Rectus (straight) fibers run parallel to line of pull
– Transverse; fibers run perpendicular to line
– Oblique; fibers are oblique to the line
Introduction
Naming
• Number of origins
– Biceps; triceps; quadriceps
• Location of muscle origin and/or insertion
– Sterno (sternum); cleido (clavicle); mastoid
(mastoid process of temporal bone)
• Action of the muscle
– Flexor; extensor; adductor, supinator
Muscles of Head and Neck
Muscles of Head
Muscles of Facial Expression
Muscles of Mastication
Muscles of Head
1. Muscles of Facial Expression
Origin: skull
Insertion:skin
Function: pull the skin, express the
motions; surround the facial orifices;
act as sphincters and dilators
Muscles of Head
(1) Epicranius (occipitofrontalis)
covers almost the whole calvaria,
origin: mastoid process, superior nuchal line
insertion: eyebrows
consists of two bellies (occipital belly and
frontal belly),
connected by epicranial aponeurosis (galea
aponeurotica)
Actions: pull the scalp, arise the eyebrows
Muscles of Head
(2)Orbicularis oculi
(3) Muscles around mouth

sphincter: orbicularis oris
dilators: buccinator (whistling,
sucking and chewing)
many small muscles
Muscles of Head
2. Muscles of Mastication
Between the base of skull and mandible

Actions: mastication
(1) Masseter
origin: zygomatic arch;
insertion: ramus and angle of mandble
action: elevates mandible
(2) Temporalis
origin: temporal fossa
insertion: coronoid process
action: elevates and protrudes mandible
Muscles of Head
2. Muscles of Mastication
Between the base of skull and mandible

Actions: mastication
(3) Medial pterygoid

origin: lateral pterygoid plate
insertion: medial surface of the
angle of mandible
actions: elevates and protrudes
(4) Lateral pterigoid
origin: lateral pterygoid plate
insertion: neck of mandible
actions: opening the mouth
Muscles of Neck
Superficial group
Suprahyoid group
Infrahyoid group
Deep group
Muscles of Neck
1. Superficial group
(1) platysma
origin: deep fascia
insertion: skin
action: pull down the mandible
(2) sternocleidomastoid
origin: manubrium sterni, clavicle
insertion: mastoid process
actions: tilt the head, rotate the
head, draw the head
Muscles of Neck
2. Suprahyoid group
Between the hyoid bone and

mandible and temporal bone
(1) Digastric
(2) Mylohyoid
(3) Stylohyoid
(4) geniohyoid
Actions: pull hyoid upward, backward

and forward in swallowing
and speaking;
depress the mandible
Muscles of Neck
3. Infrahyoid group
(1) Sternohyoid
(2) Omohyoid
(3) Sternothyroid
(4) thyrohyoid
Actions: depress, retract and steady hyoid bone

Muscles of Neck
4. Deep cervical muscles
Scalenus anterior
Scalenus medius
Scalenus posterior
Scalene fissure:
branchial plexus and
subclavian artery
TOPOGRAPHY OF THE NECK
The borders of the neck are: Superior - from the mental tuber (tuber mentale) (chin) along
the lower side of mandible to its angle, then to the apex of mastoid processes, along the superior
nuchal line to the external occipital protuberance. Inferior — from the incisure of the
sternum, clavicles, acromions and then the imagine line, which connects it with the spinal
process of the C7 vertebra.
REGIONS OF THE NECK:

1. POSTERIOR CERVICAL REGION. It is a space on the side of the neck situated
posteriorly to the external border of a trapezoid muscle.
2. STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID REGION. Its border equal to the sternocleidomastoid
muscle. This region separates medial and lateral triangle of the neck.
3. LATERAL CERVICAL REGION (LATERAL TRIANGLE). It is a space on the side
of the neck situated externally to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Boundaries: Anterior-posterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle., posterior-anterior border
of trapezoid muscle, inferior – clavicle, apex lies on the superior nuchal line where the trapezoid
and sternocleidomastoid muscles meet.
Posterior belly of the omohyoid muscle divides the lateral carotid triangle into a large upper
part, called the omotrapezoid triangle and a smaller lower part, called the omoclavicular
triangle.
Omotrapezoid Triangle
Boundaries: Anterior- posterior side of sternocleidomastoid muscle, inferior- posterior belly
of omohyoid muscle, posterior- posterior side of trapezoid muscle.
Omoclavicular Triangle
Boundaries: Anterior - posterior side of the sternocleidomastoid muscle,
posterior - the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle, inferior - clavicle.
4. ANTERIOR CERVICAL REGION. It is a space on the side of the neck situated

anteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Boundaries: Anterior - middle line of the neck,
posterior - anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, superior -the margin of a
mandible.
The Submandibular Triangle

The submandibular triangle is bordered by two bellies of the digastric muscle and the
lower border of the mandible. The contents of the triangle include the greater part of the
submandibular gland.
In cases when we need to legate the lingual artery it is difficult to find it in the bottom
of the mouth, that is why Pirogov suggested to find it in the submandibular triangle,usually
it passes through the small triangle which we call Pirogov’s triangle. The borders of it are:
superiorly — hypoglossal nerve, anteriorly — the site of the mylohyoid muscle, inferiorly — the
tendon of the digastrics bellies
The Carotid Triangle
It is a vascular area bounded by the superior belly of the omohyoid, the posterior belly of the
digastrics and the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscles. It includes the common
carotid artery, the internal jugular vein, and the vagus nerve.
The Omotracheal Triangle
It is bounded by the superior belly of the omohyoid, the anterior border of the
sternocleidomastoid muscles and middle line.
FASCIAE OF THE NECK
There are several classifications of the cervical fasciae. Shevkunenko’s classification the
most exactly corresponds to the surgical construction of the neck.According to this classification
we determine 5 fascial layers on the neck.
The first layer is superficial cervical fascia. It is thin and lies between the skin and
proprial fascia. It covers neck all around, and it has no borders. It contains the platysma, small
amount of fat, cutaneus nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels.
The second layer is the superficial layer of the deep cervical fasciae. It is the most
superficial layer of the deep fascia, surrounding the entire neck like a collar. Only apexes of the
spinal processes are uncovered with it.
The fascia is thin and it is splitted into two parts to enclose the sternocleidomastoid and
trapezoid muscles, and submandibular gland forming their sheath. Superiorly this fascia attaches
to the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone, mastoid processes of the temporal
bones, inferior border of the mandible, and to the chin. Inferiorly the superficial layer of fascia
attaches to the manumbrium of the sternum and clavicles along their external surface, acromions
and spines of scapula to the spinous process of C7 vertebra and then turns to attach to transversal
vertebral processes.
On this layer the external jugular vein, branches of the cervical plexus and spinal
accessory nerve (XI pear) are situated:
The third layer is deep layer of the deep cervical fasciae, Riche’s aponeurosis.
It is limited to the anterior part of the neck. It extends inferiorly from the hyoid bone to the
manumbrium of the sternum and clavicles, to their internal surface. The lateral borders of this
fascia are omohyoid muscles because it forms the sheath for them. And it forms the sheath for
the sternohyoid, sternohyroid and thyrohyoid muscles.
The fourth layer is endocervical fascia. It consists of two layers: parietal and visceral
laminas. Parietal lamina surrounds all organs of the neck in common and forms the sheath for the
general neurovascular bundle-carotid sheath. This bundle includes the common carotid
artery, the internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve, some deep cervical lymph nodes. It
communicates with the anterior mediastinum inferiorly and parapharyngeal space and cranial
cavity superiorly.
The visceral lamina encloses the thyroid gland, trachea, larynx, esophagus, and forms the
personal capsule for every organ.
The fifth layer is prevertebral fascia. It extends inferiorly from the cranial base and
fuses with the anterior longitudinal ligament and is attached to the body of the Th 3-4 thoracic
vertebra. It lies in front of the prevertebral muscles and forms the floor of the lateral triangle
of the neck. Laterally it is attached to transverse processes of the vertebra.
It covers long muscles of cervix and long muscles of the head and anterior, media and
posterior scalene muscles.
It forms the sheath for the deep neurovascular bundle, which consists of the subclavian
artery, subclavian vein and brachial plexus. This sheath is named axillary sheath because
it extends into the axilla.
The prevertebral fascia provides a fixed base for the movements of the pharynx, the
esophagus and the carotid sheath during movements of the neck and during swallowing.
The Interfascial Cellular Spaces
There are several cellular spaces on the neck. They are formed by the fasciae and contain
fat tissues, vessels, nerves and organs. They are very important spaces, which defend the neck
structures. But they can serve as a place of infection localization. The fascial planes determine
the direction in which an infection in the neck may spread.
The cellular spaces may be reserved and connecting.
1.Suprasternal interaponeurotic space is formed by the second and third fascias above
the manumbrium of the sternum. It encloses the inferior angles of the anterior jugular
vein, which forms the jugular venous arch, fat and a few deep lymph nodes. In a healthy
body, it is a reserved space, but if the pathological process appears in this space, it will
be connected with the neighbor space, which is named Gruberi’s blind cervical sac (saccus
coeccus retrosternocleidomastoideus).
2.Grooberi’s Blind cervical sac is arranged between second and third fascias above the
clavicle, behind sternocleidomastoid muscle. It includes only various amount of fat and some
lymph nodes. It becomes connecting space only during the pathological process. The abscess
spread to the interaponeurotic space.
3.The pretracheal space (previsceral space) is arranged between parietal and visceral
sheets of the endocervical fascia. It is extended from the hyoid bone to the manumbrium of the
sternum. It encloses the thyroid gland, the inferior thyroid veins, in childhood, it includes
brachiocephalic trunk and in 30%, it may be the lowest thyroid artery. This space
is communicated with the anterior mediastinum.
4.The retrovisceral space is formed by the forth endocervical fascia. It extends from the
cranial base to the posterior mediastinum. It consists of two spaces: retropharyngeal-upper and
retroesophageal-lower. Both these spaces are communicated with each other and with posterior
mediastinal fat.
The retropharyngeal space is the largest and most important interfascial space on the neck
because it is the major pathway for the spread of infection. It is a connectional space that consists
of loose connective tissue.
5.The prevertebral space is formed by the prevertebral fascia and anterior surface
of vertebra. It is a tubular fascial space that extends along the superior surface of the vertebra.
It contains the fat, long muscles of the neck and long muscles of the head.
It is reserved that is why the infections extend upper and lower along the surface of the
vertebra not going out of the borders of the space.
Neck infection behind the prevertebral fascia arises usually from tuberculosis of the
cervical vertebra. It is called «the cold tuberculous abscess».
The Deep Intermuscular Spaces
These spaces are arranged between the prevertebral fascia and deep cervical muscles:
anterior, medial and posterior scalenus muscles. There are spaces: antescalenal space and
interscalenal space.
1. Antescalenal space is a narrow cleft (fissure) between the prevertebral fascia and
anterior scalenus muscle. It contents the phrenic nerve, which is situated on the anterior surface
of the anterior scalenus muscle. The ascending cervical artery (from the thyrocervical trunk)
passes near this nerve. In the lower part of this space, the bulb and terminal part of the internal
jugular vein are situated. The terminal part of this vein is united with subclavian vein and the
Pirogov’s venal angle is formed.
2. Interscalenal space is arranged between medial and posterior scalenus muscle.
It contains the axillary sheath. Really, the interscalenal space is a deep layer of the omoclavicle
triangle.
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by
Barbara Heard,
Atlantic Cape Community
College
CHAPTER 10
The
Muscular
System:
Part C
© Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint & Wrist
I. Muscles that move the Forearm
Biceps
Brachii
Brachialis
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

I. Muscles that move the Forearm …
A. Forearm Flexors
• Are on the Anterior Surface of the Arm
1. Biceps Brachii
• Most anterior muscle
• Runs the length of the arm
Biceps
• Crosses Two Joints Brachii
• Radial insertion  pronation Brachialis
• Has 2 heads of Origin
2. Brachialis
• Posterior to Biceps Brachii and partially
under it
• Found half way down humerus
Biceps Brachii (video)

Brachialis (video)

3. Brachioradialis
• Origin is at distal end of Humerus and Insertion at distal
end of Radius
• Synergist to Biceps Brachii in flexion

Figure 10.15a Muscles crossing the shoulder and elbow joints, causing movements of the
arm and forearm, respectively.
Clavicle
Deltoid
Sternum
Pectoralis
major
Coracobrachialis
Triceps brachii:
Lateral head
Long head
Medial head
Biceps
brachii
Brachialis
Brachio-
radialis

Anterior view
B. Forearm Extensor Muscles
1. Triceps brachii—
• prime mover
• Has 3 heads of Origin

Figure 10.15b Muscles crossing the shoulder and elbow joints, causing movements of the
arm and forearm, respectively.
Supraspinatus*
Spine of scapula
Deltoid (cut)
Greater tubercle
of humerus
Infraspinatus*
Teres minor*
Teres major
Triceps brachii:
Lateral head
Long head
Latissimus dorsi
Humerus
Olecranon
of ulna
Anconeus
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view

II. Muscles That Move the Hand & Fingers
• Actions - movements of wrist, fingers, thumb
pronation and supination of forearm
• Retinaculua: band of dense connective tissue
that holds a group of long tendons down so
they do not bow when muscles contract
– flexor retinaculum & extensor retinacu.
Flexor
Retinaculum

A. Muscles that move the Forearm
• Pronator teres and pronator
quadratus pronate forearm
• Supinator - synergist with biceps
brachii in forearm supination
Pronator
quadratus
PLAY A&P Flix™: Muscles of the forearm (b)
PLAY A&P Flix™: Muscles of the forearm (c) Pronator

teres
PLAY A&P Flix™: Pronator teres
Supinator
PLAY A&P Flix™: Supinator Anterior Anterior
Deep
Figure 10.16a Muscles of the anterior fascial compartment of the forearm acting on the right wrist and fingers.
FLEXORS
Superficial
transverse
ligament of palm
Palmar
aponeurosis
Flexor
retinaculum
Flexor Pronator
digitorum quadratus
superficialis
Flexor pollicis
Flexor carpi longus
ulnaris
Palmaris Extensor carpi
longus radialis longus
Flexor Brachio-
carpi radialis radialis
Medial Pronator
epicondyle teres
of humerus Tendon of
Medial head of biceps brachii
triceps brachii Biceps brachii
Tendon of flexor
Tendon of digitorum superficialis
flexor digitorum (cut)
profundus Lumbricals
Tendon of flexor
pollicis longus
Thenar muscles
of thumb
Tendon of
flexor carpi ulnaris Pronator quadratus
(cut)
Flexor pollicis
longus
Flexor digitorum
profundus
Supinator
Figure 10.16c
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Muscles of the anterior fascial compartment of the forearm acting on the right wrist and fingers.
B. Muscles That Move The Hand & Finger
1. Flexors
• Flexor Carpi
Muscles: Flex Hand
• Flexor Digitorum
Muscles: Flex Fingers
Flexor
retinaculum
Flexor Pronator
digitorum quadratus
superficialis
Flexor carpi
ulnaris
Extensor carpi
radialis longus
Flexor Brachio-
Pronator
teres

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

Flexor Carpi Radialis

2. Hand and Finger Extensors
• Extensor Carpi
Muscles
• Extensor Digitorum Tendons of extensor

Muscles digitorum
Extensor carpi
ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Extensor carpi
radialis brevis &
longus

Extensor Digitorum

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Figure 10.17a Muscles of the posterior fascial compartment of the right forearm acting on the wrist and fingers.
EXTENSORS
Extensor expansion
Tendons of extensor Tendons of extensor

digitorum carpi radialis brevis
and longus
Extensor pollicis
longus Extensor indicis
Extensor pollicis Extensor digiti minimi
brevis
Abductor Extensor carpi
pollicis longus ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi
radialis brevis Anconeus
Extensor carpi Insertion of
radialis longus triceps brachii
Brachioradialis

Figure 10.17b Muscles of the posterior fascial compartment of the right forearm acting on the wrist and fingers.
Interossei
Extensor indicis
Extensor pollicis
brevis
Extensor pollicis
longus
Abductor pollicis
longus
Supinator
Anconeus
Olecranon of ulna

FLEXORS
Superficial
transverse
ligament of palm
Palmar
aponeurosis
Flexor
retinaculum
Flexor Pronator
digitorum quadratus
superficialis
Flexor pollicis
Flexor carpi longus
ulnaris
Palmaris Extensor carpi
longus radialis longus
Flexor Brachio-
Medial Pronator
epicondyle teres
of humerus Tendon of
Medial head of biceps brachii
triceps brachii Biceps brachii
Figure 10.16a Muscles of the anterior fascial compartment of the forearm acting on the right wrist and fingers.
Figure 10.16c Muscles of the anterior fascial compartment of the forearm acting on the right wrist and fingers.
Tendon of flexor
Tendon of digitorum superficialis
flexor digitorum (cut)
profundus Lumbricals
Tendon of flexor
pollicis longus
Thenar muscles
of thumb
Tendon of
flexor carpi ulnaris Pronator quadratus
(cut)
Flexor pollicis
longus
Flexor digitorum
profundus
Supinator

3. Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
• Small weak muscles
– Lie entirely within palm of
hand
– Control precise
movements of
metacarpals and fingers
(e.g., threading a needle)
– Abductors and adductors
of fingers
– Produce opposition—
move thumb toward little
finger
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.19a Hand muscles, ventral views of right hand.
Figure 10.19a Hand muscles, ventral views of right hand.
Tendons of:
Flexor digitorum
profundus
Flexor digitorum Fibrous sheath
superficialis
Second lumbrical
Dorsal interossei
Third
lumbrical First lumbrical
Fourth Adductor pollicis

lumbrical Flexor pollicis
brevis
Opponens
digiti minimi Abductor
pollicis
Flexor digiti brevis
minimi brevis
Opponens
pollicis
Abductor
digiti minimi Flexor
retinaculum
Pisiform bone Abductor
pollicis
Flexor carpi
longus
ulnaris tendon
Tendons of:
Flexor digitorum Palmaris longus
superficialis Flexor carpi radialis
tendons Flexor pollicis longus
First superficial layer
Figure 10.19b Hand muscles, ventral views of right hand.
Flexor digitorum
profundus tendon
Flexor
digitorum
superficialis
tendon
Dorsal
interossei
Palmar
Adductor
interossei
pollicis
Opponens Flexor
digiti minimi pollicis
brevis
Flexor digiti
minimi brevis Abductor
(cut) pollicis
brevis
Abductor
digiti minimi Opponens
(cut) pollicis
Flexor pollicis
longus tendon
Second layer
END

Clinical anatomy of the
lower limb
professor Viorel Nacu
2013, Chişinău
Landmarks of the lower limb
3. Genum
1.Regio glutealis Patella
• Crista iliaca Ligamentum patella
Condyles and epicondyles of the
• Iliac Spina tibia.
• Trohanterul mare Tuberculum Jerdi
• Plica glutealis Tendo m. Biceps femuris
• Tuber ischiadicus Tendo m. Semimembranous et
semitendinous
• Os sacrum Popliteal Fossa
• 2. anterior region of the tight:
4. The Leg
• Anterior superior iliac spine. Caput fibula
• Pubic tubercle. The anterior surface of the tibie
The medial and lateral maleolas
• Symphysis. Achile tendon
• Inginal crease. The Calcaneus
The base of the five metatarsal bone.
• Greater trochanter. The metatarsal bones
• Patella. Phalanges
• Patellar ligament.
• Tendon of the quadriceps femoris.
• Condyles and epicondyles of the
femur.
• Iliopectineal Fossa.
Temporary haemostasis by manual
compression of the vessels of the lower limb:
1 a. Femuralis on the middle of the
inguinal fold by compressing to the pubic
bone (between anterior superior spine
and simphisis)
2. a. Poplitea by placing a roll in
the popliteal fossa and calf maximal flexion.
The pulse could be palpated:
1. on femoral artery;
2.on popliteal artery;
3. posterior tibial artery in the medial maleolar
canal (between tendon Achilles and medial
maleola)
4. on a. Dorsalis pedis (projection line:
proximally the middle between maleolas and
first interdigital spice).
The Anterior Region of the
Thigh
• Borders
• Superior – inguinal fold.
• Medial – a line drawn from medial femoral
epicondyle to pubic symphysis.
• Lateral – a line drawn from lateral femoral
epicondyle to anterior superior iliac spine.
• Inferior – a circular line traced transversal
two fingers above the patella.
•
Musculature, compartments,
canals
•
• The Anterior Fascial Compartment of the Thigh Muscles:
• - Tensor fasciae lata muscle.
• - Sartorius muscle.
• - Iliopsoas muscle.
• - Pectineus muscle.
• - Obturator externus muscle (posteriorly to the pectineus).
• - Quadriceps femoris muscle (rectus femoris, vastus medialis,
lateralis and intermedius).
•
• The Medial Fascial Compartment of the Thigh Muscles:
• - Adductor brevis muscle (behind to the pectineus).
• - Adductor longus muscle (medially to the pectineus).
• - Adductor magnus muscle (behind the adductor brevis and longus).
• - Gracilis muscle.
- Inguinal ligament – superiorly.
- Sartorius muscle – laterally.
- Adductor longus muscle – medially.
- Iliopsoas and pectineus muscles – at the bottom.
The Femoral (Scarp’s) triangle

• - Inguinal ligament – superiorly.
• - Sartorius muscle – laterally.
• - Adductor longus muscle – medially.
• - Iliopsoas and pectineus muscles – at the
bottom.
The Osteofascial lacunar
compartments
• It is the area between inguinal ligament and
pelvic bone parted/separated by
iliopectineal ligament/arch in:
• Lacuna musculorum, contains m. iliopsoas,
n. femoralis and n. cutaneus femoris
lateralis.
• Lacuna vasorum, contains femoral artery,
femoral vein, femoral branch of the
genitofemoral nerve, and a lymph node.
m. iliopectineus
Arcus ilio-pecineus
a.,v. femuralis
Lig. Lacunaris
Gimbernati
Ganglion limfatic
n. femuralis
a., v., n. obturatorius

Canalis femuralis (1-2
cm):
Annulus femoralis inernus:
anteriorly lig. inguinale, medialy lig.
lacunare (Gimbernat’s), posteriorly lig.
pectineale (Cooperi’s), lateraly –v.
femorale.
Annulus femoralis externus: margo
falciforme cornus superior et inferior
(fossa ovale or hiatus safenus)
The walls: anteriorly - lig. Inguinale et
cornus superior margo falciforme;
posteriorly fascia iliopectinea; lateraly v.
femoralis.
Corona mortis: anteriorly a. epigastrica inferior; lateraly
v. femoralis; medialy - a. obturatoria (25%)
• The sectioning of the aberrant obturator
artery during the hernia repair procedure
without preliminary clamping can give an
invisible intrapelvic fatal hemorrhage. This
artery arises from the inferior epigastric
artery, crosses the deep femoral ring and
passes around the neck of hernial sac. In
the middle ages, the aberrant obturator
artery was called “corona mortis” because
of common cause of the death during the
femoral herniotomy.
The Obturator canal,
• Lokated behind the m. pectineus at the
anterior margin of the obturator foramen.
It contains obturator neurovascular
bundle.
Loja medială
Loja
anterioară m. adductori
m. Extensori
ai gambei
Loja posterioară
m. Flexori ai gambei
Fascia lata make two fibrous

septum the medial and
lateral which divide the tight
in three loges: anterior,
medial and posterior
The Adductor (Hunter’s)
subsartorial canal:
Walls –
laterally - m. vastus medialis,
medially - m. adductor magnus
anteriorly the roof – lamina
vastoadductoria.
Entrance – femoral artery and vein, and

n. saphenus.
Anterior exit (vastoadductorial) – a. genu

descendenc and n. saphenus.
Posterior exit (hiatus adductorius) –

femoral artery and vein.
1. a. Femoralis; 2. a. Iliaca comunis; 3. a. Iliaca interna; 4. a.
obturatoria; 5. a. glutea inferioris; 6. a. glutea superioris; 7.
ramus ascendens a. circumflexa femoris lateralis; 8. a.
circumflexa femoris lateralis; 9. ramus descendens a.
circumflexa femoris lateralis; 10. a. circumflexa femoris
medialis; 11. a. profunda femoris.
1.A. iliaca communis;
2. A. iliaca interna;
3. A. iliaca externa;
4. A. obturatoria;
5. A. glutea inferior;
6. a. glutea superior;
7. R. ascendens a. circumflexa femoris
lateralis;
8. R. descendens a. circumflexa femoris
lateralis;
9. A. profunda femoris;
10. A. circumflexa femoris medialis;
11. rr. Perforantes a. profunda femoris;
12. A. genus descendens;
13. Aa. Genus superior medialis et lateralis;
14. Aa. Genus inferior medialis et lateralis;
15. A. recurents tibialis anterior;
16. A. poplitea;
17. A. tibialis posterior;
18. A. tibialis anterior; 19. A. tibialis posterior;
20. A. tibialis anterior; 21. A. plantaris;
22. A dorsalis pedis.
The Gluteal Region
(Buttock)
• Borderlines
• Superior – iliac crest.
• Medial – median line.
• Inferior – gluteal fold.
• Lateral – a line traced from anterior
superior iliac spine to greater trochanter.
Layers
• Skin is thick.
• Subcutaneous fatty tissue. It is well developed, contains fibrous fascicles, and nn.
clunium.
• Superficial fascia is less developed.
• Deep (gluteal) fascia covers gluteus maximus and gluteus medius muscles.
• Superficial muscles – gluteus maximus and gluteus medius, and fascial septa into
them.
• Intrinsic lamina of the deep (gluteal) fascia covers inside surface of the gluteus
maximus and gluteus medius muscles.
• Subgluteal space. It contains fatty connective tissue, vessels and nerves,
outgoing through supra- and infrapiriform foraminae.
• Deep muscles:
• - Gluteus minimus m. (under the gluteus medius).
• - Piriformis m. (occupies the greater sciatic foramen).
• - Gemelly superior m.
• - Obturator internus m. (occupies the lesser sciatic foramen).
• - Gemelly inferior m.
• - Quadratus femoris m.
• Suprapiriform foramen. Through it passes the
superior gluteal neurovascular bundle.
• Infrapiriform foramen. Through it passes
(from the lateral site to medial site):
• - Sciatic nerve (most lateral).
• - Inferior gluteal artery and vein.
• - Posterior femoral cutaneus nerve.
• - Inferior gluteal nerve.
• - Internal pudendal artery and vein.
• - Pudendal nerve (most medial, at the margin of
sacrum, on the sacrospinous ligament).
Piriformis syndrome
is a neuromuscular disorder that occurs when the sciatic

nerve is compressed by the piriformis muscle causing pain,
tingling and numbness in the buttocks and along the path of
the sciatic nerve descending down the lower thigh and into
the leg.
The syndrome may be due to anatomical variations in the
muscle-nerve relationship, or from overuse or strain.
Posterior tigh region
Borders
• Superior – gluteal fold.
• Medial – a line drawn from medial femoral
epicondyle to pubic symphysis.
• Lateral – a line drawn from lateral femoral
epicondyle to anterior superior iliac spine.
• Inferior – a circular line traced transversal
two fingers above the patella.
Layers
1. Skin.
2. Subcutaneous fatty tissue. It is well developed.
3. Superficial fascia. It is less developed.
4. Deep fascia (fascia lata) covers and forms sheath for muscles.
5. Muscles:
- Biceps femoris m.
- Semitendinosus m.
- Semimembranosus m.
The sciatic nerve lies between the muscles:
- In the upper third it is covered by margin of gluteus maximus
m., deep fascia and partly by long head of biceps femoris m.
- In the middle third it is covered by long head of biceps femoris m.
and lies between short head of biceps femoris m. (laterally),
semitendinosus m. and semimembranosus m. (medially), and adductor
magnus m. (anteriorly).
- In the lower third it lies between biceps femoris muscle (laterally),
semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles (medially), and
adductor magnus muscle (anteriorly).
• Borderlines
• Superior – a circular line traced transversal two
fingers above the patella.
• Medial – vertical line traced through the medial
femoral epicondyl.
• Lateral – vertical line traced through the lateral
femoral epicondyl.
• Inferior – a circular line traced on the level of the
tibial tuberosity.
•
Layers (posterior knee region)
Skin of the popliteal fossa is thin and porous.
Subcutaneous fatty tissue is thin, contains small saphenous vein and its tributaries.
Superficial fascia is less developed.
Deep (popliteal) fascia covers popliteal space and forms a canal for small saphenous vein.
Popliteal space is diamond/rhomb-shaped and bounded by:
- Biceps femoris m. (superiorly-laterally).
- Semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles (superiorly-medially).
- Lateral head of the gastrocnemius m. (inferiorly-laterally).
- Medial head of the gastrocnemius m. (inferiorly-medially).
Contents of the popliteal space:

1. Fatty connective tissue.
2. Lymph nodes.
3. Sciatic nerve.
4. Tibial nerve, as a continuation of the sciatic nerve it passes from the superior angle to inferior angle of
the popliteal space, and is lying most superficially, close to the popliteal fascia.
5. Popliteal vein lies medially and deeper to the tibial nerve.
6. Popliteal artery lies medially and deeper to the popliteal vein, on the joint’s capsule within so called Jober’s fossa
(the medial angle of the popliteal space).
7. Common peroneal nerve passes along the tendon of biceps femoris, posterior to the head of the fibula and laterally
across the neck of the fibula in the superior musculoperoneal canal, dividing into the superficial and deep fibular nerves.
Injury to the common fibular nerve results in foot drop (pes equinus).
6. Bottom of the popliteal space – the last layer.

- Popliteal plane of the femur.
- Popliteal muscle.
- Knee joint capsule with oblique popliteal ligament.
Fossa Jobert
• Anteriorly – m adductor
magnus
• Posteriorly – mm.
semimembranous,
semitendinous et gracillis.
• superiorly m. sartorius;
• Inferiorly – medial condyl
of the femuris and the
medial head of m.
Gastrochemius.
• The Leg
• Borderlines
• Superiorly – an imaginary circular line drawn transversal
through the tibial tuberosity.
• Inferiorly – an imaginary circular line drawn transversal on
the base of malleoli.
• Layers
• Skin (is thin).
• Subcutaneous fatty tissue contains the great and small
saphenous vein and their tributaries.
• Superficial fascia is less developed.
• Deep fascia covers muscles and forms intermuscular
septa, and retinaculum of tendons.
• Muscles and neurovascular fascicles by fascial
compartments.
1. v. saphena magna et n.
saphenus;
2. m. flexor digitorum
longus; 3. v. saphena parva
et n. cutaneus sură
medialis;
4. n. cutaneus sură lateralisş
a. v. tibialis posterior;
5. A. v. tibialis posterior et n.
tibialis;
6. a. v. peronea;
7. A. v. tibialis anterior;
8. N. peroneus superficialis;
9. M. extensor digitorum
longus;
10. M. tibialis posterior.
• 1. Anterior Crural Compartment – the dorsiflexor extensor
compartment contains:
• Tibialis anterior muscle. It lies medially on tibia (shin-bone).
• Extensor digitorum longus muscle+(fibularis tertius). It lies laterally on
fibula (splint-bone).
• Extensor hallucis longus muscle. It lies on the interosseous membrane.
• Anterior tibial neurovascular fascicle – deep fibular nerve, anterior tibial
artery and vein.
•
• 2. Lateral Crural Compartment comprises:
• Fibular (peroneal) longus muscle.
• Fibular (peroneal) brevis muscle.
• Superior musculoperoneal canal with common fibular nerve.
• Inferior musculoperoneal canal with peroneal artery and vein.
• the calf muscles compartment contains:
• Superficial group of muscles (gastocnemius,
soleus) – plantar flexors of the foot.
• Transverse intermuscular septum with posterior
tibial neurovascular bundle into cruro-popliteal
canal of Gruber which comprises tibial nerve,
posterior tibial artery and vein.
• Deep group of muscles (tibialis posterior, flexor
digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus).
• Fibular (peroneal) artery and vein, passing into
inferior musculoperoneal canal.
Loja
anterioară
m. Extensori
ai gambei
Loja posterioară
m. Flexori
Loja laterală
m. peronieri
Divisions of the talocrural (ankle) region
Anterior ankle division comprises:
- Extensor retinaculum.
- Tendon of anterior tibial muscle.
- Tendon of extensor digitorum muscle.
- Tendon of extensor hallucis longus muscle.
- Dorsal neurovascular bundle of the foot.
Medial malleolar division (canalis malleolaris) comprises:
- Flexor retinaculum.
- Tendon of tibial posterior muscle.
- Tendon of flexor digitorum muscle.
- Tendon of flexor hallucis longus muscle.
- Posterior tibial neurovascular bundle.
- Deltoid ligament.
- Sustentaculum tali.
• Lateral malleolar division contains:
• - Peroneal retinaculum
• - Tendon of peroneal longus muscle.
• - Tendon of peroneal brevis muscle.
• - Calcaneofibular ligament.
Posterior ankle division contains:
• - Superficial calcanean bursa.
• - Calcanean (Achilles’) tendon.
• - Deep calcanean bursa.
• - Subtendinous fatty-connective tissue.
The Foot
• The foot is divided into three parts:
• The hindfoot – talus and calcaneus (region
of ankle joint, articulatio talocruralis).
• The midfoot – navicular, cuboid and
cuneiforms bones.
• The forefoot – metatarsals and phalanges
• Boundaries of the Hindfoot
• Superiorly – an imaginary circular line
drawn transversal on the base of malleoli.
• Anteriorly – a line traced on dorsal surface
connecting the malleolar apexes.
• Inferiorly – a line traced on the plantar
surface connecting the malleolar apexes.
•
The midfoot and forefoot (regio pedis) are
divided into:
• Dorsal region of the foot or dorsum of the foot (dorsal
foot).
• Plantar region of the foot or sole of the foot (plantar foot).
Layers of dorsal foot:
1. Skin.
2. Subcutaneous fatty tissue with venous network and
superficial nerves.
3. Superficial fascia.
4. Deep fascia (forms extensor retinaculum).
5. Tendons, muscles and dorsal pedis neurovascular
bundle.
Layers of plantar foot:
1. Skin (is thick).
2. Subcutaneous fatty tissue with 2-3 synovial
bursae.
3. Superfisial fascia.
4. Deep (proper) fascia and plantar aponeurosis.
5. Fascial compartments (medial, central and lateral):
Medial plantar compartment contains:
- Flexor hallucis brevis muscle.
- Tendon of flexor hallucis longus muscle.
- Abductor hallucis muscle.
Lateral plantar compartment contains:

- Abductor digiti minimi muscle.
- Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle.
Central plantar compartment contains, by levels:

- Plantar aponeurosis.
- Flexor digitorum brevis muscle. 1st superficial
level
- Deep leaf of proper (deep) fascia.
- Quadratus plantae muscle.
- Tendons of flexor digitorum longus muscle. 2nd
middle level
- Lumbrical muscle.
- Lateral and medial plantar neurovascular bundles.
- Long plantar ligament.
- Tendon of fibularis longus muscle. 3rd deep
level
- Adductor hallucis muscle.
- Interosseous muscle.
1.Fat tissue space in to the
lateral compartment;
2. m. ; 3. Muscului interoseus;
4.the dorsal subaponeurotic
space of fat tissue;
5. The intermusculare space –
the central compartment;
6. The medial fibrous septum;
7. M. 8. Fat tissue space in to
the medial compartment; 9.
Tendo m. abductor hallucis;
10. M. flexor hallucis brevis;
11. Tendo m. flexor hallucis
longus; 12. M. flexor digitorum
brevis; 13. aponeurosis
plantaris; 14. M. quadrates
plantae; 15. Caput obliqum m.
adductor hallucis.
Disposition of the femur’s
fragments
• The general characteristic features for all fractures of the femur are next:
• 1. Shortening of the leg.
• 2. Twisting of the Roser-Nelaton’s line (anterior superior iliac spine and
sciatic tuberosity).
• 3. External rotation of the foot.
• In a fracture of the femoral neck the distal fragment is displaced
upward resulting in shortening the lower extremity.
• In a fracture in upper third, the proximal fragment is abducted and
flexed anteriorly by the iliopsoas and gluteals; the distal fragment is
displaced upward and medially by adductors.
• A fracture of the midfemur, is associated with a little displacement.
Muscle spasm produces an angled overriding of the fragments.
• In a supracondylar fracture, the distal fragment is displaced
posteriorly by gastrocnemius spasm (this positioning jeopardizes popliteal
structures); proximal fragment is displaced anteriorly and medially by
adductors.
• Displacement of bone fragments in
fractures of the femur:
Fractures: a) of the femoral neck - to the
outer extremity rotated lateraly
b) in the upper third, proximal femur
fragment shifted to the medial side under
the influence of the hip adductors, distal
shifts in length.
c) in the lower third femur - distal
fragment under the action of the m.
Gastrocnemius is displaced posteriorly,
and can result in damage to the popliteal
neuro vascular bundle.
Surface Markings of the femoral artery
Femoral artery is indicated by the a line from the
midpoint between the anterior superior iliac spine
and the pubic symphysis to the femoral adductor
tubercle.
Linia de proiecţie a n. ischiadic
• de la mijlocul
distantei dintre
tuberozitatea
ischiadica si
trohanterul mare,
pana la mijlocul
fosei poplitee.
Surface Markings of the
popliteal artery
Popliteal artery is indicated
by a line from the superior
angle of the popliteal fossa
to the middle of the back of
the leg at the level of the
tibial tuberosity.
Surface Markings of the a. tibialis posterior
• Posterior tibial artery is

indicated by a line on the back
of the leg, from the level of the
tibial tuberosity, downward to
the midpoint between the
medial malleolus and the heel.
a. Tibialis anterioris
• Anterior tibial artery is

indicated by a
midpoint between the
tibial tuberosity and
fibula to the midpoint
between the two
malleolis.
Proiecţia a. dorsalis pedis
• Linia ce incepe de la
mijlocul distantei
dintre maleole şi se
sfârşeşte în spaţiul
interdigital I.
Thanks for your
attention
11/11/2012
Muscles Moving Thigh - Anterior
Muscles of the Lower Limb Iliacus (part of iliopsoas)
ORIGIN:
Iliac fossa (ilium);
crest of os coxa;
ala (sacrum)
INSERTION:
lesser trochanter (femur)
INNERVATION:
femoral nerve
ACTION:
flexes thigh
(Anterior view)
Muscles Moving Thigh - Anterior Muscles Moving Thigh - Anterior
Psoas major (part of iliopsoas) Tensor fasciae latae
ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
T12 – L5 vertebrae iliac crest (ilium); anterior superior
iliac spine (ilium)
INSERTION:
lesser trochanter (femur) INSERTION:
iliotibial tract (connective tissue)
INNERVATION:
-------------- INNERVATION:
gluteal nerves
ACTION:
flexes thigh ACTION:
flexes / abducts thigh
(Anterior view) (Lateral view)
Sartorius Pectineus
ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
anterior superior iliac pubis
spine (ilium)
INSERTION:
INSERTION: lesser trochanter (femur)
medial surface of proximal tibia
INNERVATION:
INNERVATION: obturator nerve
femoral nerve
ACTION:
ACTION: adducts / flexes / medially
flexes / abducts / laterally rotates thigh
rotates thigh
(Anterior view) (Anterior view)
1
11/11/2012
Adductor brevis (part of adductors) Adductor longus (part of adductors)
ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
pubis pubis
INSERTION: INSERTION:
linea aspera (femur) linea aspera (femur)
INNERVATION: INNERVATION:
obturator nerve obturator nerve
ACTION: ACTION:
adducts / flexes / medially adducts / flexes / medially
rotates thigh rotates thigh
Adductor magnus (part of adductors) Gracilis
ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
pubis / ischium pubis / ischium
linea aspera (femur) medial surface of proximal tibia
obturator nerve / sciatic nerve obturator nerve
ACTION: ACTION:
adducts / flexes / medially adducts / flexes / medially
rotates thigh rotates thigh
(Anterior view) (Medial view)
Muscles Moving Thigh - Posterior Muscles Moving Thigh - Posterior
Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius
ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
ilium / sacrum / coccyx lateral surface of ilium
iliotibial tract (connective tissue); greater trochanter (femur)
gluteal tuberosity (femur)
INNERVATION:
INNERVATION: gluteal nerves
gluteal nerves
ACTION:
ACTION: abducts / medially rotates thigh
extends thigh
(Posterior view) (Posterior view)
2
11/11/2012
Gluteus minimus Piriformis
ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
lateral surface of ilium anterolateral surface of sacrum
greater trochanter (femur) greater trochanter (femur)
gluteal nerves --------------
ACTION: ACTION:
abducts / medially rotates thigh laterally rotates thigh
Obturator (externus / internus) Gemellus (superior / inferior)
ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
pubis / ischium ischial spine (ischium);
ischial tuberosity (ischium)
INSERTION:
greater trochanter (femur) INSERTION:
Externus greater trochanter (femur) Superior
INNERVATION:
--------------
ACTION:
laterally rotates thigh ACTION:
laterally rotates thigh
Internus
Inferior
Muscles Moving Thigh - Posterior Muscles Moving (Lower) Leg - Anterior
Quadratus femoris Rectus femoris (part of quadriceps)
ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
ischial tuberosity (ischium) anterior inferior iliac spine (ilium);
margin of acetabulum (os coxa)
INSERTION:
proximal end of femur INSERTION:
tibial tuberosity (tibia)
INNERVATION:
femoral nerve
ACTION:
laterally rotates thigh ACTION:
extends (lower) leg
(Posterior view) (Anterior view)
3
11/11/2012
Muscles Moving (Lower) Leg - Anterior Muscles Moving (Lower) Leg - Anterior
Vastus lateralis (part of quadriceps) Vastus medialis (part of quadriceps)
ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
greater trochanter (femur); anterior / lateral surface
linea aspera (femur) of proximal femur
tibial tuberosity (tibia) tibial tuberosity (tibia)
femoral nerve femoral nerve
ACTION: ACTION:
extends (lower) leg extends (lower) leg
Muscles Moving (Lower) Leg - Anterior Muscles Moving (Lower) Leg - Posterior
Vastus intermedius (part of quadriceps) Biceps femoris (part of hamstrings)
ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
anterior / lateral surface ischial tuberosity (ischium);
of proximal femur linea aspera (femur)
tibial tuberosity (tibia) head (fibula);
lateral condyle (tibia)
INNERVATION:
INNERVATION:
femoral nerve
sciatic nerve
ACTION:
ACTION:
extends (lower) leg
flexes (lower) leg
(Anterior view) (Posterior view)
Muscles Moving (Lower) Leg - Posterior Muscles Moving (Lower) Leg - Posterior
Semitendinosus (part of hamstrings) Semimembranosus (part of hamstrings)
ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
ischial tuberosity (ischium) ischial tuberosity (ischium)
medial surface of tibia medial condyle (tibia)
sciatic nerve sciatic nerve
ACTION: ACTION:
flexes (lower) leg flexes (lower) leg
4
11/11/2012
Muscles Moving (Lower) Leg - Posterior Muscles Moving Ankle / Foot / Toes - Anterior
Popliteus Tibialis anterior
ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
lateral condyle (femur) lateral condyle (tibia);
shaft of tibia
INSERTION:
proximal tibia INSERTION:
medial cuneiform (tarsals);
INNERVATION: metatarsal 1
sciatic nerve
INNERVATION:
ACTION: fibular nerves
flexes / medially rotates
(lower) leg ACTION:
dorsiflexes / inverts foot
Muscles Moving Ankle / Foot / Toes - Anterior Muscles Moving Ankle / Foot / Toes - Anterior
Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus
ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
lateral condyle (tibia); anteromedial shaft of fibula
proximal fibula
INSERTION:
INSERTION: distal phalanx (great toe)
middle / distal phalanges 2 - 5
INNERVATION:
INNERVATION: fibular nerves
fibular nerves
ACTION:
ACTION: extends great toe
extends toes
Muscles Moving Ankle / Foot / Toes - Anterior Muscles Moving Ankle / Foot / Toes - Posterior
Fibularis (longus / brevis) Gastrocnemius (part of triceps surae)
ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
shaft of fibula medial / lateral condyles (femur)
medial cuneiform (tarsals); calcaneus
metatarsals 1 & 5
INNERVATION:
INNERVATION: tibial nerve
fibular nerves
ACTION:
ACTION: plantar flexes foot
plantar flexes / everts foot
Brevis
Longus
(Lateral view) (Posterior view)
5
11/11/2012
Muscles Moving Ankle / Foot / Toes - Posterior Muscles Moving Ankle / Foot / Toes - Posterior
Soleus (part of triceps surae) Plantaris
ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
proximal tibia / fibula posterior femur
calcaneus calcaneus
tibial nerve tibial nerve
ACTION: ACTION:
plantar flexes foot plantar flexes foot
Muscles Moving Ankle / Foot / Toes - Posterior Muscles Moving Ankle / Foot / Toes - Posterior
Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallicus longus
ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
posterior tibia midshaft of fibula
distal phalanges 2 - 5 distal phalanx (great toe)
tibial nerve tibial nerve
ACTION: ACTION:
flexes toes flexes great toe
Muscles Moving Ankle / Foot / Toes - Posterior
Tibialis posterior
ORIGIN:
proximal tibia / fibula
INSERTION:
tarsals; metatarsals 2 - 4
INNERVATION:
tibial nerve
ACTION:
inverts foot
(Posterior view)
6
11/8/2012
Muscles Stabilizing Pectoral Girdle
Pectoralis minor
Muscles of the Upper Limb ORIGIN: INNERVATION:
anterior surface of pectoral nerves
ribs 3 – 5
ACTION:
INSERTION: protracts / depresses scapula
coracoid process
(scapula)
(Anterior view)
Muscles Stabilizing Pectoral Girdle Muscles Stabilizing Pectoral Girdle
Serratus anterior Subclavius

ORIGIN: INNERVATION: ORIGIN: INNERVATION:
ribs 1 - 8 long thoracic nerve rib 1 ----------------
INSERTION: ACTION: INSERTION: ACTION:

medial border of scapula rotates scapula laterally inferior surface of scapula stabilizes / depresses
pectoral girdle
(Lateral view) (anterior view)
Muscles Stabilizing Pectoral Girdle Muscles Stabilizing Pectoral Girdle
Trapezius Levator scapulae

occipital bone / spinous accessory nerve transverse processes of C1 – C4 dorsal scapular nerve
processes of C7 – T12
ACTION: INSERTION: ACTION:
INSERTION: stabilizes / elevates / retracts / upper medial border of scapula elevates / adducts scapula
acromion / spine of scapula; rotates scapula
lateral third of clavicle
1
11/8/2012
Muscles Stabilizing Pectoral Girdle Muscles Moving Arm
Rhomboids Pectoralis major

(major / minor)
spinous processes of C7 – T5 dorsal scapular nerve sternum / clavicle / ribs 1 – 6 dorsal scapular nerve
INSERTION: ACTION: INSERTION: ACTION:

medial border of scapula adducts / rotates scapula intertubucular sulcus / greater tubercle flexes / medially rotates /
(humerus) adducts arm
Muscles Moving Arm Muscles Moving Arm
Deltoid Latissimus dorsi

acromion / spine of scapula; axillary nerve spinous processes of T7 – L5; thoracodorsal nerve
lateral third of clavicle ribs 9 – 12; iliac crest of os coxae
ACTION: ACTION:
INSERTION: abducts arm INSERTION: extends / adducts arm
deltoid tuberosity intertubercular groove
(humerus) (humerus)
(Anterior view) (Posterior view)
Subscapularis Supraspinatus
subscapular fossa subscapular nerve supraspinous fossa suprascapular nerve
(scapula) (scapula)
ACTION: ACTION:
INSERTION: rotates arm medially INSERTION: abducts arm
lesser tubercle greater tubercle
(humerus) (humerus)
2
11/8/2012
Infraspinatus Teres minor

infraspinous fossa suprascapular nerve lateral border of scapula subscapular nerve
(scapula)
ACTION: INSERTION: ACTION:
INSERTION: rotates arm laterally greater tubercle rotates arm laterally
greater tubercle (humerus)
(humerus)
Teres major Coracobrachialis

inferior border of scapula subscapular nerve coracoid process musculocutaneous nerve
(scapula)
INSERTION: ACTION: ACTION:
lesser tubercle rotates arm medially; INSERTION: flexes / adducts arm
(humerus) adducts arm medial shaft of humerus
Muscles Moving Forearm Muscles Moving Forearm
Triceps brachii Anconeus

ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
below glenoid cavity of scapula; lateral epicondyle
posterior shaft of humerus (humerus)
olecranon process olecranon process
(ulna) (ulna)
radial nerve radial nerve
ACTION: ACTION:
extends forearm extends forearm
3
11/8/2012
Muscles Moving Forearm Muscles Moving Forearm
Biceps brachii Brachialis

ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
coracoid process / body anterior face of distal humerus
(scapula)
INSERTION:
INSERTION: coronoid process
radial tuberosity (ulna)
(radius)
INNERVATION:
INNERVATION: musculocutaneous nerve
musculocutaneous nerve
ACTION:
ACTION: flexes forearm
flexes forearm
Muscles Moving Forearm Muscles Moving Wrist, Hand, and Fingers
Brachioradialis Pronator teres

ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
lateral epicondyle medial epicondyle (humerus);
(humerus) coronoid process (ulna)
styloid process lateral shaft of radius
(radius)
INNERVATION:
INNERVATION: median nerve
radial nerve
ACTION:
ACTION: pronates forearm
flexes forearm
(Anterior / Lateral view) (Anterior view)
Muscles Moving Wrist, Hand, and Fingers Muscles Moving Wrist, Hand, and Fingers
Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus

ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
medial epicondyle medial epicondyle
(humerus) (humerus)
metacarpals 2 – 3 palmar aponeurosis
median nerve median nerve
ACTION: ACTION:
flexes / abducts wrist tenses skin of palm
4
11/8/2012
Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis

ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
medial epicondyle (humerus); medial epicondyle (humerus);
olecranon process (ulna) coronoid process (ulna);
shaft of radius
INSERTION:
pisiform / hamate of carpals INSERTION:
middle phalanges 2 - 5
INNERVATION:
ulnar nerve INNERVATION:
median nerve
ACTION:
flexes / adducts wrist ACTION:
flexes wrist / fingers
Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor pollicis longus

ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
coronoid process / anterior surface of radius
anteriolmedial surface (ulna)
INSERTION:
INSERTION: distal phalanx of thumb
distal phalanges 2 - 5
INNERVATION:
INNERVATION: median nerve
ulnar / median nerves
ACTION:
ACTION: flexes thumb
flexes wrist / fingers
Pronator quadratus Extensor carpi radialis

ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
distal surface of anterior ulna lateral epicondyle
(humerus)
INSERTION:
distal surface of anterior radius INSERTION:
metacarpals 2 - 3
INNERVATION:
median nerve INNERVATION:
radial nerve
ACTION:
pronates forearm ACTION:
extends / abducts wrist
(Anterior view) (Posterior / Lateral view)
5
11/8/2012
Extensor digitorum Extensor carpi ulnaris

ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
lateral epicondyle lateral epicondyle
(humerus) (humerus)
distal phalanges 2 – 5 metacarpal 5
ACTION: ACTION:
extends fingers extends / adducts wrist
Supinator Abductor pollicis longus

ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
lateral epicondyle (humerus); posterior surface of radius / ulna
proximal end of ulna
INSERTION:
INSERTION: metacarpal 1; trapezium of carpals
proximal end of radius
INNERVATION:
INNERVATION: radial nerve
radial nerve
ACTION:
ACTION: abducts / extends thumb
suppinates forearm
(Anterior / Lateral view) (Posterior view)
Extensor pollicis Extensor indicis

ORIGIN: ORIGIN:
dorsal shaft of radius / ulna posterior surface of distal ulna
proximal / distal ends of phalange 1 phalange 2
ACTION: ACTION:
extends thumb extends index finger
6
NAME ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE
Frontalis galea aponeurotica skin of eyebrows and • raises the eyebrows Facial
root of nose • wrinkles the forehead
1 horizontally
1
Corrugator supercilii arch of frontal bone skin of eyebrow • draws eyebrows medially Facial
above nasal bone and inferiorly 2
EYE EXPRESSIONS
2 • wrinkles the forehead 4
vertically (frowning)
Levator palpebrae superioris tendinous band upper eyelid • raises eyelids Oculomotor
around optic foramen
3 (near annular ring)
Orbicularis oculi frontal and mazillary tissue of eyelid • blinking Facial

bones and ligaments • squinting
4 around orbit • draws eyebrows inferi-
orly

Superior rectus annular ring superior eyeball • elevates the eye Oculomotor
9
5
5
Inferior rectus annular ring inferior eyeball • depresses the eye Oculomotor
8
6
Medial rectus annular ring medial eyeball • moves the eye medially Oculomotor
EYEBALL MOVERS
7 6 10
Lateral rectus annular ring lateral eyeball • moves the eye laterally Abducens
Superior oblique annular ring superior lateral eye- • depresses the eye & turns Trochlear 9
ball via trochlea it laterally
9 7
5
Inferior oblique medial orbit surface inferolateral eye • elevates the eye & turns it Ocolomotor 8
surface laterally
10
Levator labii superioris zygomatic bone & skin & muscle of up- • raises & furrows the up- Facial
infraorbital margin of per lip per lip
11 maxilla
Zygomaticus minor zygomatic bone skin & muscle @ • raises lateral corners of Facial
corner of mouth mouth (smiling)
12
Zygomaticus major zygomatic bone skin & muscle @ • raises lateral corners of Facial
corner of mouth mouth (smiling) 11
13 12
13
15
Risorius lateral facia assoc. skin @ angle of • draws corner of lip later- Facial 14
with masseter muscle mouth ally
14 • tense of lips
• synergist of zygomaticus
Buccinator molar region of max- orbicularis oris • draws corner of mouth Facial
illa and mandible laterally
15 • compresses cheek (suck-
MOUTH MOVERS
ing)
• holds food between teeth
during chewing
Depressor anguli oris body of mandible skin & muscle @ • draws corner of mouth Facial
below incisors angle of mouth laterally & downward
16 (below insertion of • antagonist of zygomati-
zygomaticus) cus
Depressor labii inferioris body and mandible skin & muscle of • draws lower lip inferiorly Facial
lateral to its midline lower lip (pout)
17
Orbicularis oris arises directly from encircles mouth; • closes lips Facial
maxilla & mandible inserts into muscle • purses and protrues lips 18
18 & skin @ angles of • kissing & whistling 17
mouth
16
Platysma fascia of chest (over lower margin of • depresses mandible Facial 19
pectoral muscle & mandible, and skin & • pulls lower lip back &
19 deltoid) muscle @ corner of down
mouth
Masseter zygomatic arch and angle & ramus of • prime mover of jaw Trigeminal
maxilla mandible closure
20 • elevates mandible
Temporalis temporal fossa coronoid process of • closes jaw Trigeminal

21
mandible • elevates & retracts man-
21 dible
• synergist of pterygoids
• maintains position of
20
mandible at rest
MANDIBLE MOVERS
Medial pterygoid medial surface of medial surface of •synergist of temporalis & Trigeminal
lateral pterygoid plate mandible near its masseter in elevation of
22 of sphenoid bone, angle the mandible
maxilla & palatine • act with lateral ptery-
bone goid muscle to protrude
mandible of to promote
side-to-side movements
(grinding)
23
Lateral pterygoid greater wing & lateral condyle of mandible • protrudes mandible Trigeminal
pterygoid plate of and capsule of tem- • provides forward sliding
22
23 sphenoid bone poromandibular joint and side-to-side grinding
movements of the lower
teeth

Genioglossus internal surface of inferior aspect of the • primarily protrudes Hypoglossal
mandible near sym- tongue and body of tongue
24 physis hyoid bone • can depress or act in con-
cert with other extrinsic
muscles to retract tongue
TONGUE MOVERS
Styloglossus styloid process of lateral inferior aspect • retracts (& elevates) Hypoglossal
temporal bone of tongue tongue
25
25
24 26
Hyoglossus body & greater horn inferolateral tongue • depresses tongue & draws Hypoglossal
of hyoid bone its sides downward
26
Digastric lower margin of man- by a connective tissue • acting in concert, elevate Mandibular
dible (anterior belly) loop to hyoid bone hyoid bone & steady it branch of
27 & mastoid process during swallowing & trigeminal (ante-
of the temporal bone speech rior belly)
(posterior belly) • acting from behind, Facial (posterior
open mouth & depress belly)
mandible
Stylohyoid styloid process of hyoid bone • elevates & retracts hyoid Facial 29
temporal bone -> elongate floor of
27
28 mouth during swallowing
34
31
Mylohyoid medial surface of hyoid bone & medial • elevates hyoid bone & Mandibular
mandible raphe floor of mouth, enabling branch of tri-
29 tongue to exert backward geminal 33 32
& upward pressure for
swallowing
SWALLOWING MUSCLES
Geniohyoid inner surface of man- hyoid bone & medial • pulls hyoid bone su- First cervial
dible raphe periorly & anteriorly, spinal nerve
30 shortening floor of mouth via hypoglossal
and widening pharynx nerve
for receiving food
Sternohyoid manubrium & medial lower margin of hyoid • depresses larynx & hyoid Cervical spinal
end of clavicle bone bone if mandible is fixed nerves 1-3
31 • may also flex skull
Sternothyroid posterior surface of thyroid cartilage • pulls thyroid cartilage Cervical spinal
manubrium (plus larynx & hyoid) nerves 1-3
32 inferiorly
Omohyoid superior surface of hyoid bone, lower • depresses & retracts Cervical spinal
scapula border hyoid bone nerves 1-3
33
28
Thyrohyoid thyroid cartilage hyoid bone • depresses hyoid bone First cervical 30
34
• elevates larynx if hyoid nerve via hypo-
34 is fixed glossal
Sternocleidomastoid manubrium of ster- mastoid process of • prime mover of active Accesory nerve
num & medial portion temporal bone & head flexion (when act
35 of clavicle superior nuchal line together)
of occipital bone • rotates head toward op-
posite side (when act
singularly 35
Splenius (capitis) ligamentum nuchae, mastoid process of • extend or hyperextend Cervical spinal
spinous process of temporal bone & oc- head when act together nerves (dorsal
36 vertebrae C7-T6 cipital bone (capitis) • rotate and bend head lat- rami)
erally toward same side
when act on one side 36
WHOLE HEAD MOVERS
Semispinalis capitis transverse process of occipital bone (ca- • extends head and move it Spinal nerves
C7-T12 pitis) to opposite side (dorsal rami)
37 • synergist with sterno-
cleidomastoid of oppo-
site side
37
Erector spinae iliac crests (luborum) angle of ribs (luborum • extend vertebral column, Spinal nerves
Iliocostalis inferior 6 ribs (tho- & thoracis) maintain posture (dorsal rami)
38-A racis) cervical vertebrae C6- • bend vertebral column to
ribs 3-6 (cervicis) C4 (cervicis) same side when act on
one side
Erector spinae transverse process of transverse process of • thoracis & cervicis act to- Spinal nerves
Longissimus lumbar through cervi- thoracic or cervical gether to extend vertebral (dorsal rami)
cal vertebrae vertebrae and to ribs column
38-B superior to origin; • act on one side, bend it
mastoid process for laterally
capitis • capitis extends heads and 38-C
turns the face toward
TORSO EXTENDERS
same side
38-B
Erector spinae spines of upper lum- spines of upper • extends vertebral column Spinal nerves
Spinalis bat & lower thoracic thoracic & cervical (dorsal rami)
38-C vertebrae vertebrae
38-A
Quadratus lumborum iliac crest & lumbar transverse process of • flexes vertebral column T12 & upper
fascia upper lumbar verte- laterally when alone lumber spinal
39 brae & lower margin • when together extends nerves (ventral 39
of 12th rib lumbar spine & fixes rami)

12th rib
• maintains upright posture
• assists in forced breathing
External intercostals inferior border of rib superior border of rib • elevate rib cage, aids in Intercostal
above below inspiration
40 • synergist of diaphragm
40
Internal intercostals superior border of rib inferior border (costal • depress rib cage, aid in Intercostal
below groove) of rib above forced expiration
41 • antagonist of external
BREATHING MUSCLES
intercostals
41
Diaphragm inferior, internal central tendon • prime mover of inspira- Phrenic

surface of rib cage & tion, flattens on contrac-
42 sternum, costal carti- tion
lages of last six ribs &
lumbar vertebrae
42
Rectus Abdominis pubic crest & sym- xyphoid process & • flex & rotate lumbar re- Intercostals
physis costal cartilages of gion of vertebral column
43 ribs 5-7 • fix & depress ribs
• stabilize pelvis during
walking
• increase intra-abdominal
pressure
External oblique outer surface of lower linea alba via aponeu- • when together, synergist Intercostals 46 43
ABDOMINAL MUSCLES
8 ribs rosis to rectus abdominis, flex 45

44 vertebral column & com-
44
press abdominal wall
• when alone, synergist to
muscles of back, roate &
lateral flexion of trunk
Internal oblique lumbar fascia, iliac linea alba, pubic • same as external oblique Intercostals
crest, & inguinal liga- crest, last 3 or 4 ribs,
45 ment & costal margin
45 43 46
Transverse abdominis inguinal ligament, linea alba, pubic crest • compresses abdominal Intercostals
lumbar fascia, carti- contents
46 lages of last 6 ribs,
iliac crest 44

Levator ani inside pevis from pu- inner surface of coc- • supports & maintains S4 & inferior
48 47
bis to ischial spine cyx pelvic viscera rectal
• resists downward thrusts
PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLES
47
• forms sphincters at ano-
rectal junction & vagina
• lifts anal canal during
defecation
Coccygeus spine of ischium sacrum & coccyx • supports pelvic viscera S4 & S5
• supports coccyx & pulls
48 it forward 47
47
Pectoralis minor anterior surface of coracoid process of • draws scapula forward & Both pectoral
ribs 3-5 (or 2-4) scapula downward (ribs fixed) nerves
49 • draws rib cage superiorly
(scaupla fixed)
Subclavius costal cartilage of groove on inferior • stablizes & depresses Nerve to subcla- 50
rib 1 surface of clavicle pectoral girdle vius
50
49
Serratus anterior by series of muscle anterior surface of • agonist to protract & hold Long thoracic
(boxer’s muscle) slips from ribs 1-9 vertebral border of scapula against rib cage nerve
scapula • rotates scapula (infe- 51
51 rior angle laterally &
upward)
• abduct & raise arm &
horizontal arm move-
ments
Trapezius occipital bone, spine & acromion of • stablizes, raises, retracts Accesory nerve
ligamentum nuchae, scapula, lateral 3rd of & rotates scapula
SHOULDER MOVERS
52 spines of C7 - T12 clavicle • adducts & retracts

scapula (middle)
• elevates scapula or syner-
gist to head extension
(suprior)
• depresses scapula & 53
shoulder (inferior) 52
Levator scapulae transverse processes medial border of • elevates & adducts Cervical spinal
of C1-C4 scapula, superior to scapula (synergist to nerves & dorsal 54
53 spine trapezius) scapular nerve 55
• tilts glenoid cavity down,
flexes neck to same side
(fixed scapula)
Rhomboid minor spinous processes of medial border of • retract scapula (squar- Dorsal scapular
C7 & T1 scapula ing shoulders), synergist nerve
54 with middle fibers of
Trapezius
• rotate glenoid cavity
Rhomboid major spinous processes of medial border of downward (lowering arm
T2-T5 scapula against resistence)
55
• stablize scapula
Pectoralis major sternal end of clavi- by a short tendon into • agonist of arm flexion Lateral &
cle, sternum, cartilage intertubercular groove • rotates arm medially medial pectoral
56 of ribs 1-6, & apo- of humerus • adducts arm against resistance nerves
neurosis of external • pulls rib cage upward with scapula 58
oblique muscle fixed
Latissimus dorsi via lumbodorsal floor of intertubercu- • agonist of arm extension Thoracodorsal 56
fascia into spines of lar groove of humerus • powerful arm adductor
57 T7-L5, lower 4 ribs & • medially rotates arm & shoulder
iliac crest • depresses scapula
• pulls body upward & forward with
arms fixed overhead
Deltoid lateral 3rd of clavicle, deltoid tuberosity of • agonist of arm abduction with all fi- Axillary nerve
acromion & spine of humerus bers, antagonist of pectoralis major
58 scapula & latissimus dorsi 59
• flexes & medially rotates humerus
with anterior fibers, synergist of
pectoralis major
• extends & laterally rotates arms with
60
posterior fibers
ARM MOVERS
62
Supraspinatus supraspinous fossa of superior part of • stabilizes shoulder joint Suprascapular 63
scapula greater tubercle of • helps prevent downward dislocation nerve
59 humerus of humerus
Infraspinatus infraspinous fossa of greater tubercle of • helps to hold head of humerus in Suprascapular
scapula humerus, posterior to glenoid cavity nerve
57
60 supraspinatus • stabilizes the shoulder joint
• rotates humerus laterally
Subscapularis subscapular fossa of lesser tubercle of • chief medial rotator of humerus, as- Subcapular
61 scapula humerus sisted by pectoralis major nerve
• helps to hold head of humerus in 61
glenoid cavity, stablizes shoulder
Teres minor lateral border of dor- greater tubercle of same as infraspinatus Axillary nerve
sal scapular surface humerus, inferior to
62 infraspinatus 64
Teres major posterior surface of intertubercular groove • posteromedially extends, medially Lower scapular
scapula @ inferior of humerus, tendon rotates, & adducts arm nerve
63 angle fused with tendon of • synergist of latissimus dorsi
latissimus dorsi
Coracobrachialis coracoid process of medial surface of • flexion & adduction of humerus Musculocutane-
64 scapula humerus shaft • synergist of pectoralis major ous nerve
Biceps brachii long head (65-1): tuber- by common tendon to • flexes elbor joint & supinates Musculocutane-
cle above glenoid cav- radial tuberosity forearm (usually at the same ous nerve
65 ity and lip of glenoid time)
cavity of scapula • weak flexor of arm @ shoulder
short head: (65-2): cora-
coid process of scapula
68-1
Brachialis front of distal humerus coronoid process of • major forearm flexor, synergist Musculocutane- 68-2
68-3
66 ulna with biceps brachii ous nerve 65
66
67
Brachioradialis lateral supracondylar base of styloid pro- • synergist in forearm flexion, best Radial nerve
ridge @ distal end of cess of radius when forearm is partially flexed
67 humerus • stablizes the elbow during rapid
FOREARM MOVERS
flexion & extension
Triceps brachii lateral head (68-1): pos- by common tendon • agonist of forearm extension Radial nerve
terior shaft of humerus into olacrenon pro- (medial head) 68-1
68 long head (68-2) : cess of ulna • antagonist of forearm flexors
infraglenoid tubercle • stablizes shoulder joint & assist in
of scapula arm adduction (long head tendon) 68-2
medial head (68-3):
posterior humeral shaft 69
distal to radial groove
Anconeus lateral epicondyle of lateral aspect of ola- • abducts ulna during forearm Radial nerve
65-1
humerus cranon process pronation 65-2
69 • synergist of triceps brachii in 66
elbow extension
Pronator teres medial epicondyle of hu- by common tendon • pronates forearm Median nerve
merus, coronoid process into lateral radius, • weak flexor of elbow
FOREARM ROTATORS
70 of ulna midshaft
Supinator lateral epicondyle of hu- lateral, anterior & • forcibly supinates forearm with Posterior inter- 70
merus, radial collateral posterior surfaces of biceps brachii osseous nerve 71
71 & annular ligaments, proximal 1/3 of radius • weakly supinates forearm work-
supinator fossa & crest ing along
of ulna • antagonist of Pronator teres
Flexor carpi medial epicondyle of base of 2nd & 3rd • powerful flexor of wrist Median nerve
radialis humerus metacarpals (anterior) • abducts the hand
• weak syngergist of elbow flexion
72
Palmaris longus medial epicondyle of palmar aponeurosis, • weak wrist flexor Median nerve
WRIST FLEXORS
humerus skin & fascia of palm • weak synergist of elbow flexion

73 • tenses skin of palm during hand 75
movements 72
Flexor carpi medial epicondyle of pisiform & hamate • powerful flexor of writs Ulnar nerve 73
74
77
ulnaris humerus, olecranon pro- bones & base of 5th • adducts hand with extensor carpi
cess & posterior surface metacarpal (anterior) ulnaris
74 of ulna • stablized wrist during finger
extension
Extensor carpi lateral supracondylar base of 2nd metacar- • extends wrist with extensor carpi Radial nerve
radialis longus ridge of humerus pal (posterior) ulnaris
WRIST EXTENSORS
• abducts write with flexor carpi

75 radialis
Extensor carpis lateral epicondyle of base of 5th metacar- • extends & adducts wrist Deep branch of
ulnaris humerus & posterior pal (posterior) radial nerve
border of ulna
76
Flexor digitorum medial epicondyle of hu- by four tendons into • flexes wrist & middle phalanges Median nerve
superficialis merus, coronoid process middle phalanges of of fingers 2-5
of ulna, shaft of radius fingers 2-5
77
Extensor lateral epicondyle of by four tendons into • prime mover of finger extension Posterior inter-
digitorum humerus extensor expansions • extends wrist osseous nerve, a
& distal phalanges of • can abduct (flare) fingers branch of radial
78 fingers 2-5 nerve 78
81
FINGER MOVERS
Extensor digiti lateral epicondyle of extensor expansion of • extends 5th digit Posterior inter- 76
minimi humerus 5th digit osseous nerve, 80
deep branch of 79
79 radial nerve
Extensor pollicis posterior surface of base of distal phallanx • extends thumb Posterior inter-
longus middle 3rd of ulna of thumb osseous nerve
80
Abductor pollicis posterior surface of base of 1st metacarpal • abducts & extends thumb Posterior inter-
longus radius & ulna & trapezium osseous nerve
81
Satorius anterior superior iliac medial aspect of • flexes, abducts & laterally rotates Femoral nerve
spine proximal tibia the thigh
82 • flexes knee (weak)
Iliopsoas iliac fossa & crest, lat- lesser trochanter of • prime mover of thigh flexion Femoral nerve
Iliacus eral sacrum femur • lateral flexion of vertebral column
84
83
83 (psoas)
89
Iliopsoas transverse processes of lesser trochanter of Ventral nerve
85
Psoas major L1-L5, bodies & discs of femur
T12-L5
84 82 88
86
Pectineus pectineal line of pubis inferior from lesser • adducts, flexes & medially rotates Femoral & obtu- 87
trochanter to linea thigh rator nerve
85 aspera
87
Gracilis inferior ramus & body of medial surface of tibi- • adducts thigh Obturator nerve
pubis, ischial ramus al shaft just inferior to • flexes & medially rotates leg 88
86 medial condyle (when walking)
Adductor magnus ischial & pubic rami, linea aspera & adduc- • adducts & medially rotates thigh Obturator nerve
ischial tuberosity tor tubercle of femur (anterior part)
THIGH MOVERS
87 • synergist of hamstring in thigh

91
extension (posterior part)
Adductor longus pubic near pubic sym- linea aspera • adducts, flexes & medially rotates Anterior divi-
physis thigh sion of obturator 90
88 nerve
Tensor fasciae anterior iliac crest & iliotibial tract • flexes & abducts thigh (synergist Superior gluteal
latae anterior superior iliac of iliopsoas & gluteus muscles) nerve
spine • rotates thigh medially
89 • steadies the trunk by pulling ilio-
tibial tract taut (locking the knee)
Gluteus maximus dorsal ilium, sacrum & gluteal tuberosity of • major extensor of thigh Inferior gluteal
coccyx femur, iliotibial tract • laterally rotates & abducts thigh nerve 91
90 • inactive during standing 92
Gluteus medius lateral surface of ilium via short tendon • abducts thigh Superior gluteal
between anterior & pos- into lateral aspect of • anterior part rotates hip medially nerve
91 terior gluteal lines greater trochanter • posterior part rotates hip lateraly
90
Gluteus minimus dorsal ilium between an- superior border of • abducts & medially rotates thigh Superior gluteal
terior & inferior gluteal greater trochanter of nerve
92 lines femur
Biceps femoris long head (a): ischial by common tendon • extends thigh & flexes knee Sciatic nerve
tuberosity into head of fibula • laterally rotates leg when knee
93 short head (b): linea & lateral condyle of is flexed
aspera & distal femur tibia
Semitendinosus iscial tuberosity medial aspect of up- • extends thigh & flexes knee Sciatic nerve
per tibial shaft • medially rotates leg with semi-
94 membranosus
HAMSTRINGS
93
Semimembranosus ischial tuberosity medial condyle of • extends thigh & flexes knee Sciatic nerve 94
tibia • medially rotates leg
95 95
Popliteus lateral condyle of femur proximal tibia (poste- • unlocks knee by flexes & ro- Tibial nerve
96
rior surface) tates leg medially
96 • rotates thigh laterally with tibia
fixed
Rectus femoris anterior inferior iliac • extends knee Femoral nerve

spine & superior margin • flexes thigh @ hip
97 of acetabulum
Vastus lateralis greater trochanter, inter- • extends & stablizes knee Femoral nerve
trochanteric line, linea
98 aspera
QUADRICEPS
patella & tibial

tuberosity via patella
Vastus medialis linea aspera, intertro- ligament • extends knee Femoral nerve 98
chanteric line • stablizes patella (inferior fibers) 97
99 100
98
99
99
Vastus intermedius anterior & lateral sur- • extends knee Femoral nerve
faces of proximal femur
100
Tibialis anterior lateral condyle & upper by tendon into • prime mover of dorsiflexion Deep fibular
2/3 of tibial shaft, inter- inferior surface of • inverts foot nerve
101 osseous membrane medial cuneiform & • assist in supporting medial longi-
1st metatarsal tudinal arch
104
102
101
Fibularis longus head & upper portion of by long tendon • plantar flexes & everts foot Superficial fibu- 105
lateral fibula underfoot into 1st • may help keep foot flat on ground lar nerve
102 metatarsal & medial
cuneiform 104
105
102
101
Fibularis brevis distal fibula shaft by tendon behind • plantar flexes & everts foot Superficial fibu-
lateral malleolus into lar nerve
103 base of 5th metatarsal 103
FOOT MOVERS
Gastrocnemius by two heads from me- • plantar flexes foot when knee is Tibial nerve
dial & lateral condyles extended
104 of femur • flexes knee when foot is dorsi-
flexed
posterior calcaneus 106

106
Soleus superior tibia, fibula & via calcaneal tendon • plantar flexes foot Tibial nerve 96
inerosseous membrane (Achilles) • important locomoter & postural
105 muscle 105
104
105
Plantaris posterior femur above via a long, thin ten- • assists in knee flexion Tibial nerve
lateral condyle don into calcaneus or • plantar flexion of foot
106 calcaneal tendon
Extensor hallucis anteromedial fibula shaft distal phalanx of big • extends big toe Deep fibular
longus & interosseous mem- toe • dorsiflexes foot nerve
brane
107
108
107
Extensor lateral condyle of tibia, middle & distal pha- • prime mover of toe extension Deep fibular
digitorum longus proximal 3/4 of fibula, langes of toes 2-5 via (mainly @ metatarsal joints) nerve
interosseous membrane extensor expansion • dorsiflexes foot (with tibialis an-
108 terior & extensor hallucis longus)
TOE MOVERS
Flexor hallucis mid-shaft of fibula, inter- tendon runs underfoot • plantar flexes & inverts foot Tibial nerve
longus osseous membrane to distal phalanx of • flexes big toe (push-off muscle
big toe when walking)
109
109
Flexor digitorum posterior tibia tendon runs behind • plantar flexes & inverts foot Tibial nerve 110
longus medial malleolus & • flexes toes

insert into distal pha- • helps foot “grip” ground
110 lanx of toes 2-5 110
109
MUSCLES OF THE BACK
Complex but divisible

into 3 groups (in layers)
with different functions:
A. SUPERFICIAL LAYER -
move upper extremity
(arm)
B. INTERMEDIATE
LAYER- Respiratory
muscles (insert to ribs)
C. DEEP LAYER - move
trunk and back
MUSCLES OF THE BACK
- layered and multifunctional
Vertebrae
- almost all take origin from
Upper vertebrae
Extremity
(arm)
IN LAB: ORIENT TO
SKELETON
1) Vertebra in midline
2) Ribs attach to vertebrae

(thorax) - ribs move in respiration
3) Upper extremity (arm) - mostly

Ribs
free to move; attach to vertebrae
by muscles
SUPERFICIAL GROUP- origin VERTEBRAE;
insert scapula, clavicle, humerus
VERTEBRAE
CLAVICLE SUPERFICIAL GROUP- insert
to bones of upper extremity
1) CLAVICLE- only bony
attachment of upper
extremity to rest of skeleton
SCAPULA
2) SCAPULA- shoulder blade
3) HUMERUS- arm attaches
to scapula, if move scapula,
move arm
Functions- specialized for

freedom of movement
1. TRAPEZIUS –
Origin:
1) Skull - External occipital
protuberance
2) Fascia - Ligamentum nuchae
3) Vertebrae - spines of C7, T1-T12
Insert:
1) Clavicle - lateral 1/3;
2) Scapula - acromion and spine
Actions:
1) Elevates (upper fibers) and
Depresses (lower fibers) Shoulder
2) Retracts scapula
3) Extends head
Innervation: Accessory nerve
(Cranial nerve XI)
2. LATISSIMUS DORSI
Origin: Vertebrae T6-T12

(spines)
Fascia- Thoracolumbar fascia
Pelvic Bone- Iliac crest;
Insertion: Humerus-
Intertubercular (bicipital)
groove
Actions: Adducts, extends,
and medially rotates arm
Innervation: Thoracodorsal
nerve
Latissimus = broad, wide in Latin

THORACOLUMBAR (LUMBAR)
FASCIA – covers deep muscles
of back
- attaches medially to
spines of vertebrae
- inferiorly to ilium
(pelvic bone)
Provides for muscle

attachments
3. LEVATOR SCAPULAE
Origin: Vertebrae (C1-C4
transverse processes)
Insertion: Scapula (sup. angle
and medial border)
4. RHOMBOID MINOR
Origin: Vertebrae (C7, T1 spines)
Insert: Scapula (med. border)
5. RHOMBOID MAJOR
Origin: Vertebrae T2-T5 spines;
Insert: Scapula (med. Border)
to Inferior Angle
Action: All elevate and adduct
scapula rhombus
Innervation: All by Dorsal scapular
nerve
TRIANGLE OF
AUSCULTATION – Medial
to scapula
Boundaries
Inferior - Lat. Dorsi
Superior - Trapezius
Lateral - Rhomboid
Major
overlies 6th intercostal

space; floor has no
large muscles- good
place for listening with
stethoscope
Auscultation = listening
Intermediate Group- associated with Respiration
All Origin- Vertebra; All Insert- Ribs
1. LEVATORES COSTARUM
Origin: Vertebrae (C7, T1-11
transverse processes)
Insert: Ribs (below origin)
Action: Raise ribs in
Inspiration
Innervation: Dorsal primary
rami of thoracic spinal
nerves
LEVATOR
COSTARUM
Costa = Rib
2. SERRATUS
POSTERIOR SUPERIOR -
Origin: Vertebrae
(cervical and upper
thoracic spines)
Insert: Ribs
Action: Raise ribs in
inspiration
3. SERRATUS POSTERIOR
INFERIOR -
Origin: Vertebrae lumbar
and lower thoracic spines;
Insert: Ribs
Action: Lower ribs in
expiration
Innervation: both muscles by

Intercostal Nerves
DEEP GROUP- divisible into 3 subgroups: Splenius,
Erector Spinae, Transversospinalis
- all extend trunk

of neck when act
bilaterally
- all located
dorsal to
vertebral column
- all innervated
by dorsal rami of
spinal nerves
DEEP GROUP OF BACK MUSCLES
divisible into three subgroups
1. SPLENIUS
2. ERECTOR SPINAE
3. TRANSVERSO-SPINALIS –
deep to Erector Spinae
ALL
1. Act to Extend trunk when act
bilaterally
2. Located dorsal to vertebral
column
3. Innervated by Dorsal primary
rami of spinal nerves
ORIENT – ON CADAVER (OR PATIENT)
- CAN PALPATE
SPINES OF
VERTEBRAE
TRANSVERSE
PROCESSES ARE
LATERAL TO
SPINE
1. SPLENIUS CAPITIS AND SPLENIUS
SPLENIUS CERVICIS- located deep to trapezius;
CAPITIS
both muscles have same origin,
SPLENIUS different insertions
CERVICIS
Origin: Vertebrae (Spines of T1-
T4)
Insert: Splenius Capitis- Skull
(Occipital, Temporal bones)
Splenius Cervicis- Vertebrae
(Transverse processes C2, C3)
Action: Extend neck and head;
rotate in unilateral action
2. ERECTOR SPINAE- three
columns of muscle lying in
parallel
SPINALIS- most medial

LONGISSIMUS- intermediate
ILIOCOSTALIS- lateral
ERECTOR SPINAE- actually itself 3 subgroups in parallel
c. SPINALIS b. LONGISSIMUS a. ILIOCOSTALIS

Origin: Spinous Origin: Transverse Origin: Ilium & ribs
processes Processes Insertion: Ribs or
Insertion: Spinous Insertion: Transverse Transverse Processes
processes Processes Above
Medial Lateral
NOMENCLATURE- You learn as groups - single
muscles named for location of insertion
Capitis = Head
Ex. Iliocostalis
Cervicis = Neck Single muscles:
Thoracis = thorax Iliocostalis Cervicis
& vertebrae
Iliocostalis Thoracis
Lumborum = Iliocostalis Lumborum
lumbar vertebrae
3. TRANSVERSOSPINALIS
- ALL: Origin:
transverse processes
Insert: spines of
vertebrae above
Parts differ in how many

vertebrae they extend
across
a. Semispinalis- 5 or 6
b. Multifidus- 3 or 4
c. Rotatores- 1 or 2
Act: Extend trunk in
bilateral action, rotate
unilaterally
Note: Orientation of muscle fibers: transversospinalis are

angled up and in toward spines; erector spinae are parallel to
vertebral column
MUSCLES OF BACK – LAB DO BOTH SIDES
1) Mid-Line incision along

spines
2) Extend out as flaps
3) In neck just see trapezius
Skip:
p.133 Greater Occip. Nerve,
Occip. Artery)
p.134 Accessory Nerve
p. 136 – Splenius capitis
Semispinalis capitis
LAB - DO BOTH SIDES
1) Make Midline
Incision Along
Spines of
Vertebrae
2) Extend From
Base of Skull
to Pelvis
(Sacrum)
3) Extend
Laterally to
Point of
Shoulder, Side
of Hips
LAB
4) Lift shoulder
up Trapezius
5) Define Lateral
Border of
Trapezius
6) Define
Triangle of
Auscultation Lat.
Dorsi
7) Cut Origin of
Trapezius from
Spines of
Vertebrae
8) See Levator
Scapulae and
Rhomboids
LAB Levator
Scapulae
4) Lift shoulder
up
Rhomboideus
5) Define Lateral Minor
Border of
Trapezius
Rhomboideus
6) Define Major
Triangle of
Auscultation
7) Cut Origin of
Trapezius from
Spines of
Vertebrae
8) See Levator
Scapulae and
Rhomboids
LAB
9) Extend down
midline incision
to origin of
Latissimus dorsi
10) Reflect
muscle laterally
(like opening a
book)
11) See second
layer and deep
muscles
INTERMEDIATE GROUP - RESPIRATION
Serratus
Posterior
Superior
Serratus
Posterior
Inferior
ERECTOR SPINAE- orient to transverse processes
Iliocostalis -
Ilium -> Ribs
Ribs -> Ribs+
TRANSVERSE
PROCESSES
Longissimus -
-> transverse
processes
Spinalis -
spines -> spines
TRANSVERSOSPINALIS- deep
look for orientation - transverse process to spines
Orientation of
muscle fibers
angled

Anat Muscle

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Anat Muscle

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Myology

the study of muscles

40% of our body weight is muscle.

Myology: support the skeleton, produces body movements,

Belly: muscle fibers

Some muscles more than one belly

Prime movers( agonist)

• A muscle that provides

• Location of the muscle

(3) Muscles around mouth

Between the base of skull and mandible

Between the base of skull and mandible

(3) Medial pterygoid

Between the hyoid bone and

Actions: pull hyoid upward, backward

Actions: depress, retract and steady hyoid bone

4. Deep cervical muscles

REGIONS OF THE NECK:

4. ANTERIOR CERVICAL REGION. It is a space on the side of the neck situated

The Submandibular Triangle

FASCIAE OF THE NECK

The Interfascial Cellular Spaces

The Deep Intermuscular Spaces

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

PLAY A&P Flix™: Muscles of the forearm (b)

PLAY A&P Flix™: Muscles of the forearm (c) Pronator

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

• Extensor Digitorum Tendons of extensor

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Tendons of extensor Tendons of extensor

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Fourth Adductor pollicis

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

professor Viorel Nacu

The Femoral (Scarp’s) triangle

a., v., n. obturatorius

Fascia lata make two fibrous

Entrance – femoral artery and vein, and

Anterior exit (vastoadductorial) – a. genu

Posterior exit (hiatus adductorius) –

is a neuromuscular disorder that occurs when the sciatic

Contents of the popliteal space:

6. Bottom of the popliteal space – the last layer.

Lateral plantar compartment contains:

Central plantar compartment contains, by levels:

• Posterior tibial artery is

• Anterior tibial artery is

Muscles Moving Thigh - Anterior

Muscles of the Lower Limb Iliacus (part of iliopsoas)

Muscles Moving Thigh - Anterior Muscles Moving Thigh - Anterior

Psoas major (part of iliopsoas) Tensor fasciae latae