Myology

Prepaed by: Muhammed.H

 Group discussion

Define myology?
What is muscle?
Mention type of muscle?
Describe Importance of muscle?
Is muscle vary among domestic animals?
• Myology is the study of structural and
functional organization of muscle tissue
and related structures (tendons and
aponeurosis).
• Muscle tissue is a major component of
the body.
• embryologically derived from
mesoderm (middle germ layer ).
Importance of studying muscle (myology)
• To understand structure of muscle
• To know the muscles involved in surgical
procedures
• To know muscles involved in meat
inspection
• To differentiate different sites of muscles
for injection of drugs (medicine)
intramuscularly
 Functions of muscles
• Muscles play a role in locomotion, respiration,
digestion, circulation, vision, temperature regulation.
Example:
Muscles permit locomotion by contracting & relaxing
Respiration muscle move air into & out of the lungs
Contraction of skin muscles causes the hair to stand up
Muscle in the walls of stomach and intestines contract to
mix and propel food GIT.
 2. Classification of muscle
Muscle tissue is classified both morphologically
and functionally in to three basic types.
1. Smooth muscle (non-striated, involuntary)
2. Cardiac muscle (striated, involuntary)
3. Skeletal muscle (striated, voluntary)
 Smooth Muscle
• involuntary (not under conscious control)
• hollow organs and blood vessels, glands, spleen,
eye ball and hair follicles
• major components of wall of organs of digestive,
urogenital systems and most blood vessels
• Contraction of smooth muscle do not require
stimulation by nerve, which is regulated and
coordinated by the autonomic nervous system.
 Cardiac Muscle
• involuntary
• contracts intrinsically and it is not under
voluntary control.
• found in the heart
• Its rhythmic contraction is responsible for
the circulation of blood
 Skeletal Muscle
• striated and voluntary (under
conscious control)
• Attached with bones of the skeleton
• constitute the bulk of muscle of the
animal body (butcher's meat)
 Organization of the skeletal muscles
• Each individual muscle is composed of many
cells (muscle fibers)
• endomysium
• perimysium.
• epimysium, which forms the muscle visible as
flesh.
 The epimysium is the outer covering of entire
muscles.
• Fascia is connective tissue membrane separating
muscles from each other and binding them into
position.
• Origin of muscle- is the more stable of the
attachment sites of the muscle, which does not
move much when the muscle contracts. It denotes
the more proximal attachment.
• Insertion of muscle- The more movable
attachment site of a muscle, which undergoes
most of the movement when a muscle contracts. It
denotes the more distal and peripheral attachment.
Functional groupings of Muscles
 a) Flexors: - a muscle towards which the joint
bends (decrease the angle between the
segment). Eg: Biceps brachi muscle is the
flexor of the elbow joint.

• b) Extensors: - a muscle towards which the

joint stretches or extends (increase the angle
between the segment). Eg: triceps brachi
muscle is the extensor of the elbow joint.
• c) Adductors: - muscles that tend to pull a part
toward the median plane. Eg: Pectoral muscles
are adductors of the forelimb.
• d) Abductors: - muscles that tend to move the
part away from the median plane.
Eg: deltoides muscle is abductor of the
forelimb
• e) Levators: - muscles that elevate the part of
the body. Eg: levatornasolabialis muscle
• f) Sphincters: - are muscles that surround the
openings of the body.
Eg: - Pyloric sphincter- smooth muscle surrounds
the opening between the stomach and intestine,
which controls passage of food from the
stomach to intestine.
-Cardiac sphincter: -at the entrance of the
esophagus to the stomach
- Orbicularis oculli -composed of striated muscle
fibers in the eyelids
- Orbicularis oris- around the oral opening
- Anal sphincter: - around the anal opening
• g) Agonist (primary movers): - muscles that are
directly responsible for producing desired action.
Eg: If the extension of the elbow joint is the desired
action, the triceps brachi muscle become agonists
• h). Antagonists: - are muscles that oppose the
desired action, have an action opposite to agonists.
Eg: - In the extension of the elbow, the biceps brachi
and brachialis muscles are antagonists.
• i) Synergists: - muscles oppose any undesired
action on the agonists and assist it in carrying out
its action.
 Nomenclature of the skeletal muscles
1. Some muscle name derived from their action:
Action Description Example

Adductor Adducts the part m. adductors

Depressor Depress the part M. Depressor labimaxillaris

Extensor extend the part Extensor carpiradialis

Levator Elevate the part Levator nasolabialis

Flexor flexes the part flexor carpi-radialis

 2. Muscles Name drived from shape

Shape Description Example

Deltoid shape like delta 'D' M. deltoides

Orbicularis circular shaped M. orbicularis oris

Quadratus square shaped M. quadratus femoris

Rhomboideus diamond shape M.rhomboides

trapezius trapezoidal shape M. trapezius

3. Some muscles are named by their location-
Eg: biceps brachi muscle is located in the
brachial (upper arm) region.
Brachialis -------- Arm
Femoris ----------- femur
Gluteus ----------- posterior to the hip/thigh/
Oculi -------------- eye
Oris -------------- oral/mouth/
Frontalis ----------- frontal (bone)
Radialis -----------radius
ulnaris -----------ulna
 4. Muscles can named by their
direction of the fibers
direction of the Description Example
fibers

Oblique diagonal to the M. obliquu

body's mid line carpiradialis

Rectus Straight (parallel to M. rectus abdominis

the mid line)

Transversus At the right angle to M. transversus

the mid line abdominis
 5. Muscles are named by their
attachment sites
Eg: M. sternocephalicus
M. brachiocephalicus
6. Muscles can also be named depending on their
relative position

Example :Externus ---------- external

Internus ----------- internal
Profundus -------- deep
Superficialis ------superficial
Caudalis ----------- caudal
Lateralis ------------ lateral
 7. Some muscles are named
according to their relative size
Size Description Example

brevis Short M.peroneus brevis

longus Long M.peroneus

longus
Medius Medial on size M. gluteus medius
 4. Regional classification of skeletal
muscle
 Cutaneous muscles:
 are developed in the superficial fascia b/n the skin
& deep fascia covering the skeletal muscles
 they are responsible for the movement of the skin.

Cutaneous muscle divided into fascial, cervical,

omobrachial and abdominal parts.
• The fascial part (m. cutaneous faciei) - the muscle
extends over the mandibular space and the masseter
muscle.
• The cervical part (m. cutaneous colli) - muscle
situated along the ventral region of the neck.
• Omobrachial part (m. cutaneous
omobrachialis) - it covers the lateral surface of
the shoulder and arm.
• The abdominal part (m. cutaneous trunci) -
the muscle covers a large part of the body of
animal caudal to the shoulder and arm.
 2. Muscles of the head
• Have roles of: control fascial expression,
enable chewing (mastication), move sensory
structures, such as the eyes and ears.
• Includes muscles that are found in association
with mouth area (muzzle, lips), nose, orbit, the
mandible, hyoid apparatus, tongue, and ear.
 Muscle of head may be grouped as:
2.1. Muscle of mastication -are those muscles
attached with the mandible.
 Their contraction produces the jaw movements
associated with chewing of food.
 In this group, there are a number of muscles,
which all arises from maxilla and the cranium
and inserted in to the mandible.
1. Temporalis muscle
2. Masseter muscle
• A powerful masticatory muscle occupies
majority of the cheek area of the head lies
lateral to the mandible and well developed in
herbivores
3. Pterygoid muscle
4. Digastricus muscle
2.2. Muscles of facial expression
- These are muscles that move the skin of face and
the head to express feelings.
A. muscles of the muzzles, nostril, lips and
cheeks
-M. Frontalis -M. Orbicularis oris (surround the
mouth opening)
B. Muscles of the eyelid and eyeball
- Orbicularis oculi (muscle that surrounds the
opening of the eyelids)
C. Muscles of the ear
2.3. Muscles of the tongue- include styloglossus,
hyoglossus, genioglossus.
 They help to retract or draw the tongue.

2.4. Muscles of hyoid apparatus- include

mylohyoideus, stylohyoideus.
 They help to raise or draw the base of the tongue
or hyoid bone.
 3. Muscles of the neck region
• Muscles of the neck support the head, and
allow the head and neck to flex, extend and
move laterally.
• Muscles of the neck is divided into:
 Ventral cervical muscles and
 Dorsolateral cervical muscles
 Ventral Cervical Muscles
1. Sternocephalicus muscle
2. Sternothyrohyoideus muscle
3. Omohyoideus muscle
4. Longus colli and longus capitis muscles
 Dorsolateral muscles of the neck
• They are commonly used for intramuscular
injection of drugs (medicine) in equine species
(horse, donkey) as
• Gluteal muscles not to be used for the sake of
safety of the veterinarian and risk of ischiatic
nerve.
i). Brachiocephalicus muscle
ii). Trapezius muscle
iii). Rhomboideus cervicis muscle
iv. Serratus ventralis cervicis muscle
v). Spelinius muscle
vi). Omotransversarius muscle
 4. Muscles of the back and Loin (Vertebral
column)
• include all muscles, which are situated along the
vertebral column.
• divided into two divisions:1.Epaxial muscles and
2.
Hypaxial muscles
1. Epaxial muscles: These muscles placed dorsal
to the line of the transverse processes.
• They are extensor of spinal column.
 major muscles in this group are :
a. Lateral column (Iliocostalis muscle) –extend from
ilium to caudal cervical region.
b. Middle column (Longissimus muscle) - largest and
longest muscle.
• extend from ilium to the skull.
c. Medial column (Transversospinalis muscle) –located
near the midline
• Extends from sacrum to the cervical region.
2. Hypaxial muscles - lies ventral to the transverse process
of the vertebrae.
• are flexor muscles of vertebral column. These groups of
muscles include:
a. Longus colli muscle – runs from the cranial thoracic
region to the atlas
b. Longus capitis muscle – lies lateral to the longus colli,
and extends from the transverse process of the mid-
cervical vertebrae to the skull.
c. Scalenus muscle – occupies the caudal cervical
vertebrae.
d. Rectus capitis ventralis m. – extends from the atlas to
the ventral aspect of the skull.
 5. Muscles of chest (Brisket region)
• Pectoralis major muscle – It is the large chest
muscles
• Pectoralis minor muscle – It is located
underneath the pectoralis major
• Pectoralis superficialis (Pectoralis transverses
and Pectoralis descendants) and
• Pectoralis profundus
 6. Muscle of the thorax
 Include muscles attached to thoracic vertebrae,
ribs and their cartilage, sternum & the diaphragm.
 They are the muscles of respiration
 inspiratory muscle- enlarges the thoracic cavity,
and causing air to flow into the lungs, and
 expiratory muscle- diminishes the thoracic cavity,
and forcing air out of the lungs by decreasing the
size of the thoracic cavity.
 Generally they are:
1. Intercostal muscles – arranged in two layers that
fill the spaces between the ribs:
a. External intercostals muscle- are outermost
layer confined to a single intercostals space.
 origin on one rib to a termination on the
following rib
 fibers of this muscle run caudoventrally
 When they contract; they tend to rotate the ribs
upward and forward, thereby increasing the size
of the thorax. Thus, they are inspiratory muscles.
b. Internal intercostals muscle: - They are placed
more deeply within the intercostals spaces.
 The fibers of this muscle run cranioventrally
 When they contract, they rotate the ribs back
ward, thus decreasing the size of the thorax.
Therefore, they are expiratory muscles.

2. Transversus thoracis- covers the dorsal surface

of the sternum (thoracic surface of sternum and
the cartilage of true ribs)
3. Rectus thoracis
4. Serratus dorsalis
5. Diaphragm – Is a sheet of muscle extending
across the caudal part of the rib cage.
 Is a broad, unpaired muscle,
 Is chief muscle of inspiration.
 Diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the
abdominal cavity.
 It has three openings: Aortic hiatus (transmits aorta
& thoracic duct), esophageal hiatus (transmits
esophagus & blood vessels), and caval foramen
(conveys caudal venacava).
 7. Muscles of the abdomen
• They support the organs in abdominal cavity.
• Are important in emptying the contents of the
digestive tract (defecation), urinary tract
(urination), and female reproductive tract at
birthing (parturition), and serve for forced
expiration of air from the lungs
• most of these muscles have broad aponeurotic
insertions that meet at mid-ventral line known as
the linea alba (white line).
Linea alba (white line)
• is a median fibrous cord, which
extends or runs in the ventral midline
from the xiphoid cartilage to the cranial
end of the pelvic symphisis(prepubic
tendon)
The abdominal muscles can be divided into two
groups: 1. Ventrolateral and
2. Dorsal (sublumbar) groups.
1. Ventrolateral group of abdominal muscles
 these group of muscles comprise the muscle of
the flanks and abdominal floor.
 Are incised in almost all surgical approaches to
access in the abdominal organs
The muscles of the ventrolateral group include:
i. External abdominal oblique muscle (M.
Obliquus externus abdominis)
 Is the outermost (superficial) muscle of the group,
 which arises from the last few ribs and
terminates on the linea alba.
 The fibers of the muscle run obliquely
caudoventrally.
 It acts to compress the abdominal viscera
(organs) as in defecation, urination, parturition
and expiration
ii. Internal abdominal oblique muscle (m.
Obliquus internus abdominis)
 It is found immediately deep to the external
abdominal oblique muscle,
 Arises from coxal tuber and the tips of lumbar
transverse process, and inserts on the linea alba.
 The fibers of the muscle run cranioventrally.
 It acts to the same function with the external
abdominal oblique muscle
iii. Transversus abdominis muscle
 It is the deepest of the abdominal muscles
 The fibers of the muscle are directed straight
down ward to insert on the linea alba.
iv. Rectus abdominis muscle
 It forms the muscular floor of the abdomen
Abdominal muscles
2. Dorsal (Sublumbar) groups of abdominal
muscles- The muscles of this group include:
 Psoas minor- arises from the bodies of
thoracolumbar vertebrae and inserts on the ilium.
 Psoas major- arises from the ventral surface of
transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae and
inserts on lesser trochanter of the femur.
 Quadratus lumborum- arises from the last ribs
and transverse process of lumbar vertebrae and
inserts on the sacrum.
 8. Muscles of thoracic Limb
• These muscle functions mainly in locomotion,
Muscles on the shoulder girdle
a. Trapezius muscle – Thin triangular and most
superficial flat muscle on the dorsal
aspect of the cervicothoracic junction
b. Omotransversarius m. atlas-scapula
c.Brachiocephalicus m, covering cranial part of
shoulder
d. Lattissimus dorsi m, thoracolumbar-humerus.
e. Pectoralis superficialis
 Muscles acting on the elbow joint
Extensor muscle of the elbow
• Triceps brachi m. – a three headed (long,
medial, lateral) muscle located on caudal part of
humerus
Flexor muscle of the elbow
• Biceps brachi m. – a two headed muscle
originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of
scapula and inserts on the radial tuberosity
 9. Muscles of the pelvic limb
• mainly involved in locomotion
Gluteal muscles group- gluteal muscles
extend from the bones of the pelvis down to
the trochanter of the femur.
 They are clinically important muscles for
injection of drugs (medicine) intramuscularly
in animals (like cow, ox…).
 Hamstring muscles group
• they are clinically important for injection of drugs
(medicine) intramuscularly in animals (like sheep,
goat…).
• They flesh the caudal part of the thigh, and include three
muscles located on the back of the thigh region. These
are:
• Biceps femoris muscle- the most lateral of the
group
• Semitendinosus muscle- the middle muscle of the
group
• Semimembranosus muscle – the most medial
muscle of the group
 Identification of Sites of Drug Administration
 Muscles usually used for drug administration
include, gluteus muscle, hamstring and
trapezius muscles.
Identification of Important Muscles in Meat
Inspection
 The tongue, Masseter, biceps, triceps,
diaphragm and heart muscles are inspected for
cysticercus parasites.