Chapter 2

Data Communication
Layers

A network model reflects a design or architecture to

accomplish communication between different systems.
A network model usually consists of layers.
Each layer of a model represents specific functionality.
It has its own protocol to implement specific task.
protocol is a set of rules defining how network devices and
software could works.
 Data Communication
Layers
• There are several types of networking models that are
commonly used in computer networks. Here are some of the
most well-known ones:
• 1) OSI Model (Open System Interconnection):
• 2) TCP/IP Model
• 3) Ethernet Model
• 4) Peer-to-Peer Model
• 5) Client-Server Model
• 6) Hybrid Model
from those we will see the first two models:
 OSI-model
• OSI is conceptual framework for understanding how data is passed through
network.
• helps isolate and troubleshoot networking problems.
• Determine the required hardware and software to build their network.
• Understand and communicate the process followed by components
communicating across a network.
• Perform troubleshooting by identifying which network layer
is causing an issue and focusing efforts on that layer.
This model helps network device manufacturer and network software vendors
to create device and software that can communicate with the product from
any other vendors that allow interoperability.

This approach into 7 layers:

OSI-MODEL
 7,Application layer

✅Enable users to communicate with the computer

✅Message/data is created here.
✅Application Soft ware uses Which has its own protocols
example, world wide web (HTTP/HTTPS)

6,Presentation layer
✅take care of the syntax and semantics.
✅data is sent in such a way that he receiver will understand the information (data) and will be able to
Use the data.
✅Main Functions of Presentation Layer
A) Translation( Encoding or Decoding):- The presentation
layer is responsible for encoding methods as different
computers use different encoding methods.
B) Encryption/decryption: It caries out encryption at the transmitter
and decryption at the receiver.
C) Compression/ compression :- The primary role of Data compression is to reduce the size of data to
be transmitted.
 5, Session layer
Establish, Maintain and Terminate connection
between the local and remote application.
 It provides for full-duplex, half-duplex, or simplex
operation, and establishes check-pointing,
 adjournment, termination, and restart procedures.
 Functionalities of the session layer:
 Dialog Control
 Synchronization
• Taken Management
 4,Transport layer
✅ is responsible for end-to-end delivery over a network.
✅ Provides reliable process-to-process message delivery and error recovery.
Functions of the transport layer
1. Service-point addressing:- the transport layer added a specific type of address to its header, it is referred to as
a service point address or port address.
2. Segmentation and Reassembly: - a message is divided into transmittable segments; each segment containing
a sequence number. This number enables this layer to reassemble the message.
3. Connection Control: - It can be either of two types:
A. Connectionless Transport Layer
B. Connection Oriented Transport Layer
4. Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
Multiplexing:- Sending multiple packets across the network.
Demultiplexing: collects the multiple packets from the network on the receiving side.
5. Flow control: the device the transmitter and the receiver used it may be differentiate in speed, so the
information must be controlled in order to communicate.
6. Error Control:- ensure that the entire message arrives at the receiving transport layer
without an error (damage, loss or duplication)
Error Correction is achieved through retransmission of the packet.
 3)Network Layer

The main aim of this layer is to deliver packets from source to

destination across multiple links (networks).
Functions of Network Layer:
Internetworking: It provides a logical connection between different
devices.
• Addressing (IP) or logical addressing: Addressing is Used to
identify the device on the internet.
There are two fundamental implementations of IP:
A)IP version 4 (IPV4) : 32 Bits
B) IP version 6 (IPV6) : 128 Bits
ROUTING:- determines the best optimal path out of the
multiple paths from source to the destination.
 2. Data link Layer

Data link layer works between two hosts which are directly connected in some sense.
This direct connection could be point to point or broadcast.
Systems on broadcast network are said to be on same link.
Data link layer has two sub-layers:
A) Logical Link Control: It deals with protocols, flow-control, and error control.
B) Media Access Control: It deals with actual control of media.
Data link layer Functions:- Data link layer does many tasks on behalf of upper layer.
These are:
1.Framing:
• Data-link layer takes packets from Network Layer and encapsulates them into Frames.
•At receiver end, data link layer picks up signals from hardware and• assembles them into frames.
2.Addressing (Physical Addressing):
• Data-link layer provides layer-2 hardware addressing mechanism.
• Hardware address is assumed to be unique on the link.
• It is encoded into hardware at the time of manufacturing.
• Error control
• half duplex and full duplex
• flow control : Data-link layer ensures flow control that enables both machine to exchange data on same
speed.
• Multi-Access: When host on the shared link tries to transfer the data, it has a high probability of
collision. Data-link layer provides mechanism such as CSMA/CD to equip capability of accessing a
shared media among multiple Systems.
 1. Physical Layer

✅Physical layer in the OSI model plays the role of interacting with actual hardware and
signal.
mechanism.
✅ Physical layer is the only layer of OSI network model which actually deals with the
physical connectivity of two different stations.
✅This layer defines the hardware equipment, cabling, wiring, frequencies, pulses Used
to represent binary signals etc.
✅Functions of Physical Layer
Representation of Bits:
Data Rate
Synchronization
Interface:
Topologies:
transmission Modes: