CEBU DOCTORS’ UNIVERSITY – COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL

EXERCISE NO. 7
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Date of Performance: 03-22-22

Introduction:
The human body has more than 600 major muscles. About 240 of them have specific
names. The two main types of muscle: skeletal muscle and smooth muscle, a muscle
that has the characteristic of both skeletal and smooth muscle is the cardiac muscle that
is found only in heart.
Objectives:
1. Classify the skeletal muscles according to its function.
2. Understand how muscles are named.
3. Describe and locate the major muscles in the body.
4. Demonstrate the action of the major muscles in the body.
5. Explain the physiologic basis of muscle contraction.
Questions:
I. Types of Skeletal Muscles. Describe the ff. terms below:

A. Prime mover - The muscle that has the major responsibility for causing a
particular movement is called the prime mover.

B. Antagonist - Muscles that oppose or reverse a movement. When a prime

mover is active, its antagonist is stretched and relaxed. Antagonists can
be prime movers in their own right.

C. Synergist - Help prime movers by producing the same movement or by

reducing undesirable movements. When a muscle crosses two or more
joints, its contraction will cause movement in all the joints crossed unless
synergists are there to stabilize them.
 D. Fixators - Are specialized synergists. They hold a bone still or stabilize
the origin of a prime mover so all the tension can be used to move the
insertion bone.

II. Naming Skeletal Muscles. Give an example on each item and explain briefly
how the muscles were named.

A. Action of the Muscle - Adductor. The muscles are named for their
actions, therefore the adductor muscles of the thigh all bring about its
adduction.

B. Directions of the muscle fibers - Example, the rectus femoris is the

straight muscle of the thigh. Similarly, the term oblique in a muscle’s name
tells you that the muscle fibers run obliquely to the imaginary line. Named
in reference to some imaginary line, usually the midline of the body or the
long axis of a limb bone. When a muscle’s name includes the term rectus
(straight), its fibers run parallel to that imaginary line.

C. Location of the muscle - Example, the temporalis and frontalis muscles

overlie the temporal and frontal bones of the skull. Some muscles are
named for the bone with which they are associated

D. Location of the muscles origin and insertion - The sternocleidomastoid

muscle has its origin on the sternum (sterno) and clavicle (cleido) and
inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone. Muscles are named
for their attachment sites.

E. Number of origin - Bicep muscle of the arm, it has two heads. When the
term bicep forms the part of a muscle name, the muscle has two origins.

F. Relative size of the muscle - Gluteus Maximus. The term 'maximus'

means largest, and the Gluteus Maximus is the largest muscle of the
gluteus muscle group.

G. Shape of the muscle - Deltoid Muscle. Some muscles have a distinctive

shape that helps to identify them. The deltoid muscle is roughly triangular,
and the word deltoid means 'triangular'.
 III. Gross Anatomy of Muscles. Provide labeled illustrations of the: 1.) anterior
view and 2.) posterior view of the superficial muscles of the body. Write the
action of each muscle indicated below. Familiarize the name, location and
action of these muscles.

A. Head & Face

1. Epicaranius
a. Frontalis – Frontalis Cranial aponeurosis; Skin of eyebrows; Raises eyebrows
b. Occipitalis – Occipital and temporal bones; Cranial aponeurosis; Fixes aponeurosis
and pulls scalp posteriorly.

2. Orbicularis oculi – Frontal bone and maxilla; Tissue around eyes; Blinks and
closes eye.
3. Temporalis – Inserts into the mandible and acts as a synergist of the masseter in
closing the jaw. It is a fan shaped muscle overlying the temporal bone.
4. Zygomaticus – The smiling muscle because it raises the corners of the mouth.
Extends from the corner of the mouth to the cheekbone.
5. Masseter – This muscle closes the jaw by elevating the mandible. Runs from the
zygomatic process of the temporal bone to the mandible, it covers the angle of the lower
jaw.
6. Orbicularis oris – Mandible and maxilla; Skin and muscle around mouth; Closes
and protrudes lips.

B. Neck
1. Platysma – It pulls the corners of the mouth inferiorly, producing a downward sag
of the mouth. It originates from the connective tissue covering of the chest muscles and
inserts into the area around the mouth.
2. Sternocleidomastoid – Sternum and clavicle; Temporal bone (mastoid process);
Flexes neck; laterally rotates head

3. Sternohyoid – This depresses and fixes the hyoid bone and underlying larynx.
Insertion is in the inferior border of body of hyoid bone. The origin is from the
manubrium of sternum and medial end of clavicle.
 4. Tapezius – This is responsible for posture and movement. Insertion is on the
lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula.

C. Thorax
1. Pectoralis major – This muscle forms the anterior wall of the axilla and acts to
adduct and flex the arm.
2. Pectoralis minor – This muscle stabilizes the internal rotation and downward
rotation of the scapula. Insertion is in the coracoid process. The origin is from the
anterior surface, costal cartilages of ribs.
3. Serratus anterior – The contraction of the entire serratus anterior leads to a
anterolateral movement of the scapula along the ribs. Due to the pull of the inferior part
at the lower scapula, the shoulder joint is shifted superiorly. This shifting now enables to
lift the arm above 90° elevation.
4. Intercostals – Deep muscles found between the ribs; Help to raise the rib cage
when you inhale.

D. Back
1. Trapezius – This raises, retracts, and rotates the scapula. Insertion is in the
scapular spine and clavicle. The origin is from the occipital bone and all cervical and
thoracic vertebrae.
2. Latissimus dorsi – This extends and adducts the humerus. Insertion is in the
proximal humerus. The origin is from the lower spine and iliac crest.

E. Abdomen
1. External oblique – This flexes and rotates vertebral column. Insertion is in the iliac
crest. The origin is from the lower eight ribs.
2. Internal oblique –
3. Rectus abdominis – This flexes the vertebral column. Insertion is in the sternum
and fifth to seventh ribs. The origin is from the pubis.

4. Transversus abdominis – This protects the internal organs by holding them in

place, and supports the torso by maintaining abdominal wall tension which stabilizes the
spine and pelvis before any movement of the limbs can occur.
F. Shoulder
1. Deltoid – This abducts the humerus. Insertion is in the humerus or deltoid
tuberosity. Origin is from the scapular spine and clavicle.
2. Infraspinatus - The rotator cuff applies compression upon the head of the humerus
that allows for the stabilization of the humeral head during shoulder abduction.
3. Teres major – This produce the movements of the humerus at the glenohumeral
joint; it pulls the anterior surface of the humerus medially towards the trunk

G. Arm
1. Biceps brachii – Flexes elbow and supinates forearm. Insertion is in the proximal
radius. The origin is from the scapula or shoulder girdle.
2. Brachialis – This flexes the elbow. Insertion is in the proximal ulna. The origin is
from the distal humerus.
3. Triceps brachii – This extends the elbow. Insertion is in the olecranon process of
ulna. Origin is from the shoulder girdle and proximal humerus.

H. Forearm
Anterior
1. Brachioradialis – This flexes the forearm at the elbow. Depending on the position
of the hand during the flexion, the brachioradialis can tend to move the hand to neutral.
2. Flexor carpi radialis – This flexes the wrists and abducts hand. Insertion is in the
second and third metacarpals. Origin is from the distal humerus.
3. Palmaris longus – This works with the long flexors of the forearm to bring about
flexion at the wrist joint and small joints of the hand. Apart from this, the muscle also
helps in tightening and tensing up the palmar aponeurosis.

Posterior
4. Flexor carpi ulnaris – This flexes the wrists and adducts the hand. Insertion is in
the carpals of wrist and fifth metacarpal. Origin is from the distal humerus and posterior
ulna.
 5. Extensor carpi ulnaris – This extends the wrist and abducts the hand. Insertion is
in the base of second and third metacarpals. Origin is from the humerus.
6. Extensor digitorum – This extends the fingers. Insertion is in the base of distal
phalanges of second to fifth fingers. The origin is from the distal humerus.

I. Pelvis
1. Iliopsoas – This flexes the hip. Insertion is in the femur (lesser trochanter) and
proximal femur. The origin is from the illium and lumbar vertebrae.
2. Pectineus – This functions to flex and adduct the thigh at the hip joint when it
contracts.

J. Hip
1. Gluteus medius – This abducts the thigh and steadies the pelvis during walking.
Insertion is in the proximal femur. The origin is from the ilium.
2. Gluteus maximus – This extends hip when forceful extension is required. Insertion
is in the proximal femur or gluteal tuberosity. The origin is from the sacrum and ilium.

K. Thigh
Anterior
1. Tensor fascia latae – The function of this muscle is to produce the extension and
lateral rotation of the leg on the knee joint. Additionally, it contributes to the movements
of the thigh, acting as a relatively weak abductor and medial rotator on the hip joint.
2. Sartorius – This serve as both a hip and knee flexor. The origin for the sartorius is
the anterior superior iliac spine, sharing this origin with the tensor fascia lata. At the hip,
it acts to both flex the hip as well as externally rotate.
3. Adductor longus - The main action of the adductor group of muscles is to adduct
the thigh at the hip joint. The adductor longus muscle also plays a role in external/lateral
rotation and flexion of the thigh.
4. Rectus femoris - This functions to extend the knee and also assists iliopsoas in hip
flexion. It is thus also a hip flexor.
5. Vastus lateralis - Works with the other quad muscles to help extend your knee
joint. It also is active in maintaining thigh and kneecap position while walking and
running.
 6. Vastus medialis - Together with the other muscles that make up quadriceps
femoris, extends the knee jointand it also contributes to correct tracking of the patella.

Posterior
7. Adductor magnus - Has a large hip extensor muscle moment arm, making it an
unappreciated hip extensor.

8. Hamstrings

a. Biceps femoris - The primary function is flexion of the knee. With the knee semi-
flexed, the muscle functions as a lateral rotator of the lower leg on the knee. With the
hip extended, the biceps femoris is a lateral rotator of the thigh.
b. Semitendinosus – Together with the other two muscles of the posterior
compartment of the thigh work to extend at the hip and flex at the knee.
c. Semimembranosus – Its primary action is knee flexion,knee internal rotation and
hip extension. It also plays a main role providing knee stability.

L. Leg
Anterior
1. Fibularis longus - The main function of this muscle is to produce the plantarflexion
and eversion of the foot on the ankle joint. Spreads from the proximal aspect of the
fibula to the medial cuneiform and the first metatarsal bones.
2. Extensor digitorum longus - The primary action of the extensor digitorum longus
is to extend the lateral four toes at metatarsophalangeal joint.
3. Tibialis anterior – Along with the tibialis posterior, this is also a primary inverter of
the foot.

Posterior
4. Gastrocnemius – This plantar flexes foot and flexes the knees. Insertion is in the
calcaneus or heel via calcaneal tendon. The origin is from the distal femur.
5. Soleus – This plantar fexes the foot. Insertion is in the calcaneus. The origin is from
the proximal tibia and fibula.
IV. Types of Skeletal muscle contraction. Compare and contrast Isotonic and
Isometric contraction.

Questions:
1. Why do people pant after a strenuous exercise?
- After a vigorous exercise people pant because of a decrease in the oxygen level in the
body.

2. What is Hernia?
- A hernia occurs when an organ or fatty tissue squeezes through a weak spot in a
surrounding muscle or connective tissue called fascia.

3. Identify and describe the 5 types of hernia

1. Inguinal Hernia - The intestine or the bladder protrudes through the abdominal
wall or into the inguinal canal in the groin.
2. Incisional Hernia - The intestine pushes through the abdominal wall at the site
of previous abdominal surgery.
3. Femoral Hernia - Occurs when the intestine enters the canal carrying the
femoral artery into the upper thigh
4. Umbilical Hernia - Part of the small intestine passes through the abdominal wall
near the navel.
5. Hiatal Hernia - Happens when the upper stomach squeezes through the hiatus,
an opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes.