Muscular System - 1

MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
ASIS, N.A.,DMD
FUNCTIONS OF MUSCULAR SYSTEM:
1. Movement of the body.

2. Maintenance of posture.
3. Respiration.
4. Production of body heat.
5. Communication.
6. Constriction of organs and vessels.
7. Contraction of the heart.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
1. Contractility – it is the ability of skeletal muscle to

shorten with force
2. Excitability – it is the capacity of skeletal muscle to
respond to stimuli
3. Extensibility – means that skeletal muscles stretch; after
contraction skeletal muscle can be stretched to their
normal resting length and beyond to a limited degree
4. Elasticity – is the ability of muscle to spring back to its
original resting length after it has been stretched
SKELETAL MUSCLE STRUCTURE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE COVERINGS OF MUSCLE
SKELETAL MUSCLE ANATOMY
GROSS ANATOMY
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
 Most muscles extend one bone to another and cross at least one joint.
 At each end, the muscle is connected to the bone by a tendon.
 Broad, sheetlike tendons are called aponeuroses.
 Retinaculum is a band of connective tissue that holds down the tendon at each
wrist and ankle
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
 Origin – also called “head”, the most

stationary end of the muscle
 Insertion – end of the muscle attached to
the bone undergoing the greatest
movement
 Belly – the part of the muscle between the
origin and insertion
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
 Muscles are typically grouped so that the action of one muscle is opposed by that of another
muscle or group of muscle.
 A muscle that accomplishes a certain movement is called agonist.
 A muscle acting in opposition to an agonist is called an antagonist.
Example: When flexing the elbow, the biceps brachii is the agonist, whereas the triceps brachii,
which relaxes and stretches to allow the elbow bend, is the antagonist.
When extending the elbow, the triceps brachii is the agonist, and the biceps brachii
is the antagonist
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
 Muscles also tend to function in groups to accomplish specific movements.

 Members of group of muscle working together to produce a movement are called synergists.
 In a group of synergists, the muscle that contributes most to the movement is called the prime
mover.
 In some groups of synergists, the prime mover needs to be stabilized. The stabilizers of prime
movers are called fixators.
NOMENCLATURE
“DESCRIPTIVE NAMES” : Location, Size, Shapes, Orientation of fascicles, Origins And
Insertion, Number of heads, Function
NOMENCLATURE
1. LOCATION
Ex: A pectoralis (chest) muscle is located in the chest, a gluteus (buttock) muscle is in the
buttock, and a brachial (arm) muscle is in the arm.
2. SIZE
Ex: The gluteus maximus (large) is the largest muscle of the buttock, and the gluteus minimus
(small) is the smallest.
A longus (long) muscle is longer than a brevis (short) muscle.
NOMENCLATURE
3. SHAPE
Ex: The deltoid (triangular) muscle is triangular in shape, a quadratus (quadrate) muscle is
rectangular, and a teres (round ) muscle is round.
4. ORIENTATION OF FASCICLES
Ex: A rectus (straight, parallel) muscle has muscle fascicles running in the same direction as the
structure with which the muscle is associated
NOMENCLATURE
5. Origin and insertion
Ex: The sternocleidomastoid has its origin on the sternum and clavicle and its insertion on the
mastoid process of the temporal bone.
The brachioradialis originates in the arm (brachium) and inserts onto the radius.
6. Number of heads
Ex: A biceps muscle has two heads (origins), and a triceps muscle has three heads (origins).
NOMENCLATURE
7. FUNCTION.
Ex: abduction and adduction; Abductors and adductors are the muscles that cause that type of
movement. Abduction moves a structure away from the midline, and adduction moves a
structure toward the midline.
MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
NECK MUSCLE – FACIAL EXPRESSION – MASTICATION – SWALLOWING AND LARYNX
– MOVEMENTS OF THE EYEBALL
MUSCLES MOVING THE HEAD AND NECK
ANTERIOR:
1. Longus Capitis
Origin: C3–C6
Insertion: Occipital bone
Action: Flexes neck
ANTERIOR:
2. Rectus Capitis
Origin: Atlas
Action: Flexes neck
POSTERIOR
3. Longissimus capitis
Origin: Upper thoracic and lower
cervical vertebrae
Insertion: Mastoid process
Action: Extends, rotates, and
laterally flexes neck
Posterior Deep Neck Muscles

POSTERIOR
4. Oblique capitis superior
Origin: Atlas
Insertion: Occipital bone (inf nuchal line)
Action: Extends and laterally flexes neck
Posterior Deep Neck Muscles

POSTERIOR
5. Rectus capitis posterior
Origin: Axis, Atlas
Action: Extends and rotates neck
POSTERIOR
6. Semispinalis capitis
Origin: C4 – T6
Action: Extends and rotates neck
POSTERIOR
7. Splenius capitis
Origin: C4 – T6
Insertion: Sup nuchal line and
mastoid process
Action: Extends, rotates and laterally
flexes neck
POSTERIOR
8. Trapezius
Origin: Occipital protuberance, nuchal
ligament, spinous process of C7 – T12
Insertion: Clavicle, acromion process, and
scapular spine
Nerve supply: Accessory (Cranial nerve XI)
Action: Extends and flexes neck
LATERAL
9. RECTUS CAPITIS LATERALIS
Origin: Atlas
Action: Laterally flexes neck
LATERAL
10. STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
Origin: Manubrium and medial clavicle
Insertion: Mastoid process and sup nuchal
line
Nerve supply: Accessory (cranial nerve XI)
Action: One contracting alone; laterally
flexes head and neck to same side and
rotates head and neck to opposite side
Both contracting together: flex neck
LATERAL
11. Scalene Muscles
Origin: C2 – C6
Insertion: First and second ribs
Action: Flex, laterally flex, and rotate neck
ANTERIOR POSTERIOR LATERAL
Longus capitis Longissimus capitis Rectus capitis lateralis
Rectus capitis anterior Oblique capitis posterior Scalene muscles
Rectus capitis posterior
Semispinalis capitis
Splenius capitis
Trapezius
MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
1. Anterior auricularis
Origin: Aponeurosis over head
Insertion: Cartilage of auricle
Nerve supply: Facial nerve
Action: Draws auricle superiorly and
anteriorly
2. Posterior auricularis
Origin: Mastoid process
Insertion: Posterior root of auricle
Action: Draws auricle posteriorly
3. Superior auricularis
Origin: Aponeurosis over head
Insertion: Cartilage of auricle
Action: Draws auricle superiorly and
posteriorly
4. Buccinator
Origin: Mandible and maxilla
Insertion: Orbicularis oris at
angle of mouth
Action: Retracts angle of mouth;
flattens
cheek
5. Corrugator supercilii
Origin: Nasal bridge and orbicularis
oculi
Insertion: Skin of eyebrow
Action: Depresses medial portion of
eyebrow; draws eyebrows together, as in
frowning
6. Depressor anguli oris

Origin: Lower border of mandible
Insertion: Skin of lip near angle of mouth
Action: Depresses angle of mouth
7. Depressor labii inferioris

Origin: Lower border of mandible
Insertion: Skin of lower lip and orbicularis
oris
Action: Depresses lower lip
8. Levator anguli oris

Origin: Maxilla
Insertion: Skin at angle of mouth
and orbicularis ori
Action: Elevates angle of mouth
9. Levator labii superioris

Origin: Maxilla
Insertion: Skin and orbicularis oris of upper
lip
Action: Elevates upper lip

alaeque
Origin: Maxilla
Insertion: Ala at nose and upper lip
Action: Elevates ala of nose and
upper lip
11. Levator palpebrae superioris

Origin: Lesser wing of sphenoid
Insertion: Skin of eyelid
Nerve supply: Oculomotor nerve
Action: Elevates upper eyelid
12. Mentalis
Origin: Mandible
Insertion: Skin of chin
Action: Elevates and wrinkles skin over
chin; protrudes lower lip
13. Nasalis
Origin: Maxilla
Insertion: Bridge and ala of nose
Action: Dilates nostril
14. Occipitofrontalis
Origin: Occipital bone
Insertion: Skin of eyebrow and nose
Action: Moves scalp; elevates eyebrows
15. Orbicularis oculi

Origin: Maxilla and frontal bones
Insertion: Circles orbit and inserts near origin
Action: Closes eye
16. Orbicularis oris

Origin: Nasal septum, maxilla, and mandible
Insertion: Fascia and other muscles of lips
Action: Closes lips
17. Platysma
Origin: Fascia of deltoid and pectoralis major
Insertion: Skin over inferior border of
mandible
Action: Depresses lower lip; wrinkles skin of
neck and upper chest
18. Procerus
Origin: Bridge of nose
Insertion: Frontalis
Action: Creates horizontal wrinkles between
eyes, as in frowning
19. Risorius
Origin: Platysma and masseter
fascia
Insertion: Orbicularis oris and
skin at corner of mouth
Action: Abducts angle of mouth
20. Zygomaticus major

Origin: Zygomatic bone
Insertion: Angle of mouth
Action: Elevates and abducts upper lip
21. Zygomaticus minor

Origin: Zygomatic bone
Insertion: Orbicularis oris of upper lip
Action: Elevates and abducts upper lip
12. Mentalis
13. Nasalis
1. Anterior auricularis
14. Occipitofrontalis
2. Posterior auricularis
15. Orbicularis oculi
3. Superior auricularis
16. Orbicularis oris
4. Buccinator
17. Platysma
5. Corrugator supercilii
18. Procerus
6. Depressor anguli oris
19. Risorius
7. Depressor labii inferioris
20. Zygomaticus major
8. Levator anguli oris
21. Zygomaticus minor
10. Levator labii superioris alaeque
MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
1. Temporalis
Origin: Temporal fossa
Insertion: Anterior portion of mandibular
ramus and coronoid process
Nerve supply: Mandibular division of
trigeminal
Action: Elevates and retracts mandible;
involved in excursion
2. Masseter
Origin: Zygomatic arch
Insertion: Lateral side of mandibular ramus
trigeminal
Action: Elevates and protracts mandible;
3. Lateral pterygoids
Origin: Lateral side of lateral pterygoid plate
and greater wing of sphenoid
Insertion: Condylar process of mandible and
articular disk
trigeminal
Action: Protracts and depresses mandible;
4. Medial pterygoids
Origin: Medial side of lateral pterygoid plate
and tuberosity of maxilla
Insertion: Medial surface of mandible
trigeminal
Action: Protracts and elevates mandible;
1. Temporalis
2. Masseter
3. Lateral Pterygoid
4. Medial Pterygoid
TONGUE MUSCLES
INTRINSIC – EXTRINSIC
TONGUE MUSCLES
INTRINSIC MUSCLE
1. Longitudinal, transverse, and vertical
Origin: Within tongue
Insertion: Within tongue
Nerve supply: Hypoglossal
Action: Change tongue shape
TONGUE MUSCLES
EXTRINSIC MUSCLE
1. Genioglossus
Origin: Mental protuberance of mandible
Insertion: Tongue
Action: Depresses and protrudes tongue
TONGUE MUSCLES
EXTRINSIC MUSCLE
3. Hyoglossus
Origin: Hyoid bone
Insertion: Side of tongue
Action: Retracts and depresses side tongue
TONGUE MUSCLES
EXTRINSIC MUSCLE
4. Styloglossus
Origin: Styloid process of temporal bone
Insertion: Tongue
Action: Retracts tongue
TONGUE MUSCLES
Intrinsic Muscles Extrinsic Muscles
1. Longitudinal 1. Genioglossus
2. Transverse 2. Hyoglossus
3. Vertical 3. Styloglossus
4. Palatoglossus
HYOID MUSCLES
SUPRAHYOID – INFRAHYOID
HYOID MUSCLES
SUPRAHYOID MUSCLE
1. Digastric
Origin: Mastoid process (posterior
belly)
Insertion: Mandible near midline
(anterior belly)
Nerve supply: Posterior belly—facial;
anterior belly— mandibular division of
trigeminal
Action: Depresses and retracts
mandible; elevates hyoid
HYOID MUSCLES
SUPRAHYOID MUSCLE
2. Geniohyoid
Origin: Mental protuberance of
mandible
Insertion: Hyoid bone
Nerve supply: Fibers of C1 and C2
with hypoglossal
Action: Protracts hyoid; depresses
mandible
HYOID MUSCLES
SUPRAHYOID MUSCLE
3. Stylohyoid
Origin: Styloid process
Nerve supply: Facial
Action: Elevates hyoid
HYOID MUSCLES
INFRAHYOID MUSCLES
4. Omohyoid
Origin: Superior border of
scapula
Nerve supply: Upper cervical
through ansa cervicalis
Action: Depresses hyoid; fixes
hyoid in mandibular depression
HYOID MUSCLES
INFRAHYOID MUSCLES
5. Sternohyoid
Origin: Manubrium and first
costal cartilage
hyoid in mandibular
depression
HYOID MUSCLES
INFRAHYOID MUSCLES
6. Sternothyroid
Origin: Manubrium and first or
second costal cartilage
Insertion: Thyroid cartilage
hyoid in mandibular depression
HYOID MUSCLES
INFRAHYOID MUSCLES
7. Thyrohyoid
Origin: Thyroid cartilage
Nerve supply: Upper cervical,
passing with hypoglossal
Action: Depresses hyoid and
elevates thyroid cartilage of
larynx; fixes hyoid in
mandibular depression
HYOID MUSCLES
Suprahyoid Muscles Infrahyoid Muscles
1. Digastric 1. Omohyoid
2. Geniohyoid 2. Sternohyoid
3. Mylohyoid 3. Sternothyroid
4. Stylohyoid 4. Thyrohyoid
SWALLOWING AND THE LARYNX
LARYNX – SOFT PALATE – PHARYNX
MUSCLES OF SWALLOWING AND THE LARYNX
LARYNX
1. Oblique Arytenoids
Origin: Arytenoid
Insertion: Opposite arytenoid
cartilage
Nerve supply: Recurrent laryngeal
Action: Narrows opening to larynx
LARYNX
2. Transverse Arytenoids
Origin: Arytenoid cartilage cartilage
Insertion: Opposite arytenoid cartilage
LARYNX
3. Lateral Cricoarytenoids
Origin: Lateral side of cricoid cartilage
Insertion: Opposite arytenoid cartilage
LARYNX
4. Posterior Cricoarytenoids
Origin: Posterior side of cricoid cartilage
Insertion: Arytenoid cartilage
Action: Widens opening to larynx
LARYNX
5. Cricothyroid
Origin: Anterior cricoid cartilage
Insertion: Thyroid cartilage
Nerve supply: Superior laryngeal
Action: Lengthens (tenses) vocal
cords
LARYNX
6. Thyroarytenoid
Action: Shortens (relaxes) vocal cords
LARYNX
7. Vocalis
Action: Shortens (relaxes) vocal cords
SOFT PALATE
8. Levator veli palatini
Origin: Temporal bone and
pharyngotympanic
Insertion: Soft palate
Nerve supply: Pharyngeal Plexus
Action: Elevates soft palate
SOFT PALATE
9. Palatoglossus
Origin: Soft palate
Insertion: Tongue
Action: Narrows fauces; elevates
posterior tongue
SOFT PALATE
10. Palatopharyngeus
Origin: Soft palate
Insertion: Pharynx
Action: Narrows fauces; depresses
palate; elevates pharynx
SOFT PALATE
11. Tensor veli palatini
Origin: Sphenoid and auditory tube
Insertion: Soft palate division of
auditory tube
Nerve supply: Mandibular, division of
trigeminal
Action: Tenses soft palate; opens
auditory tube
SOFT PALATE
12. Uvulae
Origin: Posterior nasal spine
Insertion: Uvula
Nerve supply: Pharyngeal plexus
Action: Elevates uvula
PHARYNX
13. Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Origin: Thyroid and cricoid cartilages
Insertion: Pharyngeal raphe
Nerve supply: Pharyngeal plexus and
external laryngeal nerve
Action: Narrows inferior portion
of pharynx in swallowing
PHARYNX
14. Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Origin: Stylohyoid ligament and hyoid
Action: Narrows pharynx in swallowing
PHARYNX
15. Superior pharyngeal constrictor
Origin: Medial pterygoid plate,
mandible, floor of mouth, and side of
tongue
Action: Narrows superior portion
of pharynx in swallowing
PHARYNX
16. Salpingopharyngeus
Origin: Auditory tube
Insertion: Pharynx
Action: Elevates pharynx; opens
auditory tube in swallowing
PHARYNX
17. Stylopharyngeus
Origin: Styloid process
Insertion: Pharynx
Nerve supply: Glossopharyngeus
Action: Elevates pharynx
Larynx Soft Palate Pharynx
1. Oblique arytenoids 1. Levator veli palatini 1. Inf pharyngeal constrictors
2. Transverse arytenoids 2. Palatoglossus 2. Mid pharyngeal constrictors
3. Lateral cricoarytenoids 3. Palatopharyngeus 3. Sup pharyngeal constrictors
4. Posterior cricoarytenoids 4. Tensor veli palatini 4. Salpingopharyngeus
5. Cricothyroid 5. Uvulae 5. Stylopharyngeus
6. Thyroaryetoid
7. Vocalis
MUSCLES MOVING THE EYE
OBLIQUE – RECTUS
OBLIQUE
1. Inferior oblique
Origin: Orbital plate of maxilla
Insertion: Sclera of eye
Nerve supply: Oculomotor
Action: Elevates and laterally deviates
gaze
OBLIQUE
2. Superior oblique
Origin: Common tendinous ring
Nerve supply: Trochlear
Action: Depresses and laterally
deviates gaze
RECTUS
3. Inferior rectus
Action: Depresses and medially
deviates gaze
RECTUS
4. Lateral rectus
Nerve supply: Abducens
Action: Laterally deviates gaze
RECTUS
5. Medial rectus
Action: Medially deviates gaze
RECTUS
6. Superior rectus
Action: Elevates and medially deviates
gaze
Oblique Rectus
1. Inferior oblique 1. Inferior rectus
2. Superior oblique 2. Lateral rectus
3. Medial rectus
4. Superior rectus
TRUNK MUSCLES
VERTEBRAL COLUMN M. – THORACIC M. – ABDOMINAL WALL M. – PELVIC FLOOR AND
PERINEUM M.
MUSCLES MOVING THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
SUPERFICIAL – DEEP
MUSCLES MOVING THE VERTEBRAL
COLUMN
SUPERFICIAL: Erector spinae

1. Iliocostalis
Origin: Sacrum, ilium, and lumbar
spines
Insertion: Ribs and vertebrae
Nerve supply: Dorsal rami of spinal
nerves
Action: Extends vertebral column
COLUMN

2. Iliocostalis Cervicis
Origin: Superior six ribs
Insertion: Transverse processes of
middle cervical vertebrae
Nerve supply: Dorsal rami of thoracic
nerves
Action: Extends, laterally flexes, and
rotates vertebral column
MUSCLES MOVING THE
VERTEBRAL COLUMN

3. Iliocostalis Thoracis
Origin: Inferior six ribs
Insertion: Superior six ribs
nerves
COLUMN

4. Iliocostalis Lumborum
Origin: Sacrum, ilium and lumbar
verterae
Insertion: Inferior six ribs
nerves
COLUMN
SUPERFICIAL: Longissimus
5. Longissimus Capitis
Origin: Upper thoracic and lower
cervical vertebrae
Insertion: Mastoid process
Nerve supply: Dorsal rami of cervical
nerves
Action: Extends head
COLUMN
6. Longissimus Cervicis
Origin: Upper thoracic vertebrae
upper cervical vertebrae
nerves
Action: Extends neck
COLUMN
7. Longissimus Thoracis
Origin: Ribs and lower thoracic
vertebrae
upper lumbar vertebrae
and lumbar nerves
COLUMN
SUPERFICIAL: Spinalis
8. Spinalis cervicis
Origin: C6–C7
Insertion: Spinous processes of C2–
C3
nerves
MUSCLES MOVING THE
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
SUPERFICIAL: Spinalis
9. Spinalis thoracis
Origin: T11–L2
Insertion: Spinous processes of middle
and upper thoracic vertebrae
nerves
MUSCLES MOVING THE
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
SUPERFICIAL: Semispinalis
10. Semispinalis cervicis
Origin: Transverse processes of T2–T5
Insertion: Spinous processes of C2–
C5
nerves
SUPERFICIAL: Semispinalis
11. Semispinalis thoracis
Origin: Transverse processes of T5–
T11
Insertion: Spinous processes of C4–T4
nerves
SCLES MOVING THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
SUPERFICIAL
12. Splenius cervicis
Origin: Spinous processes of C3–C5
C1–C3
nerves
Action: Rotates and extends neck
COLUMN
SUPERFICIAL
13. Longus colli
Origin: Bodies of C3–T3
Insertion: Bodies of C1–C6
Nerve supply: Ventral rami of cervical
nerves
Action: Flexes neck
DEEP
14. Interspinales
Origin: Spinous processes of all vertebrae
Insertion: Next superior spinous process
nerves
Action: Extends back and neck
DEEP
15. Intertransversarii
Origin: Transverse processes of all
vertebrae
Insertion: Next superior transverse
process
Nerve supply: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Action: Laterally flexes vertebral column
DEEP
16. Multifidus
Origin: Transverse processes of vertebrae;
posterior surface of sacrum and ilium
Insertion: Spinous processes of superior
vertebrae
Nerve supply: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Action: Extends and rotates vertebral
column
DEEP
17. Psoas minor
Origin: T12–L1
Insertion: Pectineal line near pubic crest
Nerve supply: L1
Action: Flexes vertebral column
DEEP
18. Rotatores
Origin: Transverse processes of all
vertebrae
Insertion: Base of spinous process of
superior vertebrae
nerves
Action: Extends and rotates vertebral
column
Superficial: Erector spinae Deep
1. Iliocostalis 1. Deep back muscles
2. Longissiumus
3. Spinalis
MUSCLES OF THE THORAX
DIAPHRAGM – INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS –
EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS – SCALENES
1. Scalenes
Origin: Cervical vertebrae
Insertion: First and second
rib
Action: Inspiration
 The scalene muscles

elevate the first two ribs
during more forceful
inhalation.
2. External intercostals
Origin: Inferior edge of each rib
Insertion: Superior edge of
next rib below origin
Action: Inspiration; elevates
ribs
 The external intercostals

elevate the ribs during quiet,
resting inhalation.
3. Internal intercostals
Origin: Superior edge of each rib
Insertion: Inferior edge of next rib
above origin
Action: Forced expiration; depress
ribs
 The internal intercostals and

transversus thoracis muscles
depress the ribs during forced
exhalation.
4. Diaphragm
Origin: Inferior ribs, sternum,
and lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: Central tendon of
cartilage
Action: Inspiration, depress
floor of the thorax
 It is a dome-shaped
muscle; when it contracts,
the dome flattens slightly,
causing the volume of the
thoracic cavity to increase
and resulting in inhalation
MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALLS
DIAPHRAGM – INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS –
EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS – SCALENES
MUSCLES MOVING THE ABDOMINAL WALLS
ANTERIOR
1. Rectus abdominis
Origin: Pubic crest and
symphysis pubis
Insertion: Xiphoid process
and inferior ribs
Action: Flexes vertebral
column; compresses
abdomen
ANTERIOR
2. External abdominal
oblique
Origin: Ribs 5-12
Insertion: Iliac crest, inguinal
ligament, and rectus sheath
Action: Flexes and rotates
vertebral column; compresses
abdomen; depresses thorax
ANTERIOR
3. Internal abdominal
oblique
Origin: Iliac crest, inguinal
ligament, and lumbar fascia
Insertion: Tenth to twelfth ribs
and rectus sheath
Action: Flexes and rotates
vertebral column; compresses
abdomen; depresses thorax
ANTERIOR
4. Transversus abdominis
Origin: Costal cartilages 7-12,
lumbar fascia, iliac crest, and
inguinal ligament
Insertion: Xiphoid process, linea
alba, and pubic tubercle
Action: Compresses abdomen
POSTERIOR
5. Quadratus lumborum
Origin: Iliac crest and lower lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: Twelfth rib and upper lumbar vertebrae
Action: Laterally flexes vertebral column and depresses twelfth rib
From superficial (outermost) to deep (innermost):

muscles are the external abdominal oblique, internal
abdominal oblique, and transversus abdominis.
MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC FLOOR AND
PERINEUM
MUSCLES MOVING THE PELVIC FLOOR AND PERINEUM
 Most of the pelvic floor is formed by the coccygeus muscle and the levator ani
muscle. Together, these muscles are called the pelvic diaphragm/pelvic floor.
 The area inferior to the pelvic floor is the perineum, which contains a number
of muscles associated with the female and male reproductive system.
MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC FLOOR AND PERINEUM
PELVIC FLOOR
1. Levator ani
Origin: Posterior pubis and ischial
spine
Insertion: Sacrum and coccyx
Action: Elavates anus; supports pelvic
viscera
PERINEUM
2. Bulbospongiosus
Origin: Female – central tendon of
perineum
Insertion: Female – Base of
clitoris
Action:Female – erects clitoris
PERINEUM
2. Bulbospongiosus
Origin: Male – central tendon of
perineum
Insertion: Male – Dorsal surface
of penis and bulb of penis
Action: Male – constricts urethra;
erects penis
PERINEUM
3. Ischiocavernus
Origin: Ischial ramus
Insertion: Corpus cavernosum
Action: Compresses base of penis
or clitoris
PERINEUM
4. External anal sphincter
Origin: Coccyx
Insertion: Central tendon of
perineum
Action: Keeps orifice of anal canal
closed
PELVIC FLOOR PERINEUM
1. Levator ani 1. Bulbospongiosus
2. Ischiocavernous
3. External anal sphincter
4. Deep transverse perinei
5. Superficial transverse
perinei
MUSCLES OF UPPER LIMB
 Scapular Movements – Arm

Movements – Forearm Movements –
Supination And Pronation – Wrist And
Finger Movements
SCAPULAR MOVEMENTS
 The muscles that attach the scapula to the thorax include the trapezius,
levator scapulae, rhomboideus major and rhomboideus minor, serratus
anterior, and pectoralis minor.
 These muscles move the scapula, permitting a wide range of movements of
the upper limb, or they act as fixators to hold the scapula firmly in position
when the arm muscles contract.
MUSCLES OF THE SCAPULA
1. Levator scapulae
Origin: Transverse processes of C1–
C4
Insertion: Superior angle of scapula
Action: Elevates, retracts, and
rotates scapula; laterally flexes neck
2. Pectoralis minor
Origin: Ribs 3-5
Insertion: Coracoid
process of scapula
Action: Depresses scapula
or elevates ribs
3. Rhomboids major
Origin: Spinous processes of T1–T4
Insertion: Medial border of scapula
Action: Retracts, rotates, and fixes
scapula
4. Rhomboids minor
Origin: Spinous processes of T1–T4
Action: Retracts, slightly elevates,
rotates, and fixes scapula
5. Serratus anterior
Origin: Ribs 1-9
Action: Rotates and protracts
scapula; elevates ribs
6. Trapezius
Origin: Post surface of the skull and
spinous processes of C7-T12
Insertion: Clavicle, acromion
process and scapular spine
Action: Elevates, depresses,
retracts, rotates, and fixes scapula;
extends neck
ARM MOVEMENTS
 The arm is attached to the thorax by several muscles, including the pectoralis
major and the latissimus dorsi.
 The deltoid muscle is like three muscles in one: The anterior fibers flex the
shoulder, the lateral fibers abduct the arm, and the posterior fibers extend the
shoulder.
 Another group of muscles, called rotator cuff muscles, attaches the humerus
to scapula and forms a cuff or cap over the humerus.
ARM MOVEMENTS
1. Deltoid
Origin: Clavicle, acromion
process, and scapular
spine
Insertion: Deltoid
tuberosity
Action: Flexes and
extends shoulder; abducts
and medially and laterally
rotates arm
ARM MOVEMENTS
2. Latissimus dorsi
Origin: Spinous processes of T7–
L5; sacrum and iliac crest; inferior
angle of scapula in some people
Insertion: Thoracodorsal
Action: Adducts and medially
rotates arm; extends shoulder
ARM MOVEMENTS
3. Pectoralis major
Origin: Clavicle, sternum,
superior six costal cartilages,
and abdominal aponeurosis
Insertion: Lateral crest of
intertubercular groove
Action: Flexes shoulder;
adducts and medially rotates
arm; extends shoulder from
flexed position
ARM MOVEMENTS
4. Teres major
Origin: Lateral border of
scapula
Insertion: Medial crest of
intertubercular groove
Action: Extends
shoulder; adducts and
medially rotates arm
ARM MOVEMENTS
ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES:

1. Infraspinatus
2. Subscapularis
3. Supraspinatus
4. Teres minor
FOREARM MOVEMENTS
 The arm can be divided into anterior and posterior compartments.
• Posterior compartment: triceps brachii – the primary extensor of the elbow,

• Anterior compartment: biceps brachii and brachialis – primary flexors of the
elbow
 Brachioradialis – seen in the posterior forearm, helps flex the elbow.
MUSCLES ACTING ON THE
FOREARM
ARM
1. Biceps brachii
Origin:
Long head—supraglenoid tubercle
Short head—coracoid process
Insertion: Radial tuberosity and
aponeurosis of biceps brachii
Action: Flexes shoulder and elbow;
supinates forearm and hand
FOREARM
ARM
2. Brachialis
Origin: Anterior surface of humerus
Insertion: Ulnar tuberosity and
coronoid process of ulna
Action: Flexes elbow
FOREARM
ARM
3. Triceps brachii
Origin:
Long head—infraglenoid tubercle on lateral
border of scapula
Lateral head—lateral and posterior surface of
humerus
Medial head—posterior humerus
Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna
Action: Extends elbow; extends shoulder and
adducts arm
MUSCLES ACTING
ON THE FOREARM
FOREAM
1. Anconeus – extends elbow
2. Brachioradialis – flexes elbow
3. Pronator quadratus – pronates
forearm
4. Pronator teres – pronates
forearm
5. Supinator – supinates forearm
WRIST AND FINGER MOVEMENTS
 The 20 muscles of the forearm can also be divided anterior and posterior groups.
 Anterior forearm muscle – responsible for flexion of the wrist and fingers.
 Posterior forearm muscles – extension.
 A strong band of connective tissue called retinaculum, covers the flexor and extensor tendons
and holds them in place around the wrist so that they do not “bowstring” during muscle
contraction
MUSCLES OF THE FOREARM ACTING ON THE WRIST, HAND,
AND FINGERS
Anterior Forearm Posterior Forearm
1. Flexor carpi radialis 1. Abductor pollicis longus
2. Flexor carpi ulnaris 2. Extensor carpi radialis brevis
3. Flexor digitorum profundus 3. Extensor carpi radialis longus
4. Flexor digitorum superficialis 4. Extensor carpi ulnaris
5. Flexor pollicis longus 5. Extensor digiti minimi
6. Palmaris longus 6. Extensor digitorum
7. Extensor indicis
8. Extensor pollicis brevis
9. Extensor pollicis longus
MUSCLES OF LOWER LIMB
 Thigh Movements – Leg Movements –

Ankle and Toe Movements –
MUSCLES MOVING THE THIGH
1. Iliopsoas
Origin: Iliac fossa and vertebrae T12-
L5
Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur
and hip capsule
Action: Flexes hip
2. Gluteus maximus
Origin: Posterior surface of ilium,
sacrum, and coccyx
Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity of femur
and iliotibial tract
Action: Extends hip; abducts and
laterally rotates thigh
3. Gluteus medius
Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur
Action: abducts and medially rotates
thigh
4. Gluteus minimus
Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur
Action: Abducts and medially rotates
thigh
4. Tensor fasciae latae

Origin: Anterior surface of iliac spine
Insertion: Through lateral fascia of
thigh to lateral condyle of tibia
Action: Steadies on tibia through
iliotibial tract when, standing, flexes the
hip, medially rotate and abduct the
thigh
MUSCLES ACTING ON THE HIP AND THIGH
Anterior Posterior and Lateral Deep Thigh Rotators

1. Iliopsoas 1. Gluteus maximus 1. Inferior Gemellus
2. Iliacus 2. Gluteus medius 2. Inferior Gemellus
3. Psoas major 3. Gluteus minimus
4. Tensor fasciae latae
MUSCLES OF THE THIGH
Anterior Medial Posterior

Compartment Compartment Compartment
1. Quadriceps femoris 1. Adductor brevis 1. Biceps femoris
2. Sartorius 2. Adductor longus 2. Semimembranosus
3. Adductor magnus 3. Semitendinosus
4. Gracilis
5. Pectineus

Muscular System - 1

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Muscular System - 1

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MUSCULAR

1. Movement of the body.

1. Contractility – it is the ability of skeletal muscle to

 Origin – also called “head”, the most

 Muscles also tend to function in groups to accomplish specific movements.

Posterior Deep Neck Muscles

Posterior Deep Neck Muscles

ANTERIOR POSTERIOR LATERAL

Longus capitis Longissimus capitis Rectus capitis lateralis

Rectus capitis anterior Oblique capitis posterior Scalene muscles

Rectus capitis posterior

6. Depressor anguli oris

7. Depressor labii inferioris

8. Levator anguli oris

9. Levator labii superioris

10. Levator labii superioris

11. Levator palpebrae superioris

15. Orbicularis oculi

16. Orbicularis oris

20. Zygomaticus major

21. Zygomaticus minor

Suprahyoid Muscles Infrahyoid Muscles

1. Oblique arytenoids 1. Levator veli palatini 1. Inf pharyngeal constrictors

2. Transverse arytenoids 2. Palatoglossus 2. Mid pharyngeal constrictors

3. Lateral cricoarytenoids 3. Palatopharyngeus 3. Sup pharyngeal constrictors

4. Posterior cricoarytenoids 4. Tensor veli palatini 4. Salpingopharyngeus

5. Cricothyroid 5. Uvulae 5. Stylopharyngeus

1. Inferior oblique 1. Inferior rectus

2. Superior oblique 2. Lateral rectus

SUPERFICIAL: Erector spinae

SUPERFICIAL: Erector spinae

SUPERFICIAL: Erector spinae

SUPERFICIAL: Erector spinae

Superficial: Erector spinae Deep

1. Iliocostalis 1. Deep back muscles

 The scalene muscles

 The external intercostals

 The internal intercostals and

From superficial (outermost) to deep (innermost):

PELVIC FLOOR PERINEUM

1. Levator ani 1. Bulbospongiosus

3. External anal sphincter

4. Deep transverse perinei

 Scapular Movements – Arm

ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES:

 The arm can be divided into anterior and posterior compartments.

• Posterior compartment: triceps brachii – the primary extensor of the elbow,

 Thigh Movements – Leg Movements –

4. Tensor fasciae latae

Anterior Posterior and Lateral Deep Thigh Rotators

Anterior Medial Posterior

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