Slides 01 UpperLimbAnatomy Pickering

Surface anatomy and osteology
of upper limb
With Dr. James Pickering
Ashutosh singh, ashutosh3627@gmail.com

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Introduction: Surface anatomy and osteology of upper limb
1. Surface anatomy
• Regions of upper limb: Shoulder | Arm |

Forearm | Hand
2. Osteology of Upper limb
• Clavicle | Scapula | Humerus | Ulna |

Radius | Carpals | Metacarpals |
Phalanges
• Bony landmarks
3. Movement of the Upper Limb

General arrangement of upper limb – surface anatomy

• Superior appendicular skeleton forms

the upper limb
• Characterised by its high level of mobility

and ability to grasp
• Contains a number of specialised joints
• Attached to axial skeleton via pectoral

girdle

• Divided into 4 regions:
• Shoulder
• Arm (brachium)
• Forearm (antebrachium)
• Hand

General arrangement of upper limb – osteology

General arrangement of upper limb – osteology
• Axial skeleton | Appendicular skeleton

• Superior appendicular skeleton
• Includes:
• Clavicle – Pectoral girdle
• Scapula – Pectoral girdle
• Humerus – Arm
• Ulna – Forearm
• Radius – Forearm
• Carpals – Hand
• Metacarpals – Hand
• Phalanges – Hand

Osteology of upper limb - clavicle

• Connects sternum to scapula Superior view; right
• Keeps upper limb away from trunk

to increase movement
• Two curves:
• Medial half convex anteriorly

Inferior view; right
• Lateral half concave anteriorly
• Superior surface
• Smooth

• Inferior surface Superior view; right
• Rough
• Conoid tubercle – conoid ligament

(part of coracoclavicular ligament)
• Trapezoid line – trapezoid ligament

(part of coracoclavicular ligament)
Inferior view; right
• Impression for costoclavicular
ligament
• Subclavian groove – attachment for

subclavius

Osteology of upper limb - scapula

• Triangular flat bone (right) Posterior view Lateral view
• Posterolateral aspect of thorax (ribs 2-7)
• Posterior surface:
• Divided by spine into supra- and infra-

spinous fossae
• Anterior surface:
• Subscapular fossa
Anterior view

• Angles: Superior | Inferior | Lateral Posterior view Lateral view
• Borders: Medial |Lateral | Superior
• Lateral border: Neck | Head
• Superior border: suprascapular notch
• Spine: enlarges laterally – acromion
• Articulates with clavicle
• Head: Glenoid cavity | Supra- and Infra-

glenoid tubercles | Coracoid process Anterior view

Osteology of upper limb - humerus

• Orientation: Anterior view | Right
• Articulates with scapula at glenohumeral

joint
• Head within glenoid cavity
• Neck: Anatomical | Surgical
• Tubercles – between the anatomical and

surgical necks
• Greater | Lesser
• Separated by intertubercular groove

• Shaft
• Laterally - deltoid tuberosity
• Inferiorly - medial and lateral

supracondylar ridges
• Distally - medial and lateral epicondyle
• Condyle: Articular surfaces –

Trochlea | Capitulum
• Fossae - Coronoid | Radial

• Orientation: Posterior view | Right
• Neck: Anatomical | Surgical
• Tubercles – between the anatomical

and surgical necks
• Greater

• Shaft
• Posteriorly – radial groove
• Inferiorly - medial and lateral

supracondylar ridges
• Distally - medial and lateral epicondyle
• Condyle: Articular surfaces –

Trochlea | Capitulum
• Olecranon fossa

Osteology of upper limb - ulna

• Longer than radius | Medial | Stabilises Anterior view Lateral (radial) view
the forearm
• Proximally: Olecranon | Coronoid process
• = C-Shaped trochlear notch
• Articulates with the trochlear

of humerus
• Coronoid process
• Laterally = Radial notch | Supinator

crest
• Inferiorly = tuberosity of ulna
Posterior view

• Shaft Anterior view Lateral (radial) view
• Sharp interosseous border
• Distally
• Rounded head | Ulnar styloid process
• Does not articulate directly with carpal

bones. Separated by articular disc
Posterior view

Osteology of upper limb - radius

• Shorter than ulna | Lateral Anterior view Medial (ulnar) view
• Proximally: Head | Neck | Radial tuberosity
• Head = articulates with capitulum

of humerus
• Head = articulates with radial notch

of ulna
• Shaft
• Sharp interosseous border
• Widens distally
Posterior view

• Distally Anterior view Medial (ulnar) view
• Medially: Ulnar notch
• Articulates with head of the ulna
• Laterally: Radial styloid notch
• Dorsal tubercle
• Important as pulley for extensor

muscle of thumb
Posterior view

Osteology of upper limb - hand
Anterior view; right Posterior view; right

• Wrist (carpus) = 8 Carpal bones Anterior view; right
• Two rows of 4 carpal bones
• Provide flexibility
• Proximal row (lateral to medial)
• Scaphoid
• Lunate
• Triquetrum
• Pisiform
Posterior view; right

• Distal row (lateral to medial) Anterior view; right
• Trapezium
• Trapezoid
• Capitate
• Hamate

• Palm (metacarpus) = 5 metacarpals Anterior view; right
• Base
• Articulate with distal row of carpal

bones
• Shaft
• Head
• Articulate with the proximal phalanges

(knuckles)

• Digits Anterior view; right
• Three phalanges: Proximal | Middle |

Distal
• Except for digit 1 (thumb) which has

two
• Each phalanx: Base | Shaft | Head

Ranges of movement: Upper limb
Upward rotation / downward rotation
Elevation / Depression Abduction / Adduction

Protraction / Retraction Flexion / Extension
Internal (medial) rotation / External (lateral) rotation

Ranges of movement: Upper limb
Abduction / Adduction
Flexion / Extension Supination / Pronation Flexion / Extension Flexion / Extension

Summary
1. Surface anatomy
• Regions of upper limb: Shoulder | Arm | Forearm | Hand
2. Osteology of Upper limb
• Shoulder: Clavicle | Scapula
• Arm: Humerus
• Forearm: Ulna | Radius
• Hand: Carpals | Metacarpals | Phalanges
3. Movements of the Upper Limb

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Surface anatomy and osteology

Ashutosh singh, ashutosh3627@gmail.com

• Regions of upper limb: Shoulder | Arm |

2. Osteology of Upper limb

• Clavicle | Scapula | Humerus | Ulna |

3. Movement of the Upper Limb

Ashutosh singh, ashutosh3627@gmail.com

Ashutosh singh, ashutosh3627@gmail.com

• Superior appendicular skeleton forms

• Characterised by its high level of mobility

• Contains a number of specialised joints

• Attached to axial skeleton via pectoral

Ashutosh singh, ashutosh3627@gmail.com

• Divided into 4 regions:

Ashutosh singh, ashutosh3627@gmail.com

Ashutosh singh, ashutosh3627@gmail.com

• Axial skeleton | Appendicular skeleton

Ashutosh singh, ashutosh3627@gmail.com

Ashutosh singh, ashutosh3627@gmail.com

• Connects sternum to scapula Superior view; right

• Keeps upper limb away from trunk

• Medial half convex anteriorly

Ashutosh singh, ashutosh3627@gmail.com

• Inferior surface Superior view; right

• Conoid tubercle – conoid ligament

• Trapezoid line – trapezoid ligament

• Subclavian groove – attachment for

Ashutosh singh, ashutosh3627@gmail.com

Ashutosh singh, ashutosh3627@gmail.com

• Triangular flat bone (right) Posterior view Lateral view

• Posterolateral aspect of thorax (ribs 2-7)

• Divided by spine into supra- and infra-

Ashutosh singh, ashutosh3627@gmail.com

• Angles: Superior | Inferior | Lateral Posterior view Lateral view

• Borders: Medial |Lateral | Superior

• Lateral border: Neck | Head

• Superior border: suprascapular notch

• Spine: enlarges laterally – acromion

• Articulates with clavicle

• Head: Glenoid cavity | Supra- and Infra-

Ashutosh singh, ashutosh3627@gmail.com

Ashutosh singh, ashutosh3627@gmail.com

• Orientation: Anterior view | Right

• Articulates with scapula at glenohumeral

• Head within glenoid cavity

• Neck: Anatomical | Surgical

• Tubercles – between the anatomical and

• Separated by intertubercular groove

Ashutosh singh, ashutosh3627@gmail.com

• Laterally - deltoid tuberosity

• Inferiorly - medial and lateral

• Distally - medial and lateral epicondyle

• Condyle: Articular surfaces –

• Fossae - Coronoid | Radial

Ashutosh singh, ashutosh3627@gmail.com

• Orientation: Posterior view | Right

• Neck: Anatomical | Surgical

• Tubercles – between the anatomical

Ashutosh singh, ashutosh3627@gmail.com

• Posteriorly – radial groove

• Inferiorly - medial and lateral

• Distally - medial and lateral epicondyle

• Condyle: Articular surfaces –

Ashutosh singh, ashutosh3627@gmail.com