04/11/2011

fotogrametri

stereoparalaks

Fotogrammetri pada foto udara

tegak sempurna

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MONOSKOPIS

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STEREOSKOPIS

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Proper Use of Stereoscopes

• The following are some guidelines that will help you use your
stereoscopes properly. They are important and should be kept in
mind when performing stereo based interpretations:
• Be sure that the photos are properly aligned, preferably with the
shadows toward the viewer. (Having the shadows away from the
viewer can cause terrain reversal or "false stereo".)
1. Be sure to keep the eye base and the long axis of the stereoscope
parallel to the flight line.
2. Try to maintain an even glare free illumination of the images and
make yourself comfortable.
3. Keep the lenses of your stereoscope clean.
4. Do Not Attempt Stereoviewing For Long Periods in the Beginning.

Problems/Issues Involved in Viewing

Stereo
1. People with eyes of unequal strength may have difficulty seeing stereo. If you
wear glasses it is best that they be worn when stereo viewing.
2. Poor photographic illumination, misalaigned prints or uncomfortable viewing
positions may result in eye fatigue.
3. Illness or severe emotional distress may create sensations of dizziness when
using strereoscopes.
4. Pseudo stereo can be caused by:
1. Erroneous reversal of prints;
2. Viewing photos with shadows falling away rather than towards the interpreter.
5. Objects which change position from one photo to another cannot be viewed in
stereo.
6. In areas of high vertical relief, scale differences in adjacent photos may make it
difficult to obtain a 3-D effect.
7. Dark shadows or clouds may prohibit stereoscopic study by obscuring details of
the scene on one print or the other.
8. Individuals who have difficulty with stereoscopic viewing, should not attempt
unaided eye stereo viewing.

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Menentukan orientasi foto

• label dan anotasi hampir selalu di sepanjang
tepi utara foto
• Atau terkadang di sebelah timur foto
• Obyek pada foto terkadang dapat menjadi
petunjuk dan memberikan informasi orientasi
• What time has aerial photo taken? Can you
recognize it (orientation)
• Hanya satu cara yang memastikan arahnya
secara tepat yaitu dengan melihat peta / index

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dP1 dP2

O1 X 1 1 O2 O1 X1 2 O2

X1
X2

Bidang Lensa Kamera

f
O2 O1
Bidang Fokal Foto Positif
X1 X2 O2
O1

H H-h

dP1 dP2

h
Bidang Ground
O1 O2
dP2 dP1

dP
P

dp1 dp2

O1 X 1 1 O2 O1 X1 2 O2

X1
X2

Bidang Lensa Kamera

f
O2 O1
Bidang Fokal Foto Positif
X1 X2 O2
O1

H H-h

dp1 dp2

h
Bidang Ground
O1 O2
dP2 dP1

dP
P

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Keterangan
• h = tinggi pohon/obyek
• H = tinggi lensa kamera dari bidang dasar pohon (ground)
• P = Paralaks absolut bidang dasar pohon (ground)
(ekuivalen foto = O1O2 = O1X11 + O2X12 )
• dP = Beda Paralaks puncak pohon terhadap dasar pohon
(ekuivalen foto = dP1 – dP2 )
• Dari persamaan segitiga P(h) = dP(H-h)
h/(H-h) = dP/P P(h) = dP(H) – dP(h)
P(h) + dP(h) = dP(H)
• Transposisi
h (P + dP) = dP(H)
h = (H x dP)/(P + dP) h = dP (H) / (P + dP)

Line drawing showing derivation of the parallax equation, from Colwell (1995)

ingat
• Principal point: Geometric center of photograph. Literally
the point on the ground in line with axis of camera lens.
• Fiducial marks: Marks on the photograph margins used to
locate principal point in photo.
• Conjugate principal point: Point in overlapping photo that is
equivalent to principal point of adjacent photograph.
• Photo base: Distance between principal point and
conjugate principal point measured on a single photograph.
• Ground (air) base: Ground (air) distance between principal
points of overlapping photographs.
• Parallax: Apparent shift in relative positions of objects
when viewed (photographed) from different vantage
points.

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tinggi obyek
dihitung dengan beda paralaks

h = H*p / b h = H2p / B*f

h = tinggi obyek ( beda elevasi dua titik) dalam meter
p = perbedaan paralaks antara dua titik dalam mm
H = tinggi terbang (ketinggian terbang – elevasi tanah) dalam meter
b = rata-rata basis foto yang diukur pada tiap foto dalam mm
B = rata-rata basis tanah (ground) untuk setiap foto dalam meter
f = panjang fokus lensa kamera dalam mm

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