Chapter 5 Gases and The Kinetic-Molecular Theory: Follow-Up Problems

CHAPTER 5 GASES AND THE KINETIC-
MOLECULAR THEORY
FOLLOW–UP PROBLEMS
5.1A Plan: Use the equation for gas pressure in an open-end manometer to calculate the pressure of the gas. Use
conversion factors to convert pressure in mmHg to units of torr, pascals and lb/in2.
Solution:
Because Pgas < Patm, Pgas = Patm – Δh
Pgas = 753.6 mmHg – 174.0 mmHg = 579.6 mmHg
⎛ 1 torr ⎞⎟
⎜
(
Pressure (torr) = 579.6 mmHg ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟ = 579.6 torr
⎜⎜⎝1 mmHg ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 1 atm ⎟⎟⎜⎛1.01325x10 Pa ⎟⎞
5
(
Pressure (Pa) = 579.6 mmHg ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟⎜⎜
⎜⎜⎝ 760 mmHg ⎟⎟⎝ 1atm
⎟⎟ = 7.727364x104 = 7.727x104 Pa
⎟⎠
⎠
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟⎛⎜14.7 lb/in ⎞⎟
2
(
Pressure (lb/in2) = 579.6 mmHg ⎜⎜ )
⎜⎝ 760 mmHg ⎠⎜
⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟ = 11.21068 = 11.2 lb/in2
⎟⎝⎜ 1 atm ⎟⎟⎟⎠
5.1B Plan: Convert the atmospheric pressure to torr. Use the equation for gas pressure in an open-end manometer to calculate
the pressure of the gas. Use conversion factors to convert pressure in torr to units of mmHg, pascals and lb/in2.
Solution:
Because Pgas > Patm, Pgas = Patm + Δh
⎛ 760 torr ⎞⎟
Pgas = (0.9475 atm) ⎜⎜
⎝ 1 atm ⎟⎠⎟
+ 25.8 torr = 745.9 torr
⎛1 mmHg ⎞⎟
Pressure (mmHg) = (745.9 torr) ⎜⎜
⎝ 1 torr ⎟⎟⎠
= 745.9 mmHg
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎛ 1.01325x105 Pa ⎞⎟

Pressure (Pa) = (745.9 mmHg) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟ = 9.94452x104 = 9.945x104 Pa
⎟
⎜⎝ 760 mmHg ⎟⎜ ⎠⎝⎜ 1 atm ⎟⎠
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜14.7 lb/in ⎟⎟⎞ = 14.427 = 14.4 lb/in2
2
Pressure (lb/in2) = (745.9 mmHg) ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎜
⎝ 760 mmHg ⎠⎟⎝⎜ 1 atm ⎟⎠⎟
5.2A Plan: Given in t8 pt the problem is an initial volume, initial pressure, and final volume for the argon gas. The final
pressure is to be calculated. The temperature and amount of gas are fixed. Rearrange the ideal gas law to the
appropriate form and solve for P2. Once solved for, P2 must be converted from atm units to kPa units.
Solution:
P1 = 0.871 atm; V1 = 105 mL
P2 = unknown V2 = 352 mL
PV
1 1 PV
= 2 2 At fixed n and T:
n1T1 n2T2
PV1 1 = P2V2
PV (0.871 atm)(105 mL)
P2 (atm) = 1 1 = = 0.259815 = 0.260 atm
V2 (352 mL)
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5-1
⎛101.325 kPa ⎞⎟
P2 (kPa) = (0.260 atm) ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 26.3 kPa
⎝ 1 atm ⎠⎟
5.2B Plan: Given in the problem is an initial volume, initial pressure, and final pressure for the oxygen gas. The final
volume is to be calculated. The temperature and amount of gas are fixed. Convert the final pressure to atm units.
Rearrange the ideal gas law to the appropriate form and solve for V2.
Solution:
P1 = 122 atm; V1 = 651 L
P2 = 745 mmHg V2 = unknown
PV
1 1 P2V2
= At fixed n and T:
n1T1 n2T2
PV1 1 = P2V2
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P2 (atm) = (745 mmHg) ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.980263 atm
⎜⎝ 760 mmHg ⎟⎟⎠
PV (122 atm)(651 L)
V2 (atm) = 1 1 = = 8.1021x104 = 8.10 x 104 L
P2 (0.980263 atm)
5.3A Plan: Convert the temperatures to kelvin units and the initial pressure to units of torr. Examine the ideal gas law,
PV PV
noting the fixed variables and those variables that change. R is always constant so 1 1 = 2 2 . In this problem,
n1T1 n2T2
P and T are changing, while n and V remain fixed.
Solution:
T1 = 23°C T2 = 100°C
P1 = 0.991 atm P2 = unknown
n and V remain constant
Converting T1 from °C to K: 23°C + 273.15 = 296.15 K
⎛ 760 torr ⎞⎟
P1 (torr) = (0.991 atm) ⎜⎜
⎝ 1 atm ⎟⎟⎠
= 753.16 torr
Arranging the ideal gas law and solving for P2:

P1 V1 P V P P
= 2 2 or 1 = 2
n1 T1 n 2 T2 T1 T2
P2 (torr) = P1 T2 = (753.16 torr) ⎛⎜ 373.15 K ⎞⎟⎟ = 948.98 = 949 torr

⎜⎝
T1 296.15 K ⎟⎠
Because the pressure in the tank (949 torr) is less than the pressure at which the safety valve will open
(1.00 x 103 torr), the safety valve will not open.
5.3B Plan: This is Charles’s law: at constant pressure and with a fixed amount of gas, the volume of a gas is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas. The temperature must be lowered to reduce the volume of a
gas. Arrange the ideal gas law, solving for T2 at fixed n and P. Temperature must be converted to kelvin units.
Solution:
V1 = 32.5 L V2 = 28.6 L
T1 = 40°C (convert to K) T2 = unknown
n and P remain constant
Converting T from °C to K: T1 = 40 °C + 273.15 = 313.15K
5-2
Arranging the ideal gas law and solving for T2:
PV PV V1 V
1 1
= 2 2 or = 2
n1T1 n2T2 T1 T2
V2 ⎛ 28.6 L ⎞⎟
T2 = T1 = (313.15 K) ⎜⎜
⎝ 32.5 L ⎠⎟⎟
= 275.572 K – 273.15 = 2.422 = 2°C
V1
5.4A Plan: In this problem, the amount of gas is decreasing. Since the container is rigid, the volume of the gas will not
change with the decrease in moles of gas. The temperature is also constant. So, the only change will be that the
pressure of the gas will decrease since fewer moles of gas will be present after removal of the 5.0 g of ethylene.
Rearrange the ideal gas law to the appropriate form and solve for P2. Since the ratio of moles of ethylene is equal
to the ratio of grams of ethylene, there is no need to convert the grams to moles. (This is illustrated in the solution
by listing the molar mass conversion twice.)
Solution:
P1 = 793 torr; P2 = ? mass1 = 35.0 g; mass2 = 35.0 – 5.0 = 30.0 g
PV
1 1 P V
= 2 2 At fixed V and T:
n1T1 n2T2
P1 P
= 2
n1 n2
⎛ 1 mol C 2 H 4 ⎟⎞
⎜
(
30.0 g C 2 H 4 ⎜⎜ )
⎜
⎜ 28.05 g C H
⎟⎟
⎟⎟
Pn ⎝ 2 4 ⎠
P2 = 1 2 = (793 torr ) = 679.714 = 680. torr
n1 ⎛ 1 mol C 2 H 4 ⎞⎟
⎜⎜
(
35.0 g C 2 H 4 ⎜ ) ⎟⎟
⎜⎜⎝ 28.05 g C 2 H 4 ⎟⎠⎟
5.4B Plan: Examine the ideal gas law, noting the fixed variables and those variables that change. R is always constant
PV PV
so 1 1 = 2 2 . In this problem, n and V are changing, while P and T remain fixed.
n1T1 n2T2
Solution:
m1 = 1.26 g N2 m2 = 1.26 g N2 + 1.26 g He
V1 = 1.12 L V2 = unknown
P and T remain constant
⎛ 1 mol N 2 ⎞⎟
Converting m1 (mass) to n1 (moles): (1.26 g N2) ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.044968 mol N2 = n1
⎜⎝ 28.02 g N 2 ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 1 mol He ⎟⎞
Converting m2 (mass) to n2 (moles): 0.044968 mol N2 + (1.26 g He) ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ 4.003 g He ⎟⎟⎠
= 0.044968 mol N2 + 0.31476 mol He = 0.35973 mol gas = n2
Arranging the ideal gas law and solving for V2:
P1 V1 P V V V
= 2 2 or 1 = 2
n1 T1 n2 T2 n1 n2
V2 = V1 P2 = (1.12 L) ⎛⎜ 0.35973 mol ⎞⎟⎟ = 8.9597 = 8.96 L

⎜⎝
P1 0.044968 mol ⎠⎟
5-3
5.5A Plan: Convert the temperatures to kelvin. Examine the ideal gas law, noting the fixed variables and those variables
PV PV
that change. R is always constant so 1 1 = 2 2 . In this problem, P, V, and T are changing, while n remains
n1T1 n2T2
fixed.
Solution:
T1 = 23°C T2 = 18°C
P1 = 755 mmHg P2 = unknown
V1 = 2.55 L V2 = 4.10 L
n remains constant
P1V1 PV PV P V
= 2 2 or 1 1 = 2 2
n 1 T1 n 2 T2 T1 T2
⎛ ⎞
P2 (mmHg) = P1 V1T2 = (755 mmHg) ⎜⎜ (2.55 L)(291.15 K) ⎟⎟ = 461.645 = 462 mmHg
V2T1 ⎜
⎝ (4.10 L)(296.15 K) ⎟⎠
5.5B Plan: Convert the temperatures to kelvin. Examine the ideal gas law, noting the fixed variables and those variables
PV PV
that change. R is always constant so 1 1 = 2 2 . In this problem, P, V, and T are changing, while n remains
n1T1 n2T2
fixed.
Solution:
T1 = 28°C T2 = 21°C
P1 = 0.980 atm P2 = 1.40 atm
n remains constant
P1V1 PV PV P V
= 2 2 or 1 1 = 2 2
n 1 T1 n 2 T2 T1 T2
⎛ ⎞
V2 (L) = V1 P1T2 = (2.2 L) ⎜⎜ (0.980 atm )(294.15 K) ⎟⎟ = 1.5042 = 1.5 L
P2T1 ⎝⎜ (1.40 atm)(301.15 K) ⎟⎠
5.6A Plan: From Sample Problem 5.6 the temperature of 21°C and volume of 438 L are given. The pressure is 1.37 atm
and the unknown is the moles of oxygen gas. Use the ideal gas equation PV = nRT to calculate the number of
moles of gas. Multiply moles by molar mass to obtain mass.
Solution:
PV = nRT
PV ( )(
1.37 atm 438 L )
n= = = 24.8475 mol O2
RT ⎛ 0.0821 atm • L ⎞⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟((273.15 + 21) K )
⎜⎝ mol • K ⎠⎟
⎛ 32.00 g O2 ⎞⎟
Mass (g) of O2 = (24.8475 mol O2) ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 795.12 = 795 g O2
⎝ 1 mol O2 ⎠⎟
5-4
5.6B Plan: Convert the mass of helium to moles, the temperature to kelvin units, and the pressure to atm units. Use the
ideal gas equation PV = nRT to calculate the volume of the gas.
Solution:
P = 731 mmHg V = unknown
m = 3950 kg He T = 20°C
⎛1000 g ⎞⎛
⎟⎟⎜⎜ 1 mol He ⎞⎟⎟ = 9.8676x105 mol = n
Converting m (mass) to n (moles): (3950 kg He) ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ 4.003 g He ⎟⎟
⎝ 1 kg ⎠⎝ ⎠
Converting T from °C to K: 20°C + 273.15 = 293.15 K
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
Converting P from mmHg to atm: (731 mmHg) ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.962 atm
⎜⎝ 760 mmHg ⎟⎟⎠
PV = nRT
⎛ atm • L ⎞⎟
(9.8676x10 5 mol) ⎜⎜0.0821 (293.15 K)
V=
nRT
=
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠ = 2.4687x107 = 2.47x107 L
P (0.962 atm)
5.7A Plan: Balance the chemical equation. The pressure is constant and, according to the picture, the volume approximately
doubles. The volume change may be due to the temperature and/or a change in moles. Examine the balanced reaction
for a possible change in number of moles. Rearrange the ideal gas law to the appropriate form and solve for the variable
that changes.
Solution:
The balanced chemical equation must be 2CD → C2 + D2
Thus, the number of mole of gas does not change (2 moles both before and after the reaction). Only the
temperature remains as a variable to cause the volume change. Let V1 = the initial volume and 2V1 = the final
volume V2.
T1 = (–73 + 273.15) K = 200.15 K
PV
1 1 PV
= 2 2 At fixed n and P:
n1T1 n2T2
V1 V
= 2
T1 T2
V2T1 (2V1 )(200.15 K )
T2 = = = 400.30 K – 273.15 = 127.15 = 127°C
V1 (V1 )
5.7B Plan: The pressure is constant and, according to the picture, the volume approximately decreases by a factor of 2
(the final volume is approximately one half the original volume). The volume change may be due to the temperature
change and/or a change in moles. Consider the change in temperature. Examine the balanced reactions for a possible
change in number of moles. Think about the relationships between the variables in the ideal gas law in order to
determine the effect of temperature and moles on gas volume.
Solution:
Converting T2 from °C to K: –155°C + 273.15 = 118.15 K
According to the ideal gas law, temperature and volume are directly proportional. The temperature decreases by a
factor of 4, which should cause the volume to also decrease by a factor of 4. Because the volume only decreases
by a factor of 2, the number of moles of gas must have increased by a factor of 2 (moles of gas and volume are
also directly proportional).
1/4 (decrease in V from the decrease in T) x 2 (increase in V from the increase in n)
= 1/2 (a decrease in V by a factor of 2)
Thus, we need to find a reaction in which the number of moles of gas increases by a factor of 2.
5-5
In equation (1), 3 moles of gas yield 2 moles of gas.
In equation (3), 1 mole of gas yields 3 moles of gas.
Because the number of moles of gas doubles in equation (2), that equation best describes the reaction in the
figure in this problem.
5.8A Plan: Density of a gas can be calculated using a version of the ideal gas equation, d = (Pℳ)/(RT). Two
calculations are required, one with T = 0°C = 273.15 K and P = 380 torr and the other at STP which is defined as
T = 273 K and P = 1 atm.
Solution:
Density at T = 273 K and P = 380 torr:
( )( )
380 torr 44.01 g/mol ⎛⎜ 1 atm ⎞⎟
d= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.98124 = 0.981 g/L
⎛ 0.0821 atm • L ⎞⎟ ⎜⎜ 760 torr ⎟⎠⎟
⎜⎜
⎜⎝ mol • K (
⎟⎟ 273.15 K
⎠⎟
⎝
)
Density at T = 273 K and P = 1 atm. (Note: The 1 atm is an exact number and does not affect the significant
figures in the answer.)
(44.01 g/mol)(1 atm)
d= = 1.96249 = 1.96 g/L
⎛ 0.0821 atm • L ⎞⎟
⎜⎜
⎜⎝ mol • K
(
⎟⎟ 273.15 K
⎠⎟
)
The density of a gas increases proportionally to the increase in pressure.
5.8B Plan: Density of a gas can be calculated using a version of the ideal gas equation, d = Pℳ/RT
Solution:
Density of NO2 at T = 297.15 K (24°C + 273.15) and P = 0.950 atm:
(0.950 atm)(46.01 g/mol)
d= = 1.7917 = 1.79 g/L
⎛ atm • L ⎞⎟
⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟ (297.15 K)
⎝ mol • K ⎠
Nitrogen dioxide is more dense than dry air at the same conditions (density of dry air = 1.13 g/L).
5.9A Plan: Calculate the mass of the gas by subtracting the mass of the empty flask from the mass of the flask
containing the condensed gas. The volume, pressure, and temperature of the gas are known.
dRT mRT
The relationship d = Pℳ/RT is rearranged to give ℳ = or ℳ =
P PV
Solution:
Mass (g) of gas = mass of flask + vapor – mass of flask = 68.697 – 68.322 = 0.375 g
T = 95.0°C + 273.15 = 368.15 K
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P = (740. torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎟⎠
= 0.973684 atm
V = 149 mL = 0.149 L
5-6
⎛ 0.0821 atm • L ⎞⎟
mRT
(0.375 g )⎜⎜⎜⎝ mol • K
⎟⎟(368.15 K )
⎠⎟
ℳ= = = 78.125 = 78.1 g
PV (0.973684 atm )(0.149 L)
5.9B Plan: Calculate the mass of the gas by subtracting the mass of the empty glass bulb from the mass of the bulb
containing the gas. The volume, pressure, and temperature of the gas are known. The relationship d = Pℳ/RT is
dRT mRT
rearranged to give ℳ = or ℳ = . Use the molar mass of the gas to determine its identity.
P PV
Solution:
Mass (g) of gas = mass of bulb + gas – mass of bulb = 82.786 – 82.561 = 0.225 g
T = 22°C + 273.15 = 295.15 K
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P = (733 mmHg) ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.965 atm
⎝ 760 mmHg ⎟⎠
V = 350. mL = 0.350 L
⎛ atm • L ⎞⎟
(0.225 g) ⎜⎜0.0821 (295.15 K)
ℳ=
mRT
=
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠ = 16.1426 = 16.1 g/mol
PV (0.965 atm )(0.350 L)
Methane has a molar mass of 16.04 g/mol. Nitrogen monoxide has a molar mass of 30.01 g/mol. The gas that has
a molar mass that matches the calculated value is methane.
5.10A Plan: Calculate the number of moles of each gas present and then the mole fraction of each gas. The partial
pressure of each gas equals the mole fraction times the total pressure. Total pressure equals 1 atm since the
problem specifies STP. This pressure is an exact number, and will not affect the significant figures in the answer
Solution:
⎛ 1 mol He ⎞⎟
Moles of He = (5.50 g He)⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.373970 mol He
⎝ 4.003 g He ⎟⎠
⎛ 1 mol Ne ⎞⎟
Moles of Ne = (15.0 g Ne)⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.743310 mol Ne
⎜⎝ 20.18 g Ne ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 1 mol Kr ⎞⎟
Moles of Kr = (35.0 g Kr)⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.417661 mol Kr
⎜⎝ 83.80 g Kr ⎟⎟⎠
Total number of moles of gas = 1.373970 + 0.743310 + 0.417661 = 2.534941 mol
PA = XA x Ptotal
⎛1.37397 mol He ⎟⎞
PHe = ⎜⎜ (1 atm ) = 0.54201 = 0.542 atm He
⎝ 2.534941 mol ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 0.74331 mol Ne ⎞⎟
PNe = ⎜⎜ (1 atm ) = 0.29323 = 0.293 atm Ne
⎝ 2.534941 mol ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 0.41766 mol Kr ⎞⎟
PKr = ⎜⎜ (1 atm ) = 0.16476 = 0.165 atm Kr
⎝ 2.534941 mol ⎟⎠⎟
5.10B Plan: Use the formula PA = XA x Ptotal to calculate the mole fraction of He. Multiply the mole fraction by 100% to
calculate the mole percent of He.
Solution:
PHe = XHe x Ptotal
5-7
⎛P ⎞ ⎛ 143 atm ⎟⎞
Mole percent He = XHe (100%) = ⎜⎜⎜ He ⎟⎟⎟ (100%) = ⎜⎜
⎝ 204 atm ⎟⎟⎠
(100%) = 70.1%
⎜⎝ Ptotal ⎟⎠
5.11A Plan: The gas collected over the water will consist of H2 and H2O gas molecules. The partial pressure of the water
can be found from the vapor pressure of water at the given temperature given in the text. Subtracting this partial
pressure of water from total pressure gives the partial pressure of hydrogen gas collected over the water. Calculate
the moles of hydrogen gas using the ideal gas equation. The mass of hydrogen can then be calculated by
converting the moles of hydrogen from the ideal gas equation to grams.
Solution:
From the table in the text, the partial pressure of water is 13.6 torr at 16°C.
P = 752 torr – 13.6 torr = 738.4 = 738 torr H2
The unrounded partial pressure (738.4 torr) will be used to avoid rounding error.
PV ( )(
738.4 torr 1495 mL ) ⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎛
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜10−3 L ⎞⎟⎟
Moles of hydrogen = n = = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎛ 0.0821 atm • L ⎞⎟ ⎜⎜ 760 torr ⎟⎠⎝
⎟⎜⎜ 1 mL ⎟⎠⎟
(( ) )
RT ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 273.15 + 16 K ⎝
⎜⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
= 0.061186 mol H2
⎛ 2.016 g H 2 ⎞⎟
Mass (g) of hydrogen = (0.061186 mol H 2 )⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.123351 = 0.123 g H2
⎜⎝ 1 mol H ⎟⎟⎠ 2
5.11B Plan: The gas collected over the water will consist of O2 and H2O gas molecules. The partial pressure of the water
can be found from the vapor pressure of water at the given temperature given in the text. Subtracting this partial
pressure of water from total pressure gives the partial pressure of oxygen gas collected over the water. Calculate
the moles of oxygen gas using the ideal gas equation. The mass of oxygen can then be calculated by converting
the moles of oxygen from the ideal gas equation to grams.
Solution:
From the table in the text, the partial pressure of water is 17.5 torr at 20°C.
P = 748 torr – 17.5 torr = 730.5 = 730. torr O2
PV (730. torr)(307 mL) ⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎛ ⎟⎜ 1 L ⎞⎟
⎜
Moles of oxygen = n =
RT
=
⎛ atm • L ⎞⎟ ⎜⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜1000 mL ⎟⎟⎠
⎜⎜0.0821 (293.15 K)
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
= 0.012252 mol O2
⎛ 32.00 g O2 ⎞⎟
Mass (g) of oxygen = (0.012252 mol O2) ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.39207 = 0.392 g O2
⎝ 1 mol O2 ⎠⎟
5.12A Plan: Write a balanced equation for the reaction. Calculate the moles of HCl(g) from the starting amount of
sodium chloride using the stoichiometric ratio from the balanced equation. Find the volume of the HCl(g) from
the molar volume at STP.
Solution:
The balanced equation is H2SO4(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2HCl(g).
⎛103 g ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 1 mol NaCl ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 2 mol HCl ⎞⎟⎟
⎜
(
Moles of HCl = 0.117 kg NaCl ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = 2.00205 mol HCl
⎜⎝⎜ 1 kg ⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜ 58.44 g NaCl ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜⎜ 2 mol NaCl ⎠⎟⎟
⎟
⎛ 22.4 L ⎞⎛ ⎟⎜ 1 mL ⎞⎟
Volume (mL) of HCl = (2.00205 mol HCl)⎜⎜
⎝1 mol HCl ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜10−3 L ⎠⎟⎟
= 4.4846 x 104 = 4.48x104 mL HCl
5-8
5.12B Plan: Write a balanced equation for the reaction. Use the ideal gas law to calculate the moles of CO2(g) scrubbed.
Use the molar ratios from the balanced equation to calculate the moles of lithium hydroxide needed to scrub that
amount of CO2. Finally, use the molar mass of lithium hydroxide to calculate the mass of lithium hydroxide
required.
Solution:
The balanced equation is 2LiOH(s) + CO2(g) → Li2CO3(s) + H2O(l).
PV (0.942 atm)(215 L)
Amount (mol) of CO2 scrubbed = n = = = 8.3298 = 8.3298 mol CO2
RT ⎛ atm • L ⎞⎟
⎜⎜0.0821 (296.15 K)
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
⎛ 2 mol LiOH ⎞⎟⎛ 23.95 g LiOH ⎞

Mass (g) of LiOH = 8.3298 mol CO2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 398.9973 = 399 g LiOH
⎜⎝ 1 mol CO2 ⎟⎟⎝
⎠ 1 mol LiOH ⎟⎠
5.13A Plan: Balance the equation for the reaction. Determine the limiting reactant by finding the moles of each reactant
from the ideal gas equation, and comparing the values. Calculate the moles of remaining excess reactant. This is
the only gas left in the flask, so it is used to calculate the pressure inside the flask.
Solution:
The balanced equation is NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s).
The stoichiometric ratio of NH3 to HCl is 1:1, so the reactant present in the lower quantity of moles is the limiting
reactant.
PV (
0.452 atm 10.0 L)( )
Moles of ammonia = = = 0.18653 mol NH3
⎛ 0.0821 atm • L ⎞⎟
(( ) )
RT ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 273.15 + 22 K
⎜⎝ mol • K ⎠⎟
PV ( )(
7.50 atm 155 mL ) ⎛10−3 L ⎞⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.052220 mol HCl
Moles of hydrogen chloride = =
⎛ 0.0821 atm • L ⎟⎞ ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝⎜ 1 mL ⎟⎠
( )
RT ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 271.15 K
⎜⎝ mol • K ⎠⎟
The HCl is limiting so the moles of ammonia gas left after the reaction would be
0.18653 – 0.052220 = 0.134310 mol NH3.
⎛ 0.0821 atm • L ⎞⎟
nRT
(
0.134310 mol ⎜⎜
⎜⎝ mol • K
) ⎟⎟⎟ 273.15 + 22 K
⎠
(( ) )
Pressure (atm) of ammonia = =
V 10.0 L ( )
= 0.325458 = 0.325 atm NH3
5.13B Plan: Balance the equation for the reaction. Use the ideal gas law to calculate the moles of fluorine that react.
Determine the limiting reactant by determining the moles of product that can be produced from each of the
reactants and comparing the values. Use the moles of IF5 produced and the ideal gas law to calculate the volume
of gas produced.
Solution:
The balanced equation is I2(s) + 5F2 (g) → 2IF5(g).
PV (0.974 atm)(2.48 L)
Amount (mol) of F2 that reacts = n = = = 0.10105 mol F2
RT ⎛ atm • L ⎞⎟
⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟ (291.15 K)
⎝ mol • K ⎠
5-9
⎛ 2 mol IF5 ⎞⎟
Amount (mol) of IF5 produced from F2 = 0.10105 mol F2 ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.040421 mol IF5
⎝ 5 mol F2 ⎠⎟
⎛ 1 mol I 2 ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 2 mol IF5 ⎟⎟⎞ = 0.032782 mol IF
Amount (mol) of IF5 produced from I2 = 4.16 g I2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ 1 mol I ⎟⎟
⎜⎝ 253.8 g I 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
5
Because a smaller number of moles is produced from the I2, I2 is limiting and 0.032782 mol of IF5 are produced.
⎛ atm • L ⎞⎟
(0.032782 mol) ⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟ (378.15 K)
nRT ⎝ mol • K ⎠
Volume (L) of IF5 = = = 1.08850 = 1.09 L
P (0.935 atm)
5.14A Plan: Graham’s law can be used to solve for the effusion rate of the ethane since the rate and molar mass of
helium are known, along with the molar mass of ethane. In the same way that running slower increases the time to
go from one point to another, so the rate of effusion decreases as the time increases. The rate can be expressed as
1/time.
Solution:
Rate He Molar massC2 H6
=
Rate C 2 H 6 Molar mass He
⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜ 0.010 mol He ⎟⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝⎜ 1.25 min ⎠⎟
=
(30.07 g/mol)
⎛ 0.010 mol C 2 H 6 ⎞⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ (4.003 g/mol)
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎠
⎝ t C2 H 6
0.800 t = 2.74078
t = 3.42597 = 3.43 min
5.14B Plan: Graham’s law can be used to solve for the molar mass of the unknown gas since the rates of both gases and
the molar mass of argon are known. Rate can be expressed as the volume of gas that effuses per unit time.
Solution:
Rate of Ar = 13.8 mL/time
Rate of unknown gas = 7.23 mL/time
Mass of Ar = 39.95 g/mol
⎛ Molar massunknown gas ⎟⎞
= ⎜⎜⎜
Rate of Ar ⎟⎟
Rate of unknown gas ⎜⎝ Molar massAr ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ ⎟⎟⎞ = ⎜⎜⎛ Molar massunknown gas ⎟⎞⎟

2
⎜⎜ Rate of Ar
⎜⎝ Rate of unknown gas ⎠⎟⎟ ⎜⎝ Molar massAr ⎠⎟⎟
⎛ ⎞⎟
2
Rate of Ar
ℳunknown gas = (ℳ Ar) ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ Rate of unknown gas ⎠⎟⎟
⎛ 13.8 mL/time ⎞⎟
2
ℳunknown gas = (39.95 g/mol) ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 146 g/mol

⎝ 7.23 mL/time ⎟⎠
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS BOXED READING PROBLEMS
B5.1 Plan: Examine the change in density of the atmosphere as altitude changes.
5-10
Solution:
The density of the atmosphere decreases with increasing altitude. High density causes more drag on the aircraft.
At high altitudes, low density means that there are relatively few gas particles present to collide with the aircraft.
B5.2 Plan: The conditions that result in deviations from ideal behavior are high pressure and low temperature. At high
pressure, the volume of the gas decreases, the distance between particles decreases, and attractive forces between gas
particles have a greater effect. A low temperature slows the gas particles, also increasing the affect of attractive
forces between particles.
Solution:
Since the pressure on Saturn is significantly higher and the temperature significantly lower than that on Venus,
atmospheric gases would deviate more from ideal gas behavior on Saturn.
B5.3 Plan: To find the volume percent of argon, multiply its mole fraction by 100. The partial pressure of argon gas can
be found by using the relationship PAr = XAr x Ptotal. The mole fraction of argon is given in Table B5.1.
Solution:
Volume percent = mole fraction x 100 = 0.00934 x 100 = 0.934 %
The total pressure at sea level is 1.00 atm = 760 torr.
PAr = XAr x Ptotal = 0.00934 x 760 torr = 7.0984 = 7.10 torr
B5.4 Plan: To find the moles of gas, convert the mass of the atmosphere from t to g and divide by the molar mass of air.
Knowing the moles of air, the volume can be calculated at the specified pressure and temperature by using the
ideal gas law.
Solution:
⎛1000 kg ⎞⎟⎜⎛1000 g ⎞⎛
⎟⎟⎜⎜ 1 mol ⎞⎟⎟
a) Moles of gas = (5.14x1015 t )⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ 28.8 g ⎟⎟
⎝ 1 t ⎠⎝ 1 kg ⎠⎝ ⎠
= 1.78472x1020 = 1.78x1020 mol
b) PV = nRT
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
nRT
(1.78472 x10 20
)
mol ⎜⎜0.0821
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
((
273.15 + 25 K ) )
V= = = 4.36866x1021 = 4x1021 L
P (1 atm)
END–OF–CHAPTER PROBLEMS
5.1 Plan: Review the behavior of the gas phase vs. the liquid phase.
Solution:
a) The volume of the liquid remains constant, but the volume of the gas increases to the volume of the larger
container.
b) The volume of the container holding the gas sample increases when heated, but the volume of the container
holding the liquid sample remains essentially constant when heated.
c) The volume of the liquid remains essentially constant, but the volume of the gas is reduced.
5.2 The particles in a gas are further apart than those are in a liquid.
a) The greater empty space between gas molecules allows gases to be more compressible than liquids.
b) The greater empty space between gas molecules allows gases to flow with less resistance (hindrance) than
liquids.
c) The large empty space between gas molecules limits their interaction, allowing all mixtures of gases to be
solutions.
d) The large empty space between gas molecules increases the volume of the gas, therefore decreasing the density.
5-11
5.3 The mercury column in the mercury barometer stays up due to the force exerted by the atmosphere on the mercury
in the outer reservoir just balancing the gravitational force on the mercury in the tube. Its height adjusts according
to the air pressure on the reservoir. The column of mercury is shorter on a mountaintop as there is less atmosphere
to exert a force on the mercury reservoir. On a mountaintop, the air pressure is less, so the height of mercury it
balances in the barometer is shorter than at sea level where there is more air pressure.
5.4 The pressure of mercury is its weight (force) per unit area. The weight, and thus the pressure, of the mercury
column is directly proportional to its height.
5.5 When the mercury level in the arm attached to the flask is higher than the level in the other arm, the pressure in
the flask is less than the pressure exerted in the other arm. This is an impossible situation for a closed-end
manometer as the flask pressure cannot be less than the vacuum in the other arm.
5.6 Plan: The ratio of the heights of columns of mercury and water are inversely proportional to the ratio of the
densities of the two liquids. Convert the height in mm to height in cm.
Solution:
hH2 O dHg
=
hHg dH 2 O
⎛13.5 g/mL ⎞⎟ ⎛10−3 m ⎞⎛⎟⎟⎜⎜ 1 cm ⎞⎟⎟
dHg ⎜⎜ ⎜
hH2 O =
dH 2 O
x hHg =⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝⎜1.00 g/mL ⎠⎟ (
⎟⎟ 730 mmHg ⎜⎜ )⎟⎜ −2 ⎟⎟ = 985.5 = 990 cm H2O
⎜⎝⎜ 1 mm ⎟⎠⎝
⎟⎜⎜10 m ⎠⎟
5.7 Plan: The ratio of the heights of columns of mercury and water are inversely proportional to the ratio of the
densities of the two liquids.
Solution:
hH2 O dHg
=
hHg dH 2 O
⎛13.5 g/mL ⎞⎟
dHg ⎜
hH2 O =
dH 2 O
x hHg = ⎜⎜
⎜⎜⎝1.00 g/mL ⎟⎟⎠ ( )
⎟⎟ 755 mmHg = 10,192.5 = 1.02x104 mm H O
2
5.8 Plan: Use the conversion factors between pressure units:

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bar
Solution:
⎛ 760 mmHg ⎞⎟
⎜
a) Converting from atm to mmHg: P(mmHg) = 0.745 atm ⎜⎜ ( )
⎟⎟ = 566.2 = 566 mmHg
⎜⎜⎝ 1 atm ⎟⎟⎠
⎛1.01325 bar ⎟⎞
⎜
(
b) Converting from torr to bar: P(bar) = 992 torr ⎜⎜ )
⎟⎟ = 1.32256 = 1.32 bar
⎜⎜⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
⎜
c) Converting from kPa to atm: P(atm) = 365 kPa ⎜⎜ (
⎜⎜⎝101.325 kPa ⎟⎟⎠ )
⎟⎟ = 3.60227 = 3.60 atm
⎛101.325 kPa ⎞⎟
⎜
d) Converting from mmHg to kPa: P(kPa) = 804 mmHg ⎜⎜ ( )
⎟⎟ = 107.191 = 107 kPa
⎜⎜⎝ 760 mmHg ⎟⎟⎠

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bar
5-12
Solution:
a) Converting from cmHg to atm:
⎛10−2 m ⎞⎛⎟⎟⎜⎜ 1 mm ⎞⎛
⎟⎜ 1 atm ⎟⎟⎞
⎜
(
P(atm) = 76.8 cmHg ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟⎜ −3 ⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟ = 1.01053 = 1.01 atm
⎜⎜⎝ 1 cm ⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜10 m ⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜ 760 mmHg ⎟⎟⎠
⎛101.325 kPa ⎞⎟
⎜
b) Converting from atm to kPa: P(kPa) = 27.5 atm ⎜⎜ (
⎜⎜⎝ 1 atm
)⎟⎟ = 2.786x103 = 2.79x103 kPa
⎟⎟
⎠
⎛1.01325 bar ⎞⎟
⎜
(
c) Converting from atm to bar: P(bar) = 6.50 atm ⎜⎜ )
⎜⎜⎝ 1 atm ⎟⎟⎠
⎟⎟ = 6.5861 = 6.59 bar
⎛ 760 torr ⎟⎞
⎜
(
d) Converting from kPa to torr: P(torr) = 0.937 kPa ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟ = 7.02808 = 7.03 torr
⎜⎜⎝101.325 kPa ⎟⎟⎠
5.10 Plan: This is an open-end manometer. Since the height of the mercury column in contact with the gas is higher
than the column in contact with the air, the gas is exerting less pressure on the mercury than the air. Therefore the
pressure corresponding to the height difference (Δh) between the two arms is subtracted from the atmospheric
pressure. Since the height difference is in units of cm and the barometric pressure is given in units of torr, cm
must be converted to mm and then torr before the subtraction is performed. The overall pressure is then given in
units of atm.
Solution:
⎛10−2 m ⎞⎛⎟⎟⎜⎜ 1 mm ⎟⎟⎞⎛⎜⎜ 1 torr ⎟⎟⎞
⎜
(2.35 cm ⎜⎜) ⎟⎜ −3 ⎟⎟⎜
⎜⎝⎜ 1 cm ⎟⎠⎝
⎟⎜⎜10 m ⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜1 mmHg ⎟⎟⎠
⎟ = 23.5 torr
738.5 torr – 23.5 torr = 715.0 torr

⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
⎜
(
P(atm) = 715.0 torr ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟ = 0.940789 = 0.9408 atm
⎜⎜⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎟⎠
5.11 Plan: This is an open-end manometer. Since the height of the mercury column in contact with the gas is higher
than the column in contact with the air, the gas is exerting less pressure on the mercury than the air. Therefore the
pressure corresponding to the height difference (Δh) between the two arms is subtracted from the atmospheric
pressure. Since the height difference is in units of cm and the barometric pressure is given in units of mmHg, cm
must be converted to mm before the subtraction is performed. The overall pressure is then given in units of kPa.
Solution:
⎛10−2 m ⎞⎛⎟⎟⎜⎜ 1 mm ⎟⎟⎞
⎜
(1.30 cm ⎜⎜) ⎟⎜ −3 ⎟⎟ = 13.0 mmHg
⎜⎝⎜ 1 cm ⎟⎠⎝
⎟⎜⎜10 m ⎟⎠
765.2 mmHg – 13.0 mmHg = 752.2 mmHg
⎛101.325 kPa ⎞⎟
⎜
(
P(kPa) = 752.2 torr ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟ = 100.285 = 100.3 kPa
⎜⎜⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎠⎟
5.12 Plan: This is a closed-end manometer. The difference in the height of the Hg (Δh) equals the gas pressure. The
height difference is given in units of m and must be converted to mmHg and then to atm.
Solution:
⎛ 1 mmHg ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 1 atm ⎞⎟⎟
⎜
(
P(atm) = 0.734 mHg ⎜⎜ −3 ) ⎟ ⎟ = 0.965789 = 0.966 atm
⎜⎝⎜10 mHg ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜⎜ 760 mmHg ⎟⎟⎠
5-13
5.13 Plan: This is a closed-end manometer. The difference in the height of the Hg (Δh) equals the gas pressure.
The height difference is given in units of cm and must be converted to mmHg and then to Pa.
Solution:
⎛10−2 mHg ⎞⎛⎟⎟⎜⎜1 mmHg ⎞⎛
⎟⎜1.01325x105 Pa ⎞⎟⎟
⎜
(
P(Pa) = 3.56 cm ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟⎜ −3 ⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜
⎜⎜⎝ 1 cmHg ⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜ 10 m ⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜ 760 mmHg ⎟⎟⎠
⎟ = 4746.276 = 4.75x10 Pa
3

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 1.01325x105 Pa = 14.7 psi
Solution:
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
⎜
(
a) Converting from mmHg to atm: P(atm) = 2.75x102 mmHg ⎜⎜ )
⎟⎟ = 0.361842 = 0.362 atm
⎜⎜⎝ 760 mmHg ⎟⎠⎟
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
⎜
b) Converting from psi to atm: P(atm) = 86 psi ⎜⎜( ) ⎟⎟ = 5.85034 = 5.9 atm
⎜⎜⎝14.7 psi ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
(
c) Converting from Pa to atm: P(atm) = 9.15x106 Pa ⎜⎜⎜ ) ⎟ = 90.303 = 90.3 atm
⎜⎝1.01325x10 Pa ⎟⎟⎠
5
⎛ 1 atm ⎟⎞
⎜
(
d) Converting from torr to atm: P(atm) = 2.54x10 4 torr ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟ = 33.42105 = 33.4 atm
⎜⎜⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎟⎠
5.15 Plan: 1 atm = 1.01325x105 Pa = 1.01325x105 N/m2. So the force on 1 m2 of ocean is 1.01325x105 N where
kg • m
1N=1 2
. Use F = mg to find the mass of the atmosphere in kg/m2 for part a). For part b), convert this mass
s
to g/cm2 and use the density of osmium to find the height of this mass of osmium.
Solution:
a) F = mg
1.01325x105 N = mg
kg • m
1.01325 x 10 5 = (mass) (9.81 m/s2)
s2
mass = 1.03287x104 = 1.03x104 kg
⎛103 g ⎞⎛ 10−2 m ⎟⎞
2
⎛ 4 kg ⎞ ⎜ ⎟
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
b) ⎜⎜1.03287x10 2 ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟ = 1.03287x10 g/cm (unrounded)
3 2
⎝ m ⎠⎟⎜⎜⎝ 1 kg ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜ 1 cm ⎟⎠⎟
g ⎞⎟⎜⎛⎜ 1 mL ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜1 cm ⎞⎟⎟

3
⎛
Height = ⎜ ⎜1.03287x10 3
⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 45.702 = 45.7 cm Os
⎝ cm 2 ⎟⎠⎜⎝⎜ 22.6 g ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜ 1 mL ⎟⎟⎠
5.16 The statement is incomplete with respect to temperature and mass of sample. The correct statement is: At constant
temperature and moles of gas, the volume of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure.
5.17 a) Charles’s law: At constant pressure, the volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin
temperature. Variable: volume and temperature; Fixed: pressure and moles
b) Avogadro’s law: At fixed temperature and pressure, the volume occupied by a gas is directly proportional to
the moles of gas. Variable: volume and moles; Fixed: temperature and pressure
c) Amontons’s law: At constant volume, the pressure exerted by a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to
the Kelvin temperature. Variable: pressure and temperature; Fixed: volume and moles
5-14
5.18 Plan: Examine the ideal gas law; volume and temperature are constant and pressure and moles are variable.
Solution:
RT
PV = nRT P=n R, T, and V are constant
V
P = n x constant
At constant temperature and volume, the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to the amount of gas in moles.
5.19 Plan: Examine the ideal gas law, noting the fixed variables and those variables that change. R is always constant
PV PV
so 1 1 = 2 2 .
n1T1 n2T2
Solution:
PV PV V1 V
a) P is fixed; both V and T double: 1 1 = 2 2 or = 2
n1T1 n2T2 n1T1 n2T2
T can double as V doubles only if n is fixed.
PV PV
b) T and n are both fixed and V doubles: 1 1 = 2 2 or P1V1 = P2V2
n1 T1 n2 T2
P and V are inversely proportional; as V doubles, P is halved.
c) T is fixed and V doubles. n doubles since one mole of reactant gas produces a total of 2 moles of product gas.
PV
1 1 PV PV PV
= 2 2 or 1 1
= 2 2
n1 T1 n2 T2 n1 n2
V and n can both double only if P is fixed.
d) P is fixed and V doubles. n is fixed since 2 moles of reactant gas produce 2 moles of product gas.
PV
1 1 PV V1 V
= 2 2 or = 2
n1T1 n2T2 T1 T2
V and T are directly proportional so as V is doubled, T is doubled.
PV
1 1 PV PV n T
5.20 Plan: Use the relationship = 2 2 or V2 = 1 1 2 2 .
n1T1 n2T2 P2 n1T1
Solution:
a) As the pressure on a fixed amount of gas (n is fixed) increases at constant temperature (T is fixed), the
molecules move closer together, decreasing the volume. When the pressure is tripled, the volume decreases to
one-third of the original volume at constant temperature (Boyle’s law).
PV n T (P )(V )(1)(1)
V2 = 1 1 2 2 = 1 1 V2 = ⅓V1
P2 n1T1 (3P1 )(1)(1)
b) As the temperature of a fixed amount of gas (n is fixed) increases at constant pressure (P is fixed), the gas
molecules gain kinetic energy. With higher energy, the gas molecules collide with the walls of the container with
greater force, which increases the size (volume) of the container. If the temperature is increased by a factor of 3.0
(at constant pressure) then the volume will increase by a factor of 3.0 (Charles’s law).
PV n T (1)(V1 )(1)(3T1 )
V2 = 1 1 2 2 = V2 = 3V1
P2 n1T1 (1)(1)(T1 )
c) As the number of molecules of gas increases at constant pressure and temperature (P and T are fixed), the force
they exert on the container increases. This results in an increase in the volume of the container. Adding 3 moles of
gas to 1 mole increases the number of moles by a factor of 4, thus the volume increases by a factor of
4(Avogadro’s law).
5-15
PV
1 1 n2 T2 (1)(V1 )(4n1 )(1)
V2 = = V2 = 4V1
P2 n1T1 (1)(n1 )(1)
PV
1 1 PV PV T
5.21 Plan: Use the relationship = 2 2 or V2 = 1 1 2 . R and n are fixed.
T1 T2 P2 T1
Solution:
a) As the pressure on a fixed amount of gas (n is fixed) doubles from 101 kPa to 202 kPa at constant temperature,
the volume decreases by a factor of ½. As the temperature of a fixed amount of gas (n is fixed) decreases by a
factor of ½ (from 310 K to 155 K) at constant pressure, the volume decreases by a factor of ½. The changes in
pressure and temperature combine to decrease the volume by a factor of 4.
P1 = 760 torr = 101 kPa T1 = 37°C + 273 = 310 K
PV
1 1T2 (101 kPa)(V1 )(155 K)
V2 = = V2 = 1 4 V1
P2T1 (202 kPa)(310 K)
b) As the pressure on a fixed amount of gas (n is fixed) decreases at constant temperature (T is fixed), the
molecules move farther apart, increasing the volume. When the pressure is reduced by a factor of 2, the volume
increases by a factor of 2 at constant temperature (Boyle’s law).
T2 = 32°C + 273 = 305 K P2 = 101 kPa = 1 atm
PV T (2 atm)( V )(305 K)
V2 = 1 1 2 = 1
V2 = 2V1
P2T1 (1 atm)(305 K)
c) As the pressure on a fixed amount of gas (n is fixed) decreases at constant temperature (T is fixed), the
molecules move farther apart, increasing the volume. When the pressure is reduced by a factor of 4, the volume
increases by a factor of 4 at constant temperature (Boyle’s law).
PV T (P )(V )(1)
V2 = 1 1 2 = 1 1 V2 =4V1
P2T1 (1/ 4 P1 )(1)
PV
1 1 PV PV T
5.22 Plan: Use the relationship = 2 2 or V2 = 1 1 2 . R and n are fixed.
T1 T2 P2 T1
Solution:
a) The temperature is decreased by a factor of 2, so the volume is decreased by a factor of 2 (Charles’s law).
PV T (1)(V1 )(400 K)
V2 = 1 1 2 = V2 = ½ V1
P2T1 (1)(800 K)
b) T1 = 250°C + 273.15 = 523.15 K T2 = 500°C + 273.15 = 773.15 K
The temperature increases by a factor of 773.15/523.15 = 1.48, so the volume is increased by a factor of 1.48
PV
1 1T2 (1)(V1 )(773.15 K)
(Charles’s law). V2 = = V2 = 1.48V1
P2T1 (1)(523.15 K)
c) The pressure is increased by a factor of 3, so the volume decreases by a factor of 3 (Boyle’s law).
PV T (2 atm)(V1 )(1)
V2 = 1 1 2 = V2 = ⅓V1
P2T1 (6 atm)(1)
PV PV PV n T
5.23 Plan: Use the relationship 1 1 = 2 2 or V2 = 1 1 2 2 .
n1T1 n2T2 P2 n1T1
Solution:
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
⎜
(
a) P1 = 722 torr ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟ = 0.950 atm
⎜⎜⎝ 760 torr ⎠⎟⎟
5 5
T1 = [T (in °F) – 32] = [32°F – 32] = 0°C T1 = 0°C + 273.15 = 273.15 K
9 9
Both P and T are fixed: P1 = P2 = 0.950 atm; T1 = T2 = 273.15 K, so the volume remains constant.
5-16
PV
1 1 n2 T2 (1)(V1 )(1)(1)
V2 = = V2 =V1
P2 n1T1 (1)(1)(1)
b) Since the number of moles of gas is decreased by a factor of 2, the volume would be decreased by a factor
of 2 (Avogadro’s law).
1
PV n T (1)(V1 )( n1 )(1)
V2 = 1 1 2 2 = 2
V2 = ½V1
P2 n1T1 (1)(n1 )(1)
c) If the pressure is decreased by a factor of 4, the volume will increase by a factor of 4 (Boyle’s law). If the
temperature is decreased by a factor of 4, the volume will decrease by a factor of 4 (Charles’s law). These two
effects offset one another and the volume remains constant.
PV n T (P )(V )(1)( 1 4 T1 )
V2 = 1 1 2 2 = 1 1 V2 =V1
P2 n1T1 ( 1 4 P1 )(1)(T1 )
PV PV
so 1 1 = 2 2 . In this problem, P and V are changing, while n and T remain fixed.
n1T1 n2T2
Solution:
P1 = 734 torr P2 = 0.844 atm
n and T remain constant
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
Converting P1 from torr to atm: (734 torr) ⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎟⎠
= 0.966 atm

PV
1 1 PV
= 2 2 or P1V1 = P2V2
n1 T1 n2 T2
V2 = V1 P1 = (1.61 L) ⎛⎜ 0.966 atm ⎞⎟⎟ = 1.84 L

P2 ⎝⎜ 0.844 atm ⎠⎟
PV PV
so 1 1 = 2 2 . In this problem, P and V are changing, while n and T remain fixed.
n1T1 n2T2
Solution:
V1 = 10.0 L V2 = 7.50 L
P1 = 725 mmHg P2 = unknown
n and T remain constant
PV
1 1 PV
= 2 2 or P1V1 = P2V2
n1 T1 n2 T2
P2 = P1 V1 = (725 mmHg) ⎛⎜ 10.0 L ⎞⎟⎟ = 967 mmHg

V2 ⎜⎝ 7.50 L ⎟⎠
5.26 Plan: This is Charles’s law: at constant pressure and with a fixed amount of gas, the volume of a gas is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas. The temperature must be lowered to reduce the volume of a
gas. Arrange the ideal gas law, solving for T2 at fixed n and P. Temperature must be converted to kelvin.
Solution:
V1 = 9.10 L V2 = 2.50 L
T1 = 198°C (convert to K) T2 = unknown
5-17
Converting T from °C to K: T1 = 198°C + 273.15 = 471.15K
PV PV V1 V
1 1
= 2 2 or = 2
n1T1 n2T2 T1 T2
V2 ⎛ 2.50 L ⎞⎟
T2 = T1 ⎜
V1
= 471.15 K ⎜⎝ 9.10 L ⎟⎟⎠ = 129.437 K – 273.15 = –143.713 = –144°C
5.27 Plan: This is Charles’s law: at constant pressure and with a fixed amount of gas, the volume of a gas is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas. If temperature is reduced, the volume of gas will also be
reduced. Arrange the ideal gas law, solving for V2 at fixed n and P. Temperature must be converted to kelvins.
Solution:
V1 = 93 L V2 = unknown
T1 = 145°C (convert to K) T2 = –22°C
Converting T from °C to K: T1 = 145°C + 273.15 = 418.15 K T2 = –22°C + 273.15 = 251.15 K
PV PV V1 V
1 1
= 2 2 or = 2
n1T1 n2T2 T1 T2
T2 ⎛ 251.15 K ⎞⎟
V2 = V1 = 93 L ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 55.858 = 56 L
T1 ⎝ 418.15 K ⎠⎟
PV PV
so 1 1 = 2 2 . In this problem, P and T are changing, while n and V remain fixed.
n1T1 n2T2
Solution:
T1 = 25 °C T2 = 195 °C
P1 = 177 atm P2 = unknown
Converting T1 from °C to K: 25 °C + 273.15 = 298.15 K
Converting T2 from °C to K: 195 °C + 273.15 = 468.15 K
P1 V1 P V P P
= 2 2 or 1 = 2
n 1 T1 n 2 T2 T1 T2
P2 = P1 T2 = (177 atm) ⎛⎜ 468.15 K ⎞⎟⎟ = 277.92 = 278 atm

T1 ⎜⎝ 298.15 K ⎟⎠
PV PV
so 1 1 = 2 2 . In this problem, P and T are changing, while n and V remain fixed.
n1T1 n2T2
Solution:
T1 = 30.0 °C T2 = unknown
P1 = 110. psi P2 = 105 psi
Converting T1 from °C to K: 30.0 °C + 273.15 = 303.15 K
P1 V1 P V P P
= 2 2 or 1 = 2
n 1 T1 n 2 T2 T1 T2
5-18
⎛ ⎞
T2 = T1 P2 = (303.15 K) ⎜⎜ 105 psi ⎟⎟ = 289.37 = 289 K
⎟
P1 ⎝110. psi ⎟⎠
⎜
Converting T2 from K to °C: 289.37 K − 273.15 = 16.22 = 16 °C
PV PV
n1T1 n2T2
Solution:
m1 = 1.92 g He m2 = 1.92 g – 0.850 g = 1.07 g He
⎛ 1 mol He ⎟⎞
Converting m1 (mass) to n1 (moles): (1.92 g He) ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.47964 mol He = n1
⎜⎝ 4.003 g He ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 1 mol He ⎟⎞
Converting m2 (mass) to n2 (moles): (1.07 g He) ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.26730 mol He = n2
⎝ 4.003 g He ⎟⎠
P1 V1 P V V V
= 2 2 or 1 = 2
n1 T1 n2 T2 n1 n2
V2 = V1 n2 = (12.5 L) ⎛⎜ 0.26730 mol He ⎞⎟⎟ = 6.9661 = 6.97 L

n1 ⎝⎜ 0.47964 mol He ⎠⎟
PV PV
n1T1 n2T2
Solution:
n1 = 1 x 1022 molecules of air* n2 = unknown
V1 = 500 mL V2 = 350 mL
*The number of molecules of any substance is directly proportional to the moles of that substance, so we can use
number of molecules in place of n in this problem.
Arranging the ideal gas law and solving for n2:
P1 V1 P V V V
= 2 2 or 1 = 2
n1 T1 n2 T2 n1 n2
⎛ 350 mL ⎟⎞
n2 = n1 V2 = (1x1022 molecules of air) ⎜⎜ 21
⎟⎟ = 7x10 molecules of air
V1 ⎝ 500 mL ⎠
5.32 Plan: Since the volume, temperature, and pressure of the gas are changing, use the combined gas law.
Arrange the ideal gas law, solving for V2 at fixed n. STP is 0°C (273 K) and 1 atm (101.325 kPa)
Solution:
P1 = 153.3 kPa P2 = 101.325 kPa
T1 = 298 K T2 = 273 K
n remains constant
5-19
PV
1 1 PV PV PV
= 2 2 or 1 1
= 2 2
n1T1 n 2T2 T1 T2
⎛ T ⎞⎛ P ⎞ ⎛ 273 K ⎞⎛ 153.3 kPa ⎞
(
V2 = V1 ⎜⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟⎟ = 25.5 L
⎟ P2 ⎠⎟
⎝ T1 ⎠⎝
)⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜ 298 K ⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜101.325 kPa ⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟ = 35.3437 = 35.3 L
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
5.33 Plan: Since the volume, temperature, and pressure of the gas are changing, use the combined gas law. Arrange the
ideal gas law, solving for V2 at fixed n. Temperature must be converted to kelvins.
Solution:
P1 = 745 torr P2 = 367 torr
T1 = 298 K T2 = –14°C + 273.15 = 259.15 K
n remains constant
PV
1 1 PV PV PV
= 2 2 or 1 1
= 2 2
n1T1 n 2T2 T1 T2
⎛ T ⎞⎛ P ⎞ ⎛ 259.15 K ⎞⎟ ⎛ 745 torr ⎞⎟
V2 = V1 ⎜⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟⎟ = (3.65 L) ⎜
⎜⎝ 298 K ⎟⎟⎠
⎜ ⎟ = 6.4434 = 6.44 L
⎟ P2 ⎠⎟
⎝ T1 ⎠⎝ ⎝⎜ 367 torr ⎟⎠
5.34 Plan: Given the volume, pressure, and temperature of a gas, the number of moles of the gas can be calculated using the
ideal gas law, solving for n. The gas constant, R = 0.0821 L∙atm/mol∙K, gives pressure in atmospheres and
temperature in Kelvin. The given pressure in torr must be converted to atmospheres and the temperature converted to
kelvins.
Solution:
P = 328 torr (convert to atm) V = 5.0 L
T = 37°C n = unknown
⎛ 1 atm ⎟⎞
P = (328 torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎟⎠
Converting P from torr to atm: = 0.43158 atm
Converting T from °C to K: T = 37°C + 273.15 = 310.15 K

PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (0.43158 atm)(5.0 L)
n= = = 0.084745 = 0.085 mol chlorine
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟ (310.15 K)
⎜⎝ ⎟
mol • K ⎠
5.35 Plan: Given the volume, moles, and temperature of a gas, the pressure of the gas can be calculated using the ideal
gas law, solving for P. The gas constant, R = 0.0821 L∙atm/mol∙K, gives volume in liters and temperature in
Kelvin. The given volume in mL must be converted to L and the temperature converted to kelvins.
Solution:
V = 75.0 mL T = 26°C
n = 1.47 x 10–3 mol P = unknown
⎛10−3 L ⎞⎟
Converting V from mL to L: V = (75.0 mL)⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.0750 L
⎜⎝ 1 mL ⎟⎟⎠
PV = nRT
Solving for P:
5-20
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
nRT (1.47x10 ⎝ )
mol ⎜⎜0.0821
−3
mol • K ⎠
⎟(299.15 K )
P= = = 0.48138 atm
V 0.0750 L
⎛ 760 torr ⎞⎟
Convert P to units of torr: (0.48138 atm )⎜⎜
⎝ 1 atm ⎟⎟⎠
= 365.848 = 366 torr
5.36 Plan: Solve the ideal gas law for moles and convert to mass using the molar mass of ClF3.
The gas constant, R = 0.0821 L∙atm/mol∙K, gives volume in liters, pressure in atmospheres, and temperature in
Kelvin so volume must be converted to L, pressure to atm, and temperature to K.
Solution:
V = 357 mL T = 45°C
P = 699 mmHg n = unknown
⎛10−3 L ⎞⎟
Converting V from mL to L: V = (357 mL)⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.357 L
⎜⎝ 1 mL ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
Converting P from mmHg to atm: P = (699 mmHg)⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.91974 atm
⎜⎝ 760 mmHg ⎟⎟⎠
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (0.91974 atm)(0.357 L )
n= = = 0.012571 mol ClF3
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎟⎞(318.15 K )
⎜⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
⎛ 92.45 g ClF3 ⎞⎟
Mass ClF3 = (0.012571 mol ClF3 ) ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟ = 1.16216 = 1.16 g ClF3
⎜⎝ 1 mol ClF3 ⎟⎟⎠
5.37 Plan: Solve the ideal gas law for pressure; convert mass to moles using the molar mass of N2O.
The gas constant, R = 0.0821 L∙atm/mol∙K, gives temperature in Kelvin so the temperature must be converted to
units of kelvins.
Solution:
V = 3.1 L T = 115°C
n = 75.0 g (convert to moles) P = unknown
⎛ 1 mol N 2 O ⎞⎟
Converting from mass of N2O to moles: n = (75.0 g N 2 O)⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.70377 mol N2O
⎝ 44.02 g N 2 O ⎠⎟
PV = nRT
Solving for P:
⎛ L • atm ⎟⎞
(1.70377 mol)⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟(388.15 K )
P= = = 17.5143 = 18 atm N2O
V (3.1 L)
5.38 Plan: Solve the ideal gas law for moles. The gas constant, R = 0.0821 L∙atm/mol∙K, gives pressure in
atmospheres, and temperature in Kelvin so pressure must be converted to atm and temperature to K.
Solution:
V = 1.5 L T = 23°C
P = 85 + 14.7 = 99.7 psi n = unknown
5-21
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
Converting P from psi to atm: P = (99.7 psi)⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 6.7823 atm
⎝14.7 psi ⎠⎟
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (6.7823 atm )(1.5 L )
n= = = 0.418421 = 0.42 mol SO2
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(296.15 K )
⎜⎝ ⎟
mol • K ⎠
5.39 Plan: Assuming that while rising in the atmosphere the balloon will neither gain nor lose gas molecules, the number
of moles of gas calculated at sea level will be the same as the number of moles of gas at the higher altitude (n is
fixed). Volume, temperature, and pressure of the gas are changing. Arrange the ideal gas law, solving for V2 at fixed
n. Given the sea-level conditions of volume, pressure, and temperature, and the temperature and pressure at the
higher altitude for the gas in the balloon, we can set up an equation to solve for the volume at the higher altitude.
Comparing the calculated volume to the given maximum volume of 835 L will tell us if the balloon has reached its
maximum volume at this altitude. Temperature must be converted to kelvins and pressure in torr must be converted
to atm for unit agreement.
Solution:
P1 = 745 torr P2 = 0.066 atm
V1 = 65 L V2 = unknown
T1 = 25°C + 273.15 = 298.15 K T2 = –5°C + 273.15 = 268.15 K
n remains constant
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P = (745 torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎟⎠

PV
1 1 PV PV PV
= 2 2 or 1 1
= 2 2
n1T1 n 2T2 T1 T2
⎛ T ⎞⎛ P ⎞ ⎛ 268.15 K ⎞⎛
V2 = V1 ⎜⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟⎟ = (65 L )⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ 0.98026 atm ⎞⎟ = 868.268 = 870 L
⎟ P2 ⎠⎟
⎝ T1 ⎠⎝ ⎝ 298.15 K ⎠⎟⎜⎜⎝ 0.066 atm ⎟⎟⎠
The calculated volume of the gas at the higher altitude is more than the maximum volume of the balloon. Yes, the
balloon will reach its maximum volume.
Check: Should we expect that the volume of the gas in the balloon should increase? At the higher altitude, the pressure
decreases; this increases the volume of the gas. At the higher altitude, the temperature decreases, this decreases the
volume of the gas. Which of these will dominate? The pressure decreases by a factor of 0.98/0.066 = 15. If we label the
initial volume V1, then the resulting volume is 15V1. The temperature decreases by a factor of 298/268 = 1.1, so the
resulting volume is V1/1.1 or 0.91V1. The increase in volume due to the change in pressure is greater than the decrease in
volume due to change in temperature, so the volume of gas at the higher altitude should be greater than the volume at
sea level.
5.40 Air is mostly N2 (28.02 g/mol), O2 (32.00 g/mol), and argon (39.95 g/mol). These “heavy” gases dominate the
density of dry air. Moist air contains H2O (18.02 g/mol). The relatively light water molecules lower the density of
the moist air.
5.41 The molar mass of H2 is less than the average molar mass of air (mostly N2, O2, and Ar), so air is denser. To
collect a beaker of H2(g), invert the beaker so that the air will be replaced by the lighter H2. The molar mass of
CO2 is greater than the average molar mass of air, so CO2(g) is more dense. Collect the CO2 holding the beaker
upright, so the lighter air will be displaced out the top of the beaker.
5.42 Gases mix to form a solution and each gas in the solution behaves as if it were the only gas present.
5-22
5.43 PA = XA PT The partial pressure of a gas (PA) in a mixture is directly proportional to its mole fraction (XA).
5.44 Plan: Calculate the mole fraction of each gas; the partial pressure of each gas is directly proportional to its mole
fraction so the gas with the highest mole fraction has the highest partial pressure. Use the relationship between
partial pressure and mole fraction to calculate the partial pressure of gas D2.
Solution:
n 4 A particles nB 3 B particles
a) X A = A = = 0.25 XB = = = 0.1875
ntotal 16 total particles ntotal 16 total particles
nC 5 C particles nD2 4 D2 particles
XC = = = 0.3125 X D2 = = = = 0.25
ntotal 16 total particles ntotal 16 total particles
Gas C has the highest mole fraction and thus the highest partial pressure.
b) Gas B has the lowest mole fraction and thus the lowest partial pressure.
c) PD2 = X D2 x Ptotal PD2 = 0.25 x 0.75 atm = 0.1875 = 0.19 atm
5.45 Plan: Rearrange the ideal gas law to calculate the density of xenon from its molar mass at STP. Standard
temperature is 0°C (273 K) and standard pressure is 1 atm. Do not forget that the pressure at STP is exact and will
not affect the significant figures.
Solution:
P = 1 atm T = 273 K
ℳ of Xe = 131.3 g/mol d = unknown
PV = nRT
Rearranging to solve for density:
(1 atm)(131.3 g/mol)
d = Pℳ/RT = = 5.8581 = 5.86 g/L
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟ (273 K )
⎝ mol • K ⎠
5.46 Plan: Rearrange the ideal gas law to calculate the density of CFCl3 from its molar mass. Temperature must
be converted to kelvins.
Solution:
P = 1.5 atm T = 120°C + 273.15 = 393.15 K
ℳ of CFCl3 = 137.4 g/mol d = unknown
PV = nRT
(1.5 atm )(137.4 g/mol)

d = Pℳ/RT = = 6.3852 = 6.4 g/L
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
⎜⎜0.0821 (393.15 K )
⎝ mol • K ⎠⎟
5.47 Plan: Solve the ideal gas law for moles. Convert moles to mass using the molar mass of AsH3 and divide this mass
by the volume to obtain density in g/L. Standard temperature is 0°C (273 K) and standard pressure is 1 atm. Do
not forget that the pressure at STP is exact and will not affect the significant figures.
Solution:
V = 0.0400 L T = 273 K
P = 1 atm n = unknown
ℳ of AsH3 = 77.94 g/mol
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
5-23
PV ( )(
1 atm 0.0400 L )
n= = = 1.78465x10–3 = 1.78x10–3 mol AsH3
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
RT ⎜⎜0.0821
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
273 K ( )
Converting moles of AsH3 to mass of AsH3:
⎛ 77.94 g AsH3 ⎞⎟
Mass (g) of AsH3 = (1.78465x10−3 mol AsH 3 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.1391 g AsH3
⎝⎜ 1 mol AsH 3 ⎠⎟
d=
mass
=
(
0.1391 g )
= 3.4775 = 3.48 g/L
volume (
0.0400 L )
5.48 Plan: Solve the density form of the ideal gas law for molar mass. Temperature must be converted to kelvins.
Compare the calculated molar mass to the molar mass values of the noble gases to determine the identity of the gas.
Solution:
P = 3.00 atm T = 273 K
d = 2.71 g/L ℳ = unknown
d = Pℳ/RT
Rearranging to solve for molar mass:

⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
dRT ( ⎝ )
2.71 g/L ⎜⎜0.0821
mol • K ⎟⎠
(273 K )
ℳ = = = 20.24668 = 20.2 g/mol
P 3.00 atm ( )
Therefore, the gas is Ne.
5.49 Plan: Rearrange the formula PV = (m/ℳ)RT to solve for molar mass. Convert the mass
in ng to g and volume in μL to L. Temperature must be in Kelvin and pressure in atm.
Solution:
V = 0.206 μL T = 45°C + 273.15 = 318.15 K
P = 380 torr m = 206 ng
ℳ = unknown
⎛ 1 atm ⎟⎞
P = (380 torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎟⎠
⎛10−6 L ⎞⎟
Converting V from μL to L: V = (0.206 μL)⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 2.06x10–7 L
⎝ 1 μL ⎠⎟
⎛10−9 g ⎞⎟
Converting m from ng to g: m = (206 ng)⎜⎜ ⎟ = 2.06x10–7 g
⎜⎝ 1 ng ⎟⎟⎠
PV = (m/ℳ)RT
Solving for molar mass, ℳ:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(2.06x10−7 g)⎜⎜⎝0.0821 (318.15 K )
ℳ =
mRT
= mol • K ⎟⎠ = 51.163 = 51.2 g/mol
PV (0.510526 atm )(2.06x10−7 L )
5.50 Plan: Rearrange the formula PV = (m/ℳ)RT to solve for molar mass. Compare the calculated molar mass
5-24
to that of N2, Ne, and Ar to determine the identity of the gas. Convert volume to liters, pressure to atm, and
temperature to Kelvin.
Solution:
V = 63.8 mL T = 22°C + 273.15 = 295.15 K
P = 747 mm Hg m = 0.103 g
ℳ = unknown
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
⎜⎝ 760 mmHg ⎟⎟⎠
⎛10−3 L ⎞⎟
⎜⎝ 1 mL ⎟⎟⎠
PV = (m/ℳ)RT

⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(0.103 g)⎜⎜0.0821 (295.15 K )
ℳ =
mRT
=
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠ = 39.8011 = 39.8 g/mol
PV (0.982895 atm )(0.0638 L)
The molar masses are N2 = 28 g/mol, Ne = 20 g/mol, and Ar = 40 g/mol.
Therefore, the gas is Ar.
5.51 Plan: Use the ideal gas law to determine the number of moles of Ar and of O2. The gases are combined
(ntotal = nAr + n O 2 ) into a 400 mL flask (V) at 27°C (T). Use the ideal gas law again to determine the total pressure
from ntotal, V, and T. Pressure must be in units of atm, volume in units of L and temperature in K.
Solution:
For Ar:
V = 0.600 L T = 227°C + 273.15 = 500.15 K
P = 1.20 atm n = unknown
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (1.20 atm)(0.600 L)
n= = = 0.01753433 mol Ar
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎟⎞(500.15 K )
⎜⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
For O2:
V = 0.200 L T = 127°C + 273.15 = 400.15 K
P = 501 torr n = unknown
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P = (501 torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎠⎟
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (0.6592105 atm )(0.200 L)
n= = = 0.00401318 mol O2
RT ⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(400.15 K )
⎛
⎜⎝ ⎟
mol • K ⎠
ntotal = nAr + n O 2 = 0.01753433 mol + 0.00401318 mol = 0.02154751 mol
For the mixture of Ar and O2:
V = 400 mL T = 27°C + 273.15 = 300.15 K
P = unknownn n = 0.02154751 mol
5-25
⎛10−3 L ⎞⎟
⎜⎝ 1 mL ⎟⎟⎠
PV = nRT
Solving for P:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(0.02154751 mol)⎜⎜0.0821 (300.15 K )
Pmixture =
nRT
=
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠ = 1.32745 = 1.33 atm
V (0.400 L)
5.52 Plan: Use the ideal gas law, solving for n to find the total moles of gas. Convert the mass of
Ne to moles and subtract moles of Ne from the total number of moles to find moles of Ar. Volume
must be in units of liters, pressure in units of atm, and temperature in kelvins.
Solution:
V = 355 mL T = 35°C + 273.15 = 308.15 K
P = 626 mmHg ntotal = unknown
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
Converting P from mmHg to atm: P = (626 mmHg)⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.823684 atm
⎝ 760 mmHg ⎠⎟
⎛10−3 L ⎞⎟
⎜⎝ 1 mL ⎟⎟⎠
PV = nRT
Solving for ntotal:
PV (0.823684 atm)(0.355 L )
ntotal = = = 0.011558029 mol Ne + mol Ar
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(308.15 K )
⎜⎝ ⎟
mol • K ⎠
⎛ 1 mol Ne ⎞⎟
Moles Ne = (0.146 g Ne)⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.007234886 mol Ne
⎝ 20.18 g Ne ⎠⎟
Moles Ar = ntotal – nNe = (0.011558029 – 0.007234886) mol = 0.004323143 = 0.0043 mol Ar
5.53 Plan: Use the ideal gas law, solving for n to find the moles of O2. Use the molar ratio from the
balanced equation to determine the moles (and then mass) of phosphorus that will react with the oxygen.
Standard temperature is 0°C (273 K) and standard pressure is 1 atm.
Solution:
V = 35.5 L T = 273 K
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (1 atm )(35.5 L )
n= = = 1.583881 mol O2
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(273 K )
⎜⎝ ⎟
mol • K ⎠
P4(s) + 5O2(g) → P4O10(s)
⎛ 1 mol P4 ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜123.88 g P4 ⎞⎟⎟
⎜
(
Mass P4 = 1.583881 mol O2 ⎜⎜ ) ⎟
⎜⎜⎝ 5 mol O2 ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜⎜ 1 mol P4 ⎠⎟⎟
⎟ = 39.24224 = 39.2 g P4
5.54 Plan: Use the ideal gas law, solving for n to find the moles of O2 produced. Volume must be in units
of liters, pressure in atm, and temperature in kelvins. Use the molar ratio from the balanced equation to determine
the moles (and then mass) of potassium chlorate that reacts.
5-26
Solution:
V = 638 mL T = 128°C + 273.15 = 401.15 K
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P = (752 torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎟⎠
⎛10−3 L ⎞⎟
⎜⎝ 1 mL ⎟⎟⎠
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (0.9894737 atm)(0.638 L)
n= = = 0.0191679 mol O2
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎟⎞(401.15 K )
⎜⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
2KClO3(s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

⎛ 2 mol KClO3 ⎞⎛
⎟⎟⎜⎜122.55 g KClO3 ⎞⎟⎟
⎜
(
Mass (g) of KClO3 = 0.0191679 mol O2 ⎜⎜ ) ⎟
⎜⎝⎜ 3 mol O2 ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜⎜ 1 mol KClO3 ⎟⎟⎠
⎟ = 1.5660 = 1.57 g KClO3
5.55 Plan: Since the amounts of two reactants are given, this is a limiting reactant problem. To find the mass of PH3,
write the balanced equation and use molar ratios to find the number of moles of PH3 produced by each reactant.
The smaller number of moles of product indicates the limiting reagent. Solve for moles of H2 using the ideal gas
law.
Solution:
Moles of hydrogen:
V = 83.0 L T = 273 K
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (1 atm)(83.0 L)
n= = = 3.7031584 mol H2
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(273 K )
⎜⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
P4(s) + 6H2(g) → 4PH3(g)
⎛ 4 mol PH3 ⎞⎟
PH3 from H2 = (3.7031584 mol H 2 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 2.4687723 mol PH3
⎝ 6 mol H 2 ⎠⎟
⎛ 1 mol P4 ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 4 mol PH3 ⎞⎟⎟ = 1.21085 mol PH
PH3 from P4 = (37.5 g P4 )⎜⎜
⎜⎝123.88 g P4 ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜ 1 mol P4 ⎠⎟⎟ 3
P4 is the limiting reactant because it forms less PH3.

⎛ 1 mol P4 ⎟⎞⎛ 4 mol PH3 ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 33.99 g PH3 ⎞⎟⎟
⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜
(
Mass PH3 = 37.5 g P4 ⎜⎜ ) ⎜ ⎟⎟⎜
⎜⎜⎝123.88 g P4 ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜ 1 mol P4 ⎠⎝⎟⎜⎜ 1 mol PH3 ⎠⎟⎟
⎟ = 41.15676 = 41.2 g PH3
5.56 Plan: Since the amounts of two reactants are given, this is a limiting reactant problem. To find the mass of NO,
write the balanced equation and use molar ratios to find the number of moles of NO produced by each reactant.
Since the moles of gas are directly proportional to the volumes of the gases at the same temperature and pressure,
5-27
the limiting reactant may be found by comparing the volumes of the gases. The smaller volume of product
indicates the limiting reagent. Then use the ideal gas law to convert the volume of NO produced to moles and then
to mass.
Solution:
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(l)
⎛ 4 L NO ⎞⎟
Mol NO from NH3 = (35.6 L NH3 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 35.6 L NO
⎝⎜ 4 L NH 3 ⎠⎟
⎛ 4 L NO ⎞⎟
Mol NO from O2 = (40.5 L O2 )⎜⎜ ⎟ = 32.4 L NO
⎜⎝ 5 L O2 ⎟⎟⎠
O2 is the limiting reactant since it forms less NO.
Converting volume of NO to moles and then mass:
V = 32.4 L T = 273 K
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (1 atm)(32.4 L)
n= = = 1.44557 mol NO
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(273 K )
⎜⎝ mol • K ⎠⎟
⎛ 30.01 g NO ⎞⎟
⎜ ⎟⎟ = 43.38156 = 43.4 g NO
Mass (g) of NO = (1.44557 mol NO)⎜⎜
⎜⎜⎝ 1 mol NO ⎟⎟⎠
5.57 Plan: First, write the balanced equation. The moles of hydrogen produced can be calculated from the ideal gas
law. The problem specifies that the hydrogen gas is collected over water, so the partial pressure of water vapor
must be subtracted from the overall pressure given. Table 5.2 reports pressure at 26°C (25.2 torr) and 28°C
(28.3 torr), so take the average of the two values to obtain the partial pressure of water at 27°C. Volume must be
in units of liters, pressure in atm, and temperature in kelvins. Once the moles of hydrogen produced are known,
the molar ratio from the balanced equation is used to determine the moles of aluminum that reacted.
Solution:
V = 35.8 mL T = 27°C + 273.15 = 300.15 K
Ptotal = 751 mmHg n = unknown
Pwater vapor = (28.3 + 25.2) torr/2 = 26.75 torr = 26.75 mmHg
Phydrogen = Ptotal – Pwater vapor = 751 mmHg – 26.75 mmHg = 724.25 mmHg
⎛ 1 atm ⎟⎞
Converting P from mmHg to atm: P = (724.25 mmHg)⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.952960526 atm
⎜⎝ 760 mmHg ⎟⎟⎠
⎛10−3 L ⎞⎟
⎝⎜ 1 mL ⎟⎠⎟
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (0.952960526 atm )(0.0358 L )
n= = = 0.001384447 mol H2
RT ⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟ (300.15 K )
⎝ mol • K ⎠
2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)

⎛ 2 mol Al ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 26.98 g Al ⎞⎟⎟
⎜
Mass (g) of Al = (0.001384447 mol H 2 )⎜⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 0.024902 = 0.0249 g Al
⎜⎜⎝ 3 mol H 2 ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜ 1 mol Al ⎠⎟⎟
5-28
5.58 Plan: First, write the balanced equation. Convert mass of lithium to moles and use the molar ratio from the
balanced equation to find the moles of hydrogen gas produced. Use the ideal gas law to find the volume of that
amount of hydrogen. The problem specifies that the hydrogen gas is collected over water, so the partial pressure
of water vapor must be subtracted from the overall pressure given. Table 5.2 reports the vapor pressure of water at
18°C (15.5 torr). Pressure must be in units of atm and temperature in kelvins.
Solution:
2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)
⎛ 1 mol Li ⎟⎞⎛1 mol H 2 ⎞
Moles H2 = (0.84 g Li)⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.0605100 mol H2
⎝ 6.941 g Li ⎟⎠⎜⎝ 2 mol Li ⎟⎠
Finding the volume of H2:

V = unknown T = 18°C + 273.15 = 291.15 K
Ptotal = 725 mmHg n = 0.0605100 mol
Pwater vapor = 15.5 torr = 15.5 mmHg
Phydrogen = Ptotal – Pwater vapor = 725 mmHg – 15.5 mmHg = 709.5 mmHg
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
⎜⎝ 760 mmHg ⎟⎠⎟
PV = nRT
Solving for V:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(0.0605100 mol)⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟(291.15 K )
V= = = 1.5493 = 1.5 L H2
P (0.933552631 atm )
5.59 Plan: Rearrange the ideal gas law to calculate the density of the air from its molar mass. Temperature must
be converted to kelvins and pressure to atmospheres.
Solution:
P = 744 torr T = 17°C + 273.15 = 290.15 K or T = 60°C + 273.15 = 333.15 K
ℳ of air = 28.8 g/mol d = unknown
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P = (744 torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎠⎟
PV = nRT
At 17°C
(0.978947368 atm )(28.8 g/mol)

d = Pℳ/RT = = 1.18355 = 1.18 g/L
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟ (290.15 K )
⎝ mol • K ⎠
At 60.0°C
(0.978947368 atm )(28.8 g/mol)

d = Pℳ/RT = = 1.03079 = 1.03 g/L
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
⎜⎜0.0821 (333.15 K)
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
5.60 Plan: Solve the ideal gas law for molar volume, n/V. Pressure must be converted to atm and temperature to K.
Solution:
P = 650. torr T = –25°C + 273.15 = 248.15 K
n/V = unknown
5-29
⎛ 1 atm ⎟⎞
P = (650. torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎟⎠
PV = nRT
Solving for n/V:
n P (0.855263157 atm )
= = = 0.041978 = 0.0420 mol/L
V RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(248.15 K )
⎜⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
5.61 Plan: The problem gives the mass, volume, temperature, and pressure of a gas; rearrange the formula
PV = (m/ℳ)RT to solve for the molar mass of the gas. Temperature must be in Kelvin and pressure in atm. The
problem also states that the gas is a hydrocarbon, which by, definition, contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
We are also told that each molecule of the gas contains five carbon atoms so we can use this information and the
calculated molar mass to find out how many hydrogen atoms are present and the formula of the compound.
Solution:
V = 0.204 L T = 101°C + 273.15 = 374.15 K
P = 767 torr m = 0.482 g
ℳ = unknown
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P = (767 torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎠⎟
PV = (m/ℳ)RT

⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(0.482 g)⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟⎠(374.15 K )
mRT ⎝ mol • K
ℳ = = = 71.9157 g/mol (unrounded)
PV (1.009210526 atm )(0.204 L)
The mass of the five carbon atoms accounts for [5(12 g/mol)] = 60 g/mol; thus, the hydrogen atoms must make up
the difference (72 – 60) = 12 g/mol. A value of 12 g/mol corresponds to 12 H atoms. (Since fractional atoms are
not possible, rounding is acceptable.) Therefore, the molecular formula is C5H12.
5.62 Plan: Solve the ideal gas law for moles of air. Temperature must be in units of kelvins. Use Avogadro’s
number to convert moles of air to molecules of air. The percent composition can be used to find the number
of molecules (or atoms) of each gas in that total number of molecules.
Solution:
V = 1.00 L T = 25°C + 273.15 = 298.15 K
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV ( )(
1.00 atm 1.00 L )
Moles of air = n = = = 0.04085282 mol
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
RT ⎜⎜0.0821
⎝ mol • K ⎠
⎟ (
298.15 K )
Converting moles of air to molecules of air:
⎛ 6.022x1023 molecules ⎞⎟
Molecules of air = (0.04085282 mol)⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 2.4601568x1022 molecules
⎜⎝ 1 mol ⎟⎠
⎛ 78.08% N 2 molecules ⎞⎟
Molecules of N2 = (2.4601568x10 22 air molecules)⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 100% air ⎠
22 22
= 1.920890x10 = 1.92x10 molecules N2
5-30
⎛ 20.94% O2 molecules ⎞⎟
Molecules of O2 = (2.4601568x10 22 air molecules)⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 100% air ⎠
21 21
= 5.151568x10 = 5.15x10 molecules O2
⎛ 0.05% CO2 molecules ⎞⎟
Molecules of CO2 = (2.4601568x10 22 air molecules)⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 100% air ⎠
= 1.230078x1019 = 1x1019 molecules CO2
⎛ 0.93% Ar molecules ⎞⎟
Molecules of Ar = (2.4601568x1022 air molecules)⎜⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ 100% air ⎠⎟
= 2.287946x1020 = 2.3x1020 molecules Ar
5.63 Plan: Since you have the pressure, volume, and temperature, use the ideal gas law to solve for n, the total moles of
gas. Pressure must be in units of atmospheres and temperature in units of kelvins. The partial pressure of SO2 can
be found by multiplying the total pressure by the volume fraction of SO2.
Solution:
a) V = 21 L T = 45°C + 273.15 = 318.15 K
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P = (850 torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎟⎠
PV = nRT
PV (1.118421053 atm )(21 L)
Moles of gas = n = = = 0.89919 = 0.90 mol gas
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(318.15 K )
⎜⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
b) The equation PSO2 = XSO2 x Ptotal can be used to find partial pressure. The information given in ppm is a way of
expressing the proportion, or fraction, of SO2 present in the mixture. Since n is directly proportional to V, the
volume fraction can be used in place of the mole fraction, XSO2. There are 7.95x103 parts SO2 in a million parts of
mixture, so volume fraction = (7.95x103/1x106) = 7.95x10–3.
PD2 = volume fraction x Ptotal = (7.95x10–3) (850. torr) = 6.7575 = 6.76 torr
5.64 Plan: First, write the balanced equation. Convert mass of P4S3 to moles and use the molar ratio from the balanced
equation to find the moles of SO2 gas produced. Use the ideal gas law to find the volume of that amount of SO2.
Pressure must be in units of atm and temperature in kelvins.
Solution:
P4S3(s) + 8O2(g) → P4O10(s) + 3SO2(g)
⎛ 1 mol P4 S3 ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 3 mol SO2 ⎞⎟⎟ = 0.010906 mol SO
Moles SO2 = (0.800 g P4 S3 )⎜⎜⎜
⎜⎝ 220.06 g P4 S3 ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜1 mol P4 S3 ⎟⎟⎠ 2
Finding the volume of SO2:

V = unknown T = 32°C + 273.15 = 305.15 K
P = 725 torr n = 0.010906 mol
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P = (725 torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎟⎠
PV = nRT
Solving for V:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(0.010906 mol)⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟(305.15 K )
V= = = 0.2864193 L
P (0.953947368 atm )
5-31
Converting V from L to mL:
⎛ 1 mL ⎞⎟
⎜
V = (0.2864193 L)⎜⎜ −3 ⎟⎟⎟ = 286.4193 = 286 mL SO2
⎜⎜⎝10 L ⎟⎠
5.65 Plan: The moles of Freon-12 produced can be calculated from the ideal gas law. Volume must be in units of L,
pressure in atm, and temperature in kelvins. Then, write the balanced equation. Once the moles of Freon-12
produced is known, the molar ratio from the balanced equation is used to determine the moles and then grams of
CCl4 that reacted.
Solution:
V = 16.0 dm3 T = 27°C + 273.15 = 300.15 K
Ptotal = 1.20 atm n = unknown
⎛ 1 L ⎞⎟
3
V = (16.0 dm 3 )⎜⎜
⎝1 dm 3 ⎟⎟⎠
Converting V from dm to L: = 16.0 L
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (1.20 atm)(16.0 L)
Moles of Freon-12 = n = = = 0.7791476 mol Freon-12
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(300.15 K )
⎜⎝ ⎟
mol • K ⎠
CCl4(g) + 2HF(g) → CF2Cl2(g) + 2HCl(g)
⎛ 1 mol CCl 4 ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜153.81 g CCl 4 ⎞⎟⎟
⎜
Mass of Freon-12 (CF2Cl2) = (0.7791476 mol CF2 Cl 2 )⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎜⎜⎝1 mol CF2 Cl 2 ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜⎜ 1 mol CCl 4 ⎠⎟⎟
= 119.8407 = 1.20x102 g CCl4
5.66 Plan: First, write the balanced equation. Given the amount of xenon hexafluoride that reacts, we can find the
number of moles of silicon tetrafluoride gas formed by using the molar ratio in the balanced equation. Then, using
the ideal gas law with the moles of gas, the temperature, and the volume, we can calculate the pressure of the
silicon tetrafluoride gas. Temperature must be in units of kelvins.
Solution:
2XeF6(s) + SiO2(s) → 2XeOF4(l) + SiF4(g)
⎛ 1 mol XeF6 ⎟⎞⎛ 1 mol SiF4 ⎟⎞
Moles SiF4 = n = (2.00 g XeF6 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.0040766 mol SiF4
⎜⎝ 245.3 g XeF6 ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜ 2 mol XeF6 ⎟⎟⎠
Finding the pressure of SiF4:
V = 1.00 L T = 25°C + 273.15 = 298.15 K
P = unknown n = 0.0040766 mol
PV = nRT
Solving for P:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(0.0040766 mol SiF4 )⎜⎜⎝0.0821 (298.15 K )
nRT mol • K ⎠⎟
Pressure SiF4 = P = = = 0.099788 = 0.0998 atm SiF4
V 1.00 L
5.67 Plan: Use the ideal gas law with T and P constant; then volume is directly proportional to moles.
Solution:
PV = nRT. At constant T and P, V α n. Since the volume of the products has been decreased to ½ the original
volume, the moles (and molecules) must have been decreased by a factor of ½ as well. Cylinder A best represents
the products as there are 2 product molecules (there were 4 reactant molecules).
5-32
5.68 Plan: Write the balanced equation. Since the amounts of 2 reactants are given, this is a limiting reactant problem.
To find the volume of SO2, use the molar ratios from the balanced equation to find the number of moles of SO2
produced by each reactant. The smaller number of moles of product indicates the limiting reagent. Solve for moles
of SO2 using the ideal gas law.
Solution:
Moles of oxygen:
V = 228 L T = 220°C + 273.15 = 493.15 K
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (2.0 atm)(228 L)
Moles of O2 = n = = = 11.2627 mol O2
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(493.15 K )
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
mol • K
2PbS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2PbO(g) + 2SO2(g)
⎛ 2 mol SO2 ⎞⎟
Moles SO2 from O2 = (11.2627 mol O2 )⎜⎜ ⎟ = 7.5085 mol SO2
⎜⎝ 3 mol O2 ⎟⎟⎠
⎛103 g ⎞⎛ 1 mol PbS ⎞⎟⎛ 2 mol SO2 ⎞
(
Moles SO2 from PbS = 3.75 kg PbS ⎜⎜
⎜
) ⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ = 15.6707 mol SO2 (unrounded)
⎜ ⎜
⎟⎝ 2 mol PbS ⎠⎟
⎜⎜⎝ 1 kg ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜ 239.3 g PbS ⎠⎟⎜
O2 is the limiting reagent because it forms less SO2.
Finding the volume of SO2:
V = unknown T = 0°C + 273.15 = 273.15 K
Ptotal = 1 atm n = 7.5107 mol
PV = nRT
Solving for V:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(7.5085 mol )⎜⎜0.0821 (273.15 K )
V=
nRT
=
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠ = 168.38 = 1.7x102 L SO2
P (1 atm)
5.69 Plan: First, write the balanced equation. Given the amount of xenon HgO that reacts (20.0% of the given amount),
we can find the number of moles of oxygen gas formed by using the molar ratio in the balanced equation. Then,
using the ideal gas law with the moles of gas, the temperature, and the volume, we can calculate the pressure of
the silicon tetrafluoride gas. Temperature must be in units of kelvins.
Solution:
2HgO(s) → 2Hg(l) + O2(g)
⎛ 20.0% ⎞⎟⎜⎛⎜ 1 mol HgO ⎞⎟⎟⎛⎜ 1 mol O2 ⎞⎟
(
Mole O2 = n = 40.0 g HgO ⎜⎜⎜ ) ⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 0.01846722 mol O2
⎝ 100% ⎟⎠⎜⎜⎝⎜ 216.6 g HgO ⎟⎟⎠⎜⎝ 2 mol HgO ⎟⎟⎠
Finding the pressure of O2:
V = 502 mL T = 25°C + 273.15 = 298.15 K
⎛10−3 L ⎞⎟
Converting V from mL to L: V = (502 mL )⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.502 L
⎝⎜ 1 mL ⎟⎠⎟
PV = nRT
Solving for P:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(0.01846722 mol O2 )⎜⎜⎝0.0821 ⎟(298.15 K )
nRT mol • K ⎠
Pressure O2 = P = = = 0.900484 = 0.900 atm O2
V 0.502 L
5-33
5.70 As the temperature of the gas sample increases, the most probable speed increases. This will increase both the
number of collisions per unit time and the force of each collision with the sample walls. Thus, the gas pressure
increases.
5.71 At STP (or any identical temperature and pressure), the volume occupied by a mole of any gas will be identical.
One mole of krypton has the same number of particles as one mole of helium and, at the same temperature, all of
the gas particles have the same average kinetic energy, resulting in the same pressure and volume.
5.72 The rate of effusion is much higher for a gas than its rate of diffusion. Effusion occurs into an evacuated space,
whereas diffusion occurs into another gas. It is reasonable to expect that a gas will escape faster into a vacuum than
it will into a space already occupied by another gas. The ratio of the rates of effusion and diffusion for two gases will
be the same since both are inversely proportional to the square root of their molar masses.
5.73 a) PV = nRT Since the pressure, volume, and temperature of the two gases are identical, n must be the same
for the two gases. Since the molar mass of O2 (32.0 g/mol) is greater than the molar mass of H2 (2.02 g/mol), a
given number of moles of O2 has a greater mass than the same number of moles of H2. mass O2 > mass H2
b) d = Pℳ/RT The pressure and temperature are identical and density is directly proportional to molar mass ℳ.
Since the molar mass of O2 (32.0 g/mol) is greater than the molar mass of H2 (2.02 g/mol), the density of O2 is
greater than that of H2. dO > dH
2 2
c) The mean free path is dependent on pressure. Since the two gases have the same pressure, their mean free paths
are identical.
d) Kinetic energy is directly proportional to temperature. Since the two gases have the same temperature, their
average moelcular kinetic energies are identical.
e) Kinetic energy = ½ mass x speed2. O2 and H2 have the same average kinetic energy at the same temperature and
mass and speed are inversely proportional. The lighter H2 molecules have a higher speed than the heavier O2
molecules. average speed H2 > average speed O2
1
f) Rate of effusion ∝ H2 molecules with the lower molar mass have a faster effusion time than O2
molar mass
molecules with a larger molar mass. effusion time H2 < effusion time O2
5.74 Plan: The molar masses of the three gases are 2.016 for H2 (Flask A), 4.003 for He (Flask B), and 16.04 for CH4
(Flask C). Since hydrogen has the smallest molar mass of the three gases, 4 g of H2 will contain more gas
molecules (about 2 mole’s worth) than 4 g of He or 4 g of CH4. Since helium has a smaller molar mass than
methane, 4 g of He will contain more gas molecules (about 1 mole’s worth) than 4 g of CH4 (about 0.25 mole’s
worth).
Solution:
a) PA > PB > PC The pressure of a gas is proportional to the number of gas molecules (PV = nRT). So, the gas
sample with more gas molecules will have a greater pressure.
b) EA = EB = EC Average kinetic energy depends only on temperature. The temperature of each gas sample is
273 K, so they all have the same average kinetic energy.
c) rateA > rateB > rateC When comparing the speed of two gas molecules, the one with the lower mass travels
faster.
d) total EA > total EB > total EC Since the average kinetic energy for each gas is the same (part b) of this
problem), the total kinetic energy would equal the average times the number of molecules. Since the hydrogen
flask contains the most molecules, its total kinetic energy will be the greatest.
e) dA = dB = dC Under the conditions stated in this problem, each sample has the same volume, 5 L, and the same
mass, 4 g. Thus, the density of each is 4 g/5 L = 0.8 g/L.
5-34
f) Collision frequency (A) > collision frequency (B) > collision frequency (C) The number of collisions
depends on both the speed and the distance between gas molecules. Since hydrogen is the lightest molecule it has
the greatest speed and the 5 L flask of hydrogen also contains the most molecules, so collisions will occur more
frequently between hydrogen molecules than between helium molecules. By the same reasoning, collisions will
occur more frequently between helium molecules than between methane molecules.
5.75 Plan: To find the ratio of effusion rates, calculate the inverse of the ratio of the square roots of the molar masses
(Graham’s law).
Solution:
Rate H 2 molar mass UF6 352.0 g/mol
= = = 13.2137 = 13.21
Rate UF6 molar mass H 2 2.016 g/mol
(Graham’s law).
Solution:
Rate O2 molar mass Kr 83.80 g/mol
= = = 1.618255 = 1.618
Rate Kr molar mass O2 32.00 g/mol
5.77 Plan: Recall that the heavier the gas, the slower the molecular speed. The molar mass of Ar is 39.95 g/mol while
the molar mass of He is 4.003 g/mol.
Solution:
a) The gases have the same average kinetic energy because they are at the same temperature. The heavier
Ar atoms are moving more slowly than the lighter He atoms to maintain the same average kinetic energy.
Therefore, Curve 1 with the lower average molecular speed, better represents the behavior of Ar.
b) A gas that has a slower molecular speed would effuse more slowly, so Curve 1 is the better choice.
c) Fluorine gas exists as a diatomic molecule, F2, with ℳ = 38.00 g/mol. Therefore, F2 is much closer in mass to
Ar (39.95 g/mol) than He (4.003 g/mol), so Curve 1 more closely represents the behavior of F2.
5.78 Plan: Recall that the lower the temperature, the lower the average kinetic energy and the slower the molecular
speed.
Solution:
a) At the lower temperature, the average molecular speed is lower so Curve 1 represents the gas at the lower
temperature.
b) When a gas has a higher kinetic energy, the molecules have a higher molecular speed. Curve 2 with the larger
average molecular speed represents the gas when it has a higher kinetic energy.
c) If a gas has a higher diffusion rate, then the gas molecules are moving with a higher molecular speed as in
Curve 2.
(Graham’s law). Then use the ratio of effusion rates to find the time for the F2 effusion. Effusion rate and time
required for the effusion are inversely proportional.
Solution:
ℳ of He = 4.003 g/mol ℳ of F2 = 38.00 g/mol
Rate He molar mass F2 38.00 g/mol
= = = 3.08105 (unrounded)
Rate F2 molar mass He 4.003 g/mol
Rate He time F2 3.08105 time F2
= = Time F2 = 14.9431 = 14.9 min
Rate F2 time He 1.00 4.85 min He
5-35
5.80 Plan: Effusion rate and time required for the effusion are inversely proportional. Therefore, time of effusion for
a gas is directly proportional to the square root of its molar mass. The ratio of effusion times and the molar mass
of H2 are used to find the molar mass of the unknown gas.
Solution:
ℳ of H2 = 2.016 g/mol Time of effusion of H2 = 2.42 min Time of effusion of unknown = 11.1 min
rate H2 time unknown molar mass unknown
= =
rate unknown time H 2 molar mass H 2
11.1 min molar mass unknown
=
2.42 min 2.016 g/mol
molar mass unknown
4.586777 =
2.016 g/mol
molar mass unknown
21.03852196 =
2.016 g/mol
Molar mass unknown = 42.41366 = 42.4 g/mol
5.81 Plan: White phosphorus is a molecular form of the element phosphorus consisting of some number, x, of
phosphorus atoms; the number of atoms in a molecule determines the molar mass of the phosphorus molecule.
Use the relative rates of effusion of white phosphorus and neon (Graham’s law) to determine the molar mass of
white phosphorus. From the molar mass of white phosphorus, determine the number of phosphorus atoms, x, in
one molecule of white phosphorus.
Solution:
ℳ of Ne = 20.18 g/mol
Rate Px molar mass Ne
= 0.404 =
Rate Ne molar mass Px
20.18 g/mol
0.404 =
molar mass Px
20.18 g/mol
(0.404)2 =
molar mass Px
20.18 g/mol
0.163216 =
molar mass Px
Molar mass Px = 123.6398 g/mol
⎛ ⎞⎛
⎜123.6398 g ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 1 mol P ⎟⎞⎟ = 3.992244 = 4 mol P/mol P or 4 atoms P/molecule P
⎜⎝⎜ mol P ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ 30.97 g P ⎟⎟
⎠⎝ ⎠
x x
x
Thus, 4 atoms per molecule, so Px = P4.
5.82 Plan: Use the equation for root mean speed (urms) to find this value for He at 0.°C and 30.°C and for Xe at
30.°C. The calculated root mean speed is then used in the kinetic energy equation to find the average kinetic
energy for the two gases at 30.°C. Molar mass values must be in units of kg/mol and temperature in kelvins.
Solution:
⎛ 4.003 g He ⎞⎟⎛⎜ 1 kg ⎞⎟
a) 0°C = 273 K 30°C + 273 = 303 K ℳ of He = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎠⎟⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟⎟ = 0.004003 kg/mol
⎝ mol ⎝10 g ⎠
R = 8.314 J/mol∙K 1 J = kg∙m2/s2
5-36
3RT
urms =
Molar mass
⎛ J ⎞⎟
3⎜⎜8.314
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
273 K( ) ⎛ kg • m /s 2 2
⎟⎟⎞ = 1.3042x103 = 1.30x103 m/s
urmsHe (at 0°C) = ⎜⎜
0.004003 kg/mol ⎜⎝ J ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ J ⎞⎟
3⎜⎜8.314
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
303 K ( ) ⎛ kg • m /s 2 2 ⎞⎟
urmsHe (at 30°C) = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.3740x10 = 1.37x10 m /s
3 3
0.004003 kg/mol ⎝⎜ J ⎟⎠
⎛131.3 g Xe ⎟⎞⎛⎜ 1 kg ⎞⎟
ℳ of Xe = ⎜⎜ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.1313 kg/mol
⎝ mol ⎟⎠⎟⎜⎝103 g ⎟⎟⎠
b) 30°C + 273 = 303 K
R = 8.314 J/mol∙K 1 J = kg∙m2/s2

3RT
urms =
Molar mass
⎛ J ⎞⎟
3⎜⎜8.314
⎝ ⎟ 303 K
mol • K ⎠
( ) ⎛ kg • m /s 2 2 ⎞⎟
urmsXe (at 30°C) = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 239.913 m/s (unrounded)
0.1313 kg/mol ⎜⎝ J ⎟⎠
3
Rate He/Rate Xe = (1.3740x10 m/s)/(239.913 m/s) = 5.727076 = 5.73
He molecules travel at almost 6 times the speed of Xe molecules.
1
c) Ek = mu 2
2
m/s ⎟⎟⎟⎟⎠⎞ (1 J/kg • m 2 /s2 ) = 3778.58 = 3.78x103 J/mol

1 ⎜⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⎛ 2
EHe = ⎜⎜ 0.004003 kg/mol ⎠⎟ ⎝⎜1.3740x10
⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 3
2⎝
EXe =
1 ⎜⎜⎛
2⎝
⎞⎟ ⎜⎛ ⎟⎟⎞ 2
⎜⎜ 0.1313 kg/mol ⎠⎟ ⎜⎝ 239.913 m/s ⎟⎟⎠
⎟⎟ ⎜ (1 J/kg • m 2 /s2 ) = 3778.70 = 3.78x10 3
J/mol
⎛ 3778.58 J ⎟⎞⎛ 1 mol ⎞⎟
d) ⎜⎜ ⎟⎜ = 6.2746x10–21 = 6.27x10–21 J/He atom
⎝ mol ⎠⎟⎜⎜⎝ 6.022x10 23 atoms ⎟⎟⎠
5.83 Plan: Use Graham’s law: the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar
mass. When comparing the speed of gas molecules, the one with the lowest mass travels the fastest.
Solution:
a) ℳ of S2F2 = 102.12 g/mol; ℳ of N2F4 = 104.02 g/mol; ℳ of SF4 = 108.06 g/mol
SF4 has the largest molar mass and S2F2 has the smallest molar mass: rate SF4 < rate N2 F4 < rate S2 F2
Rate S2 F2 molar mass N 2 F4 104.02 g/mol
b) = = = 1.009260 = 1.0093:1
Rate N2 F4 molar mass S2 F2 102.12 g/mol
Rate X molar mass SF4
c) = 0.935 =
Rate SF4 molar mass X
108.06 g/mol
0.935 =
molar mass X
108.06 g/mol
(0.935)2 =
molar mass X
108.06 g/mol
0.874225 =
molar mass X
Molar mass X = 123.60662 = 124 g/mol
5-37
5.84 Interparticle attractions cause the real pressure to be less than ideal pressure, so it causes a negative deviation.
The size of the interparticle attraction is related to the constant a. According to Table 5.4, aN2 = 1.39,
aKr = 2.32, and aCO2 = 3.59. Therefore, CO2 experiences a greater negative deviation in pressure than the other
two gases: N2 < Kr < CO2.
5.85 Particle volume causes a positive deviation from ideal behavior. Thus, VReal Gases > VIdeal Gases. The particle volume is
related to the constant b. According to Table 5.4, bH 2 = 0.0266, bO 2 = 0.0318, and bCl 2 = 0.0562. Therefore, the
order is H2 < O2 < Cl2.
5.86 Nitrogen gas behaves more ideally at 1 atm than at 500 atm because at lower pressures the gas molecules are
farther apart. An ideal gas is defined as consisting of gas molecules that act independently of the other gas
molecules. When gas molecules are far apart they act more ideally, because intermolecular attractions are less
important and the volume of the molecules is a smaller fraction of the container volume.
5.87 SF6 behaves more ideally at 150°C. At higher temperatures, intermolecular attractions become less important and
the volume occupied by the molecules becomes less important.
5.88 Plan: To find the total force, the total surface area of the can is needed. Use the dimensions of the can to find the
surface area of each side of the can. Do not forget to multiply the area of each side by two. The surface area of
the can in cm2 must be converted to units of in2.
Solution:
Surface area of can = 2(40.0 cm)(15.0 cm) + 2(40.0 cm)(12.5 cm) + 2(15.0 cm)(12.5 cm)
= 2.575x103 cm2
⎛ 1 in ⎞⎟ ⎛14.7 lb ⎞⎟
2
Total force = (2.575x103 cm 2 )⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜

3 3
⎟ = 5.8671x10 = 5.87x10 lbs
⎝ 2.54 cm ⎠ ⎝ 1 in 2 ⎠⎟
5.89 Plan: Use the ideal gas law to find the number of moles of O2. Moles of O2 is divided by 4 to find moles of
Hb since O2 combines with Hb in a 4:1 ratio. Divide the given mass of Hb by the number of moles of Hb to obtain
molar mass, g/mol. Temperature must be in units of kelvins, pressure in atm, and volume in L.
Solution:
V = 1.53 mL T = 37°C + 273.15 = 310.15 K
⎛10−3 L ⎞⎟
Converting V from mL to L: V = (1.53 mL)⎜⎜ ⎟ = 1.53x10–3 L
⎝⎜ 1 mL ⎟⎠⎟
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P = (743 torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎠⎟
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (0.977631578 atm )(1.53x10 L)
−3
Moles of O2 = n = = = 5.874240x10–5 mol O2

⎜⎜0.0821 (310.15 K )
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
⎛ 1 mol Hb ⎞⎟
Moles Hb = (5.874240x10−5 mol O2 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.46856x10–5 mol Hb (unrounded)
⎝ 4 mol O2 ⎠⎟
1.00 g Hb
Molar mass hemoglobin = −5
= 6.80939x104 = 6.81x104 g/mol
1.46856x10 Hb
5-38
5.90 Plan: First, write the balanced equations. Convert mass of NaHCO3 to moles and use the molar ratio from each
balanced equation to find the moles of CO2 gas produced. Use the ideal gas law to find the volume of that amount
of CO2. Temperature must be in kelvins.
Solution:
Reaction 1: 2NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
⎛ 1 mol NaHCO3 ⎟⎞⎛ 1 mol CO2 ⎟⎞
Moles CO2 = (1.00 g NaHCO3 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 5.95167x10–3 mol CO2
⎝⎜ 84.01 g NaHCO3 ⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜ 2 mol NaHCO3 ⎟⎠
Finding the volume of CO2:
V = unknown T = 200.°C + 273.15 = 473.15 K
P = 0.975 atm n = 5.95167x10–3 mol
PV = nRT
Solving for V:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
nRT (
5.95167x10−3 mol ⎜⎜0.0821
⎝ )
mol • K ⎠
⎟(473.15 K )
Volume of CO2 = V = = = 0.2371244 L
P (0.975 atm )
⎛ 1 mL ⎞⎟
⎜
V = (0.2371244 L)⎜⎜ −3 ⎟⎟⎟ = 237.1244 = 237 mL CO2 in Reaction 1
⎜⎜⎝10 L ⎟⎠
Reaction 2: NaHCO3(s) + H+(aq) → H2O(l) + CO2(g) + Na+(aq)
⎛ 1 mol NaHCO3 ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 1 mol CO2 ⎞⎟⎟ = 1.1903x10–2 mol CO
Moles CO2 = (1.00 g NaHCO3 )⎜⎜⎜
⎜⎝ 84.01 g NaHCO3 ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜1 mol NaHCO3 ⎟⎟⎠ 2

V = unknown T = 200.°C + 273.15 = 473.15 K
P = 0.975 atm n = 1.1903x10–2 mol
PV = nRT
Solving for V:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
nRT (
1.1903x10−2 mol ⎜⎜0.0821
⎝ )
mol • K ⎠
⎟(473.15 K )
Volume of CO2 = V = = = 0.4742352 L
P (0.975 atm )
⎛ 1 mL ⎞⎟
⎜
V = (0.4742352 L )⎜⎜ −3 ⎟⎟⎟ = 474.2352 = 474 mL CO2 in Reaction 2
⎜⎜⎝10 L ⎟⎠
PV
1 1 PV PV n T
5.91 Plan: Use the relationship = 2 2 or V2 = 1 1 2 2 ; P is fixed while V and T change. n2 is 0.75n1 since
n1T1 n2T2 P2 n1T1
one-fourth of the gas leaks out. Only the initial and final conditions need to be considered.
Solution:
P1 = 1.01 atm P2 = 1.01 atm (Thus, P has no effect, and does not need to be included.)
T1 = 305 K T2 = 250 K
n1 = n1 n2 = 0.75n1
V1 = 600. L V2 = ?
V1n2T2 (600. L)(0.75n1 )(250 K )
V2 = = = 368.852 = 369 L
n1T1 (
(n1 ) 305 K )
5.92 Plan: Convert the mass of Cl2 to moles and use the ideal gas law and van der Waals equation to
find the pressure of the gas.
5-39
Solution:
⎛103 g ⎞⎟⎜⎛ 1 mol Cl 2 ⎟⎞
a) Moles Cl2: (0.5950 kg Cl 2 )⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟ = 8.3921016 mol
⎟ 70.90 g Cl 2 ⎟⎟⎠
⎝⎜ 1 kg ⎠⎝
V = 15.50 L T = 225°C + 273.15 = 498.15 K
n = 8.3921016 mol P = unknown
Ideal gas law: PV = nRT
Solving for P:
L • atm ⎟⎞
nRT (8.3921016 mol)⎛⎜⎜⎝0.0821 mol •K⎠
⎟(498.15 K )
PIGL = = = 22.1433 = 22.1 atm
V 15.50 L
⎛ n2 a ⎞
b) van der Waals equation: ⎜⎜ P + 2 ⎟⎟⎟(V − nb) = nRT
⎝⎜ V ⎠⎟
Solving for P:
nRT n2 a atm • L2 L
PVDW = − 2 From Table 5.4: a = 6.49 ; b = 0.0562
V − nb V mol 2
mol
n = 8.3921016 mol from part a)
2⎛ 2⎞
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
( ⎜⎜6.49 atm • L ⎟⎟
)
( ⎝ )
8.3921016 mol Cl 2 ⎜⎜0.0821
mol • K ⎠
⎟ ( 498.15 K ) 8.3921016 mol Cl 2
⎜⎝ mol 2 ⎟⎠
PVDW = −
⎛ L ⎞⎟
( ) ( )
2
15.50 L − 8.3921016 mol Cl 2 ⎜⎜0.0562 ⎟ 15.50 L
⎝ mol ⎠
= 20.93573 = 20.9 atm
5.93 Plan: Rearrange the formula PV = (m/ℳ)RT to solve for molar mass. Convert the volume in mL to L.
Temperature must be in Kelvin. To find the molecular formulas of I, II, III, and IV, assume 100 g of each sample
so the percentages are numerically equivalent to the masses of each element. Convert each of the masses to moles
by using the molar mass of each element involved. Divide all moles by the lowest number of moles and convert to
whole numbers to determine the empirical formula. The empirical formula mass and the calculated molar mass
will then relate the empirical formula to the molecular formula. For gas IV, use Graham’s law to find the molar
mass
Solution:
a) V = 750.0 mL T = 70.00°C + 273.15 = 343.15 K
m = 0.1000 g P = 0.05951 atm (I); 0.07045 atm (II); 0.05767 atm (III)
ℳ = unknown
⎛10−3 L ⎞⎟
Converting V from mL to L: V = (750.0 mL )⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.7500 L
⎜⎝ 1 mL ⎟⎠⎟
PV = (m/ℳ)RT

⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(0.1000 g)⎜⎜0.08206 ⎟(343.15 K )
mRT ⎝ mol • K ⎠
Molar mass I = ℳ = = = 63.0905 = 63.09 g I/mol
PV (0.05951 atm )(0.7500 L )
5-40
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(0.1000 g)⎜⎜0.08206 (343.15 K )
Molar mass II = ℳ =
mRT
=
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠ = 53.293 = 53.29 g II/mol
PV (0.07045 atm )(0.7500 L )
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(0.1000 g)⎜⎜0.08206 ⎟(343.15 K )
Molar mass III = ℳ = = = 65.10349 = 65.10 g III/mol
PV (0.05767 atm )(0.7500 L )
b) % H in I = 100% – 85.63% = 14.37% H
% H in II = 100% – 81.10% = 18.90% H
% H in III = 100% – 82.98% = 17.02% H
Assume 100 g of each so the mass percentages are also the grams of the element.
I
⎛ 1 mol B ⎞⎟
⎜
(
Moles B = 85.63 g B ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟ = 7.921369 mol B (unrounded)
⎜⎜⎝10.81 g B ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 1 mol H ⎞⎟
⎜
(
Moles H = 14.37 g H ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟ = 14.25595 mol H (unrounded)
⎜⎜⎝1.008 g H ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 7.921369 mol B ⎞⎟ ⎛14.25595 mol H ⎞⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.00 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.7997
⎜⎜ ⎜⎜
⎜⎝ 7.921369 mol B ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 7.921369 mol B ⎟⎟⎠
The hydrogen value is not close enough to a whole number to round. Thus, both amounts need to be
multiplied by the smallest value to get near whole numbers. This value is 5. Multiplying each value by 5
gives (1.00 x 5) = 5 for B and (1.7997 x 5) = 9 for H. The empirical formula is B5H9, which has a
formula mass of 63.12 g/mol. The empirical formula mass is near the molecular mass from part a)
(63.09 g/mol). Therefore, the empirical and molecular formulas are both B5H9.
II
⎛ 1 mol B ⎟⎞
⎜
(
⎜⎜⎝10.81 g B ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 1 mol H ⎞⎟
⎜
(
⎜⎜⎝1.008 g H ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 7.50231 mol B ⎞⎟ ⎛ 18.750 mol H ⎞⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.00 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 2.4992
⎜⎜ ⎜⎜
⎜⎝ 7.50231 mol B ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 7.50231 mol B ⎟⎟⎠
gives (1.00 x 2) = 2 for B and (2.4992 x 2) = 5 for H. The empirical formula is B2H5, which has a
formula mass of 26.66 g/mol. Dividing the molecular formula mass from part a) by the empirical formula
mass gives the relationship between the formulas: (53.29 g/mol)/(26.66 g/mol) = 2. The molecular
formula is two times the empirical formula, or B4H10.
III
⎛ 1 mol B ⎞⎟
⎜
(
⎜⎜⎝10.81 g B ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 1 mol H ⎞⎟
⎜
(
⎜⎜⎝1.008 g H ⎟⎠⎟
5-41
⎛ 7.6762 mol B ⎞⎟ ⎛16.8849 mol H ⎞⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.00 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 2.2
⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜
⎜⎝ 7.6762 mol B ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 7.6762 mol B ⎠⎟⎟
gives (1.00 x 5) = 5 for B and (2.2 x 5) = 11 for H. The empirical formula is B5H11, which has a formula
mass of 65.14 g/mol. The empirical formula mass is near the molecular mass from part a). Therefore, the
empirical and molecular formulas are both B5H11.
Rate SO2 molar mass IV
c) =
Rate IV molar mass SO2
⎛ 250.0 mL ⎞⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜⎜
⎜⎝13.04 min ⎟⎟⎠ molar mass IV
= 0.657318 =
⎛ 350.0 mL ⎞⎟ 64.06 g/mol
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜⎜
⎜⎝12.00 min ⎟⎠⎟
molar mass IV
0.6573182 =
64.06 g/mol
Molar mass IV = 27.6782 = 27.68 g/mol
% H in IV = 100% – 78.14% = 21.86% H
⎛ 1 mol B ⎟⎞
⎜
(
⎜⎜⎝10.81 g B ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 1 mol H ⎞⎟
⎜
(
⎜⎜⎝1.008 g H ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 7.22849 mol B ⎞⎟ ⎛ 21.6865 mol H ⎞⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.00 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 3.00
⎜⎜ ⎜⎜
⎜⎝ 7.22849 mol B ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 7.22849 mol B ⎟⎠⎟
The empirical formula is BH3, which has a formula mass of 13.83 g/mol. Dividing the molecular
formula mass by the empirical formula mass gives the relationship between the formulas:
(27.68 g/mol)/(13.83 g/mol) = 2. The molecular formula is two times the empirical formula, or B2H6.
5.94 Plan: Calculate the mole fraction of each gas; the partial pressure of each gas is directly proportional to its mole
fraction so the gas with the highest mole fraction has the highest partial pressure. Remember that kinetic energy is
directly proportional to Kelvin temperature.
Solution:
n
a) X A = A
ntotal
3 A particles 4 A particles 5 A particles
I. XA = = 0.33; II. XA = = 0.33; III. XA = = 0.33
9 total particles 12 total particles 15 total particles
The partial pressure of A is the same in all 3 samples since the mole fraction of A is the same in all samples.
3 B particles 3 B particles 3 B particles
b) I. XB = = 0.33; II. XB = = 0.25; III. XB = = 0.20
9 total particles 12 total particles 15 total particles
The partial pressure of B is lowest in Sample III since the mole fraction of B is the smallest in that sample.
c) All samples are at the same temperature, T, so all have the same average kinetic energy.
5-42
PV
1 1 PV PV T
5.95 Plan: Use the relationship = 2 2 or V2 = 1 1 2 . R and n are fixed. Temperatures must be converted to
T1 T2 P2 T1
Kelvin.
Solution:
a) T1 = 200°C + 273.15 = 473.15 K; T2 = 100°C + 273.15 = 373.15 K
PV T (2 atm)(V1 )(373.15 K)
V2 = 1 1 2 = = 1.577 V1 Increase
P2T1 (1 atm)(473.15 K)
b) T1 = 100°C + 273.15 = 373.15 K; T2 = 300°C + 273.15 = 573.15 K
PV T (1 atm)(V1 )(573.15 K)
V2 = 1 1 2 = = 0.5120 V1 Decrease
P2T1 (3 atm)(373.15 K)
c) T1 = –73°C + 273.15 = 200.15 K; T2 = 127°C + 273.15 = 400.15 K
PV T (3 atm)(V1 )(400.15 K)
V2 = 1 1 2 = = 0.9996V1 Unchanged
P2T1 (6 atm)(200.15 K)
d) T1 = 300°C + 273.15 = 573.15 K; T2 = 150°C + 273.15 = 423.15 K
PV T (0.2 atm)(V1 )(423.15 K)
V2 = 1 1 2 = = 0.3691V1 Decrease
P2T1 (0.4 atm)(573.15 K)
5.96 Plan: Partial pressures and mole fractions are calculated from Dalton’s law of partial pressures: PA = XA x Ptotal.
Remember that 1 atm = 760 torr. Solve the ideal gas law for moles and then convert to molecules using
Avogadro’s number to calculate the number of O2 molecules in the volume of an average breath.
Solution:
a) Convert each mole percent to a mole fraction by dividing by 100%. Ptotal = 1 atm = 760 torr
PNitrogen = XNitrogen x Ptotal = 0.786 x 760 torr = 597.36 = 597 torr N2
POxygen = XOxygen x Ptotal = 0.209 x 760 torr = 158.84 = 159 torr O2
PCarbon Dioxide = XCarbon Dioxide x Ptotal = 0.0004 x 760 torr = 0.304 = 0.3 torr CO2
PWater = XWater x Ptotal = 0.0046 x 760 torr = 3.496 = 3.5 torr H2O
b) Mole fractions can be calculated by rearranging Dalton’s law of partial pressures:
P
XA = A and multiply by 100 to express mole fraction as percent
Ptotal
Ptotal = 1 atm = 760 torr
569 torr
XNitrogen = x 100% = 74.8684 = 74.9 mol% N2
760 torr
104 torr
XOxygen = x 100% = 13.6842 = 13.7 mol% O2
760 torr
40 torr
X Carbon Dioxide = x 100% = 5.263 = 5.3 mol% CO2
760 torr
47 torr
XWater = x 100% = 6.1842 = 6.2 mol% H2O
760 torr
c) V = 0.50 L T = 37°C + 273.15 = 310.15 K
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P = (104 torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎟⎠
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (0.136842105 atm )(0.50 L )
n= = = 0.0026870 mol O2
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(310.15 K )
⎜⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
5-43
⎛ 6.022x1023 molecules O2 ⎞⎟
Molecules of O2 = (0.0026870 mol O2 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1 mol O2 ⎠⎟
21 21
= 1.6181x10 = 1.6x10 molecules O2
5.97 Plan: Convert the mass of Ra to moles and then atoms using Avogadro’s number. Convert from number of Ra
atoms to Rn atoms produced per second and then to Rn atoms produced per day. The number of Rn atoms is
converted to moles and then the ideal gas law is used to find the volume of this amount of Rn.
Solution:
⎛ 1 mol Ra ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 6.022 x10 Ra atoms ⎞⎟⎟
23
⎜
(
Atoms Ra = 1.0 g Ra ⎜⎜ ) ⎟
⎜⎝⎜ 226 g Ra ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜⎜ 1 mol Ra ⎟⎟⎟ = 2.664602x10 Ra atoms
21
⎠
⎛1.373x10 4 Rn atoms ⎞⎟
(
Atoms Rn produced/s = 2.664602x10 21 Ra atoms ⎜⎜ ) ⎟ = 3.65849855x1010 Rn atoms/s
⎜⎝ 1.0x1015 Ra atoms ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 3.65849855x1010 Rn atoms ⎞⎟⎛⎜ 3600 s ⎞⎟⎛⎜ 24 h ⎞⎟⎛ 1 mol Rn ⎞⎟
Moles Rn produced/day = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜
⎜⎝ s ⎟
⎠⎝⎜ h ⎠⎝ ⎟⎜ day ⎟⎠⎝ 6.022x10 Rn atoms ⎟⎟⎠
⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ 23
= 5.248992x10–9 mole Rn/day

PV = nRT
Solving for V (at STP):
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
nRT (
5.248992x10−9 mol ⎜⎜0.0821
⎝ mol
)
•K⎠
⎟(273 K )
Volume of Rn = V = =
P (1 atm )
= 1.17647x10–7 = 1.2x10–7 L Rn
5.98 Plan: For part a), since the volume, temperature, and pressure of the gas are changing, use the combined gas law.
For part b), use the ideal gas law to solve for moles of air and then moles of N2.
Solution:
a) P1 = 1450. mmHg P2 = 1 atm
V1 = 208 mL V2 = unknown
T1 = 286 K T2 = 298 K
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
Converting P1 from mmHg to atm: P1 = (1450. mmHg)⎜⎜ ⎟ = 1.9079 atm
⎜⎝ 760 mmHg ⎟⎟⎠
PV
1 1 PV
= 2 2
T1 T2
⎛ T ⎞⎛ P ⎞ ⎛ 298 K ⎞⎟ ⎛1.9079 atm ⎟⎞
V2 = V1 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟⎟ = (208 L ) ⎜⎜ ⎜ = 413.494 mL = 4x102 mL
⎜⎝ T1 ⎟⎠⎝⎜ P2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 286 K ⎟⎠⎟ ⎜⎝ 1 atm ⎟⎟⎠
b) V = 208 mL T = 286 K
P = 1450 mmHg = 1.9079 atm n = unknown
⎛10−3 L ⎞⎟
⎜⎝ 1 mL ⎟⎟⎠
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (1.9079 atm)(0.208 L)
Moles of air = n = = = 0.016901 mol air
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(286 K )
⎜⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
5-44
⎛ 77% N 2 ⎞⎟
Mole of N2 = (0.016901 mol)⎜⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.01301 = 0.013 mol N2
⎝ 100% ⎠⎟
5.99 Plan: The amounts of both reactants are given, so the first step is to identify the limiting reactant. Write the balanced
equation and use molar ratios to find the number of moles of NO2 produced by each reactant. The smaller number of
moles of product indicates the limiting reagent. Solve for volume of NO2 using the ideal gas law.
Solution:
Cu(s) + 4HNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
⎛ 8.95 g Cu ⎟⎞⎜⎛ 1 mol Cu ⎟⎞⎛⎜ 2 mol NO2 ⎟⎞
(
Moles NO2 from Cu = 4.95 cm 3 ⎜⎜⎜ )
⎝⎜ cm
3 ⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.394256 mol NO2
⎠⎜⎝ 63.55 g Cu ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜ 1 mol Cu ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 68.0% HNO3 ⎞⎟⎛⎜1 cm3 ⎞⎟⎛1.42 g ⎞⎟⎛⎜1 mol HNO3 ⎞⎛
⎟⎟⎜⎜ 2 mol NO2 ⎞⎟⎟
(
Moles NO2 from HNO3 = 230.0 mL ⎜⎜⎜
⎜⎝ 100%
) ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜
⎟ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜
⎟⎠⎜⎝⎜ 1 mL ⎠⎟⎜⎜⎝ cm ⎠⎟⎜⎝⎜ 63.02 g ⎠⎝
3 ⎟
⎟⎜⎜ 4 mol HNO3 ⎠⎟⎟
= 1.7620 mol NO2
Since less product can be made from the copper, it is the limiting reactant and excess nitric acid will be left after
the reaction goes to completion. Use the calculated number of moles of NO2 and the given temperature and
pressure in the ideal gas law to find the volume of nitrogen dioxide produced. Note that nitrogen dioxide is the
only gas involved in the reaction.
V = unknown T = 28.2°C + 273.15 = 301.35 K
P = 735 torr n = 1.394256 mol NO2
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P = (735 torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎟⎠
PV = nRT
Solving for V:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(1.394256 mol )⎜⎜0.0821 (301.35 K )
V=
nRT
=
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠ = 35.668.6 = 35.7 L NO2
P (0.967105 atm )
5.100 Plan: Solve the ideal gas law for moles of air and then convert to molecules using Avogadro’s number. Volume
must be converted to liters and temperature to kelvins.
Solution:
a) V = 1200 mL T = 37°C + 273.15 = 310.15 K
⎛10−3 L ⎞⎟
⎜⎝ 1 mL ⎟⎟⎠
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (1.0 atm)(1.2 L)
Moles of air = n = = = 0.047127 = 0.047 mol air
RT ⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(310.15 K )
⎛
⎜⎝ ⎟
mol • K ⎠
⎛ 6.022 x1023 molecules ⎞⎟
⎜ ⎟⎟ = 2.837971x1022 = 2.8x1022 molecules air
b) Molecules of air = (0.047127 mol air )⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜⎜⎝ 1 mol air ⎠
5.101 Plan: The amounts of two reactants are given, so the first step is to identify the limiting reactant.
5-45
Write the balanced equation and use molar ratios to find the number of moles of Br2 produced by each reactant.
The smaller number of moles of product indicates the limiting reagent. Solve for volume of Br2 using the ideal gas
law.
Solution:
5NaBr(aq) + NaBrO3(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) → 3Br2(g) + 3Na2SO4(aq) + 3H2O(g)
⎛ 1 mol NaBr ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 3 mol Br2 ⎞⎟⎟
⎜
(
Moles Br2 from NaBr = 275 g NaBr ⎜⎜ ) ⎟ ⎟ = 1.60365 mol Br2 (unrounded)
⎜⎜⎝102.89 g NaBr ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜⎜ 5 mol NaBr ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 1 mol NaBrO3 ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 3 mol Br2 ⎟⎟⎞
⎜
(
Moles Br2 from NaBrO3 = 175.6 g NaBrO3 ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 3.491285 mol Br2
⎜⎜⎝150.89 g NaBrO3 ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜1 mol NaBrO3 ⎟⎟⎠
The NaBr is limiting since it produces a smaller amount of Br2.
Use the ideal gas law to find the volume of Br2:
V = unknown T = 300°C + 273.15 = 573.15 K
P = 0.855 atm n = 1.60365 mol Br2
PV = nRT
Solving for V:
⎛ L • atm ⎟⎞
(1.60365 mol )⎜⎜0.0821 (573.15 K )
Volume (L) of Br2 = V =
nRT
=
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠ = 88.258 = 88. L Br2
P (0.855 atm )
5.102 Plan: First, write the balanced equation. Convert mass of NaN3 to moles and use the molar ratio from the balanced
equation to find the moles of nitrogen gas produced. Use the ideal gas law to find the volume of that amount of
nitrogen. The problem specifies that the nitrogen gas is collected over water, so the partial pressure of water vapor
must be subtracted from the overall pressure given. Table 5.2 reports the vapor pressure of water at 26°C (25.2
torr). Pressure must be in units of atm and temperature in kelvins.
Solution:
2NaN3(s) → 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)
⎛ 1 mol NaN3 ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 3 mol N 2 ⎞⎟⎟ = 1.15349 mol N
Moles N2 = (50.0 g NaN3 )⎜⎜⎜
⎜⎝ 65.02 g NaN3 ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜ 2 mol NaN3 ⎟⎟⎠ 2
Finding the volume of N2:

V = unknown T = 26°C + 273.15 = 299.15 K
Ptotal = 745.5 mmHg n = 1.15319 mol
Pwater vapor = 25.2 torr = 25.2 mmHg
Pnitrogen = Ptotal – Pwater vapor = 745.5 mmHg – 25.2 mmHg = 720.3 mmHg
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
⎜⎝ 760 mmHg ⎟⎠⎟
PV = nRT
Solving for V:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(1.15349 mol)⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟(299.15 K )
V= = = 29.8914 = 29.9 L N2
P (0.9477632 atm )
5.103 Plan: Use the percent composition information to find the empirical formula of the compound. Assume 100 g of
sample so the percentages are numerically equivalent to the masses of each element. Convert each of the masses
to moles by using the molar mass of each element involved. Divide all moles by the lowest number of moles and
convert to whole numbers to determine the empirical formula. Rearrange the formula PV = (m/ℳ)RT to solve for
molar mass.The empirical formula mass and the calculated molar mass will then relate the empirical formula to
the molecular formula.
5-46
Solution:
Empirical formula:
⎛ 1 mol C ⎞⎟
⎜
(
Moles C = 64.81 g C ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟ = 5.39634 mol C
⎜⎜⎝12.01 g C ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 1 mol H ⎞⎟
⎜
(
Moles H = 13.60 g H ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟ = 13.49206 mol H
⎜⎜⎝1.008 g H ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 1 mol O ⎞⎟
⎜
(
Moles O = 21.59 g O ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟ = 1.349375 mol O
⎜⎜⎝16.00 g O ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 5.39634 mol C ⎞⎟ ⎛13.749206 mol H ⎞⎟ ⎛1.349375 mol O ⎞⎟
⎜⎜ ⎜⎜ ⎜⎜
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ = 4 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 10 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.00
⎜⎝1.349375 mol O ⎠ ⎟ ⎜⎝ 1.349375 mol O ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎝1.349375 mol O ⎟⎟⎠
Empirical formula = C4H10O (empirical formula mass = 74.12 g/mol)
Molecular formula:
V = 2.00 mL T = 25°C + 273.15 = 298.15 K
m = 2.57 g P = 0.420 atm
ℳ = unknown
PV = (m/ℳ)RT

⎛ L • atm ⎟⎞
(2.57 g)⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟(298.15 K )
Molar mass = ℳ = = = 74.89 g/mol
PV (0.420 atm )(2.00 L )
Since the molar mass (74.89 g/mol ) and the empirical formula mass (74.12 g/mol) are similar, the empirical and
molecular formulas must both be: C4H10O
5.104 Plan: The empirical formula for aluminum chloride is AlCl3 (Al3+ and Cl–). The empirical formula mass is
(133.33 g/mol). Calculate the molar mass of the gaseous species from the ratio of effusion rates (Graham’s law).
This molar mass, divided by the empirical weight, should give a whole-number multiple that will yield the
molecular formula.
Solution:
Rate unknown molar mass He
= 0.122 =
Rate He molar mass unknown
4.003 g/mol
0.122 =
molar mass unknown
4.003 g/mol
0.014884 =
molar mass unknown
Molar mass unknown = 268.9465 g/mol
5-47
The whole-number multiple is 268.9465/133.33, which is about 2. Therefore, the molecular formula of the
gaseous species is 2 x (AlCl3) = Al2Cl6.
5.105 Plan: First, write the balanced equation. Convert mass of C8H18 to moles and use the molar ratio from the balanced
equation to find the total moles of gas produced. Use the ideal gas law to find the volume of that amount of gas. For
part b), use the molar ratio from the balanced equation to find the moles of oxygen that react with the C8H18. Use the
composition of air to calculate the amount of N2 and Ar that remains after the O2 is consumed and use the ideal gas
law to find the volume of that amount of gas. The volume of the gaseous exhaust is the sum of the volume of gaseous
products and the residual air (N2 and Ar) that does not react.
Solution:
2C8H18(l) + 25O2(g) → 16CO2(g) + 18H2O (g)
⎛ 1 mol C8 H18 ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 34 mol gas ⎞⎟⎟
⎜
(
a) Moles gaseous products = 100. g C8 H18 ⎜⎜ )
⎜⎜⎝114.22 g C8 H18 ⎠⎝
⎟⎟⎜ ⎟ = 14.883558 mol gas
⎟⎜⎜ 2 mol C8 H18 ⎠⎟⎟
Finding the volume of gaseous product:
V = unknown T = 350°C + 273.15 = 623.15 K
Ptotal = 735 torr n = 14.883558 mol
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P = (735 torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎠⎟
PV = nRT
Solving for V:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(14.883558 mol)⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟(623.15 K )
Volume gas = V = = = 787.352 = 787 L gas
P (0.9671053 atm )
⎛ 1 mol C8 H18 ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 25 mol O2 ⎞⎟⎟
⎜
(
b) Moles O2 = 100. g C8 H18 ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎜
⎜⎝⎜114.22 g C8 H18 ⎟⎠⎝
⎟ = 10.94379 mol O2
⎟⎜⎜ 2 mol C8 H18 ⎠⎟⎟
⎛ 78% + 1% N 2 and Ar ⎞⎟
⎜
(
Moles other gases = 10.94379 mol O2 ⎜⎜
⎜⎜⎝
) 21% O2
⎟⎟ = 41.1695 mol Ar + N
⎟⎟ 2
⎠
Finding the volume of Ar + N2:
V = unknown T = 350°C + 273.15 = 623.15 K
Ptotal = 735 torr = 0.9671053 atm n = 41.1695 mol
PV = nRT
Solving for V:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(41.1695 mol )⎜⎜0.0821 (623.15 K )
Volume gas = V =
nRT
=
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠ = 2177.90 L residual air
P (0.9671053 atm )
Total volume of gaseous exhaust = 787.352 L + 2177.90 L = 2965.25 = 2.97x103 L
5.106 Plan: First, write the balanced equation for the reaction: 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3. The total number of moles of gas will
change as the reaction occurs since 3 moles of reactant gas forms 2 moles of product gas. From the volume,
temperature, and pressures given, we can calculate the number of moles of gas before and after the reaction using
the ideal gas law. For each mole of SO3 formed, the total number of moles of gas decreases by 1/2 mole. Thus,
twice the decrease in moles of gas equals the moles of SO3 formed.
Solution:
Moles of gas before and after reaction:
V = 2.00 L T = 800. K
Ptotal = 1.90 atm n = unknown
5-48
PV = nRT
Initial moles = n =
PV
=
( )(
1.90 atm 2.00 L )
= 0.05785627 mol
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
RT ⎜⎜0.0821
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
(
800. K )
Final moles = n =
PV
=
( )(
1.65 atm 2.00 L )
= 0.050243605 mol
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
RT ⎜⎜0.0821
⎝ mol • K ⎠
(
⎟ 800. K )
Moles of SO3 produced = 2 x decrease in the total number of moles
= 2 x (0.05785627 mol – 0.050243605 mol)
= 0.01522533 = 1.52x10–2 mol
Check: If the starting amount is 0.0578 total moles of SO2 and O2, then x + y = 0.0578 mol,
where x = mol of SO2 and y = mol of O2. After the reaction:
(x – z) + (y – 0.5z) + z = 0.0502 mol
Where z = mol of SO3 formed = mol of SO2 reacted = 2(mol of O2 reacted).
Subtracting the two equations gives:
x – (x – z) + y – (y – 0.5z) – z = 0.0578 – 0.0502
z = 0.0152 mol SO3
The approach of setting up two equations and solving them gives the same result as above.
5.107 Plan: Use the density of C2H4 to find the volume of one mole of gas. Then use the van der Waals equation with
1.00 mol of gas to find the pressure of the gas (the mole ratio is 1:1, so the number of moles of gas remains the
same).
Solution:
⎛ 28.05 g C2 H 4 ⎞⎛
⎟⎟⎜ 1 mL ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜10 L ⎞⎟⎟ = 0.130465 L = 0.130 L
−3
a) (1 mole C2 H 4 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎜
⎟⎜ 0.215 g ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 1 mL ⎟⎟
⎝ 1 mole C2 H 4 ⎟⎜
⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
V = 0.130465 L T = 10°C + 273.15 = 283.15 K + 950 K = 1233.15 K

Ptotal = unknown n = 1.00 mol
atm • L2 L
From Table 5.4 for CH4: a = 2.25 ; b = 0.0428
mol 2 mol
⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜⎜ P + n a ⎟⎟(V − nb) = nRT
⎝⎜ V 2 ⎠⎟⎟
nRT n2 a
Pressure of CH4 = PVDW = − 2
V − nb V
2⎛
2⎞
⎛
(1.00 mol)⎜⎜0.0821
L • atm ⎟⎞
( ) (1.00 mol ) ⎜⎜2.25 atm • L ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎟ 1233.15 K ⎜⎝ mol 2 ⎟⎠
mol • K ⎠ −
PVDW = = 1022.681 atm = 1023 atm
0.130465 L −1.00 mol (0.0428 L/mol) (0.130465 L)
2
PV (1022.681 atm)(0.130465 L )
b) n = = = 1.31788 = 1.32 mol
RT ⎛ L • atm ⎟⎞
⎜⎜0.0821 (1233.15 K )
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
This value is smaller than that shown in Figure 5.23 for CH4. The temperature in this situation is very high
5-49
(1233 K). At high temperatures, the gas particles have high kinetic energy. Thus the gas particles have the energy
to overcome the effects of intermolecular attraction and the gas behaves more ideally.
5.108 Plan: First, write the balanced equation. Convert mass of ammonium nitrate to moles and use the molar ratio from the
balanced equation to find the moles of gas produced. Use the ideal gas law to find the volume of that amount of gas.
Solution:
⎛103 g ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 1 mol NH 4 NO3 ⎟⎟⎞⎛⎜⎜ 7 mol gas ⎟⎟⎞
⎜
(
Moles gas = 15.0 kg NH 4 NO3 ⎜⎜ ) ⎟ ⎟ ⎟
⎜⎝⎜ 1 kg ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜⎜ 80.05 g NH 4 NO3 ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜⎜ 2 mol NH 4 NO3 ⎟⎟⎠
= 655.840 mol gas
Finding the volume of gas:
V = unknown T = 307°C + 273.15 = 580.15 K
P = 1.00 atm n = 655.840 mol
PV = nRT
Solving for V:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(655.840 mol )⎜⎜0.0821 (580.15 K )
V=
nRT
=
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠ = 3.12379x104 = 3.12x104 L
P (1.00 atm )
5.109 Plan: Multiply the molarity and volume of the I2 solution to find initial moles of I2 added. Multiply molarity and
volume of the S2O32– solution to obtain moles of that solution and use the molar ratio in the balanced equation to
find moles of excess I2. Subtract the excess I2 from the initial moles of added I2 to find the moles of I2 reacted with
the SO2; the molar ratio betweeen SO2 and I2 gives the moles of SO2 present. Use the ideal gas law to find the
moles of air which is compared to the moles of SO2 present.
Solution:
The balanced equation is: I2(aq) + 2S2O32−(aq) → 2I−(aq) + S4O62−(aq).
⎛10−3 L ⎞⎟⎛ 0.01017 mol I 2 ⎞
⎜
(
Initial moles of I2 = 20.00 mL ⎜⎜ )
⎜⎜⎝ 1 mL ⎟⎜
⎟⎟⎜⎜
⎟⎠⎝⎜ L
⎟⎟⎟ = 2.034x10–4 mol I2 initial
⎟⎠
⎛10−3 L ⎞⎟⎛ 0.0105 mol S2 O32− ⎟⎞⎛ 1 mol I 2 ⎞⎟
⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜⎜
(
Moles I2 reacting with S2O32– = 11.37 mL ⎜⎜ )
⎜⎝⎜ 1 mL ⎟⎟⎠⎜⎜⎝ L
⎟
⎟⎟⎜⎜ 2 mol S O 2− ⎟⎟⎟
⎠⎝ 2 3 ⎠
= 5.96925x10–5 mol I2 reacting with S2O32– (not reacting with SO2)
Moles I2 reacting with SO2 = 2.034x10–4 mol – 5.96925x10–5 mol
= 1.437075x10–4 mol I2 reacted with SO2
The balanced equation is: SO2(aq) + I2(aq) + 2H2O(l) → HSO4−(aq) + 2I−(aq) + 3H+(aq).
⎛1 mol SO2 ⎞⎟
Moles SO2 = (1.437075x10−4 mol I 2 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.437075x10–4 mol SO2
⎝ 1 mol I 2 ⎠⎟
Moles of air:
V = 500 mL = 0.500 L T = 38°C + 273.15 = 311.15 K
Ptotal = 700. torr n = unknown
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P = (700. torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎟⎠
PV = nRT
Moles air = n =
PV
=
(
0.921052632 atm 0.500 L )( )
= 0.018028 mol air (unrounded)
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
RT ⎜⎜0.0821
⎝ mol • K ⎠
⎟ (
311.15 K )
5-50
1.437075x10−4 mol SO2
Volume % SO2 = mol % SO2 = (100) = 0.797146 = 0.797%
0.018028 mol air
5.110 Plan: First, write the balanced equation. The moles of CO that react in part a) can be calculated from the ideal gas
law. Volume must be in units of L, pressure in atm, and temperature in kelvins. Once the moles of CO that react
are known, the molar ratio from the balanced equation is used to determine the mass of nickel that will react with
the CO. For part b), assume the volume is 1 m3. Use the ideal gas law to solve for moles of Ni(CO)4, which equals
the moles of Ni, and convert moles to grams using the molar mass. For part c), the mass of Ni obtained from 1 m3
(part b)) can be used to calculate the amount of CO released. Use the ideal gas law to calculate the volume of CO.
The vapor pressure of water at 35°C (42.2 torr) must be subtracted from the overall pressure (see Table 5.2).
5-51
Solution:
a) Ni(s) + 4CO(g) → Ni(CO)4(g)
V = 3.55 m3 T = 50°C + 273.15 = 323.15 K
P = 100.7 kPa n = unknown
⎛ 1L ⎞
Converting V from m3 to L: V = (3.55 m 3 )⎜⎜ −3 3 ⎟⎟⎟ = 3550 L
⎝10 m ⎠
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P = (100.7 kPa )⎜⎜
⎝101.325 kPa ⎟⎟⎠
Converting P from kPa to atm: = 0.993831729 atm
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (0.993831729 atm )(3550 L )
Moles of CO = n = = = 132.98232 mol CO
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(323.15 K )
⎜⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
⎛ 1 mol Ni ⎞⎛ 58.69 g Ni ⎟⎞
Mass Ni = (132.98232 mol CO)⎜⎜
⎜ ⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1951.183 = 1.95x103 g Ni
⎜
⎜⎜⎝ 4 mol CO ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜ 1mol Ni ⎟⎟⎠
b) Ni(s) + 4 CO(g) → Ni(CO)4(g)
V = 1 m3 T = 155°C + 273.15 = 428.15 K
⎛ 1L ⎞
3
Converting V from m to L: V = (1 m 3 )⎜⎜ −3 3 ⎟⎟⎟ = 1000 L
⎝10 m ⎠
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (21 atm)(1000 L)
Moles of Ni(CO)4 = n = = = 597.42059 mol Ni(CO)4
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(428.15 K )
⎜⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
⎛ 1 mol Ni ⎞⎛ 58.69 g Ni ⎞⎟
Mass Ni = (597.42059 mol Ni(CO)4 )⎜⎜
⎜ ⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟
⎜⎜⎝1 mol Ni(CO)4 ⎠⎝ ⎟⎟⎜⎜⎜ 1 mol Ni ⎟⎟⎟
⎠
4 4
= 3.50626x10 = 3.5x10 g Ni
The pressure limits the significant figures.
⎛ 1 mol Ni ⎞⎟⎛ 4 mol CO ⎞
c) Moles CO = (3.50626x10 4 g Ni)⎜⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 2389.68238 mol CO
⎜⎝ 58.69 g Ni ⎟⎠⎟⎝⎜ 1 mol Ni ⎟⎠⎟
Finding the volume of CO:
V = unknown T = 35°C + 273.15 = 308.15 K
Ptotal = 769 torr n = 2389.68238 mol
Pwater vapor = 42.2 torr
PCO = Ptotal – Pwater vapor = 769 torr – 42.2 torr = 726.8 torr
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P = (726.8 torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎟⎠
PV = nRT
Solving for V:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(2389.68238 mol)⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟(308.15 K )
V= = = 63218.4995 L CO
P (0.956315789 atm )
5-52
⎛10−3 m 3 ⎞⎟
Converting V from L to m3: V = (63218.4995 L )⎜⎜ ⎟ = 63.2184995 = 63 m3 CO
⎜⎝ 1 L ⎟⎟⎠
The answer is limited to two significant figures because the mass of Ni comes from part b).
5.111 Plan: Use the percent composition information to find the empirical formula of the compound. Assume 100 g of
sample so the percentages are numerically equivalent to the masses of each element. Convert each of the masses
to moles by using the molar mass of each element involved. Divide all moles by the lowest number of moles and
convert to whole numbers to determine the empirical formula. Rearrange the formula PV = (m/ℳ)RT to solve for
molar mass.The empirical formula mass and the calculated molar mass will then relate the empirical formula to
the molecular formula.
Solution:
Empirical formula:
⎛ 1 mol Si ⎞⎟
⎜
(
Moles Si = 33.01 g Si ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟ = 1.17515 mol Si
⎜⎜⎝ 28.09 g Si ⎟⎠⎟
⎛ 1 mol F ⎞⎟
⎜
(
Moles F = 66.99 g F ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟ = 3.525789 mol F
⎜⎜⎝19.00 g F ⎟⎟⎠
⎛1.17515 mol Si ⎞⎟ ⎛ 3.525789 mol F ⎞⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟ =1 ⎜⎜
⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 3
⎜⎝1.17515 mol Si ⎟
⎠ ⎜⎝ 1.17515 mol Si ⎟⎟⎠
Empirical formula = SiF3 (empirical formula mass = 85.1 g/mol)
Molecular formula:
V = 0.250 L T = 27°C + 273.15 = 300.15 K
m = 2.60 g P = 1.50 atm
ℳ = unknown
PV = (m/ℳ)RT

⎛ L • atm ⎟⎞
(2.60 g)⎜⎜0.0821 (300.15 K )
Molar mass = ℳ =
mRT
=
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠ = 170.853 g/mol
PV (1.50 atm )(0.250 L )
The molar mass (170.853 g/mol ) is twice the empirical formula mass (85.1 g/mol), so the molecular formula must
be twice the empirical formula, or 2 x SiF3 = Si2F6.
5.112 a) A preliminary equation for this reaction is 4CxHyNz + nO2 → 4CO2 + 2N2 + 10H2O.
Since the organic compound does not contain oxygen, the only source of oxygen as a reactant is oxygen gas. To
form 4 volumes of CO2 would require 4 volumes of O2 and to form 10 volumes of H2O would require 5 volumes
of O2. Thus, 9 volumes of O2 was required.
b) Since the volume of a gas is proportional to the number of moles of the gas we can equate volume and moles.
From a volume ratio of 4CO2:2N2:10H2O we deduce a mole ratio of 4C:4N:20H or 1C:1N:5H for an empirical
formula of CH5N.
5.113 a) There is a total of 6x106 blue particles and 6x106 black particles. When equilibrium is reached after
5-53
opening the stopcocks, the particles will be evenly distributed among the three containers. Therefore, container B
will have 2x106 blue particles and 2x106 black particles.
b) The particles are evenly distributed so container A has 2x106 blue particles and 2x106 black particles.
c) There are 2x106 blue particles and 2x106 black particles in C for a total of 4x106 particles.
⎛ 750 torr ⎞⎟
Final pressure in C = (4x106 particles)⎜⎜ ⎟ = 500 torr
⎜⎝ 6x10 particles ⎟⎟⎠
6
d) There are 2x106 blue particles and 2x106 black particles in B for a total of 4x106 particles.
⎛ 750 torr ⎞⎟
Final pressure in B = (4x106 particles)⎜⎜ ⎟ = 500 torr
⎜⎝ 6x10 particles ⎟⎠⎟
6
5.114 Plan: Write the balanced equation for the combustion of n-hexane. For part a), assuming a 1.00 L sample of air at
STP, use the molar ratio in the balanced equation to find the volume of n-hexane required to react with the oxygen in
1.00 L of air. Convert the volume n-hexane to volume % and divide by 2 to obtain the LFL. For part b), use the LFL
calculated in part a) to find the volume of n-hexane required to produce a flammable mixture and then use the ideal
gas law to find moles of n-hexane. Convert moles of n-hexane to mass and then to volume using the density.
Solution:
a) 2C6H14(l) + 19O2(g) →12CO2(g) + 14H2O(g)
For a 1.00 L sample of air at STP:
⎛ 20.9 L O2 ⎞⎟⎛⎜ 2 L C6 H14 ⎟⎞
Volume of C6H14 vapor needed = (1.00 L air )⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.0220 L C6H14
⎝ 100 L air ⎠⎜ ⎝ 19 L O2 ⎟⎠
C H volume 0.0220 L C 6 H14
Volume % of C6H14 = 6 14 (100) = (100) = 2.2% C6H14
air volume 1.00 L air
LFL = 0.5(2.2%) = 1.1% C6H14
⎛ 1 L ⎞⎛1.1% C6 H14 ⎟⎞
b) Volume of C6H14 vapor = (1.000 m 3 air )⎜⎜ −3 3 ⎟⎜
⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟ = 11.0 L C6H14
⎝10 m ⎠⎝ 100% air ⎟⎠
V = 11.0 L T = 0°C + 273 = 273 K
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (1 atm)(11.0 L)
Moles of C6H14 = n = = = 0.490780 mol C6H14
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(273 K )
⎜⎝ mol • K ⎠⎟
⎛ 86.17 g C6 H14 ⎞⎛
⎟⎟⎜⎜ 1 mL ⎞⎟
Volume of C6H14 liquid = (0.490780 mol C6 H14 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = 64.0765 = 64 mL C6H14
⎝⎜ 1 mol C6 H14 ⎠⎝⎟⎜ 0.660 g C6 H14 ⎠⎟⎟
⎜
5.115 Plan: To find the factor by which a diver’s lungs would expand, find the factor by which P changes from 125 ft to
the surface, and apply Boyle’s law. To find that factor, calculate Pseawater at 125 ft by converting the given depth
from ft-seawater to mmHg to atm and adding the surface pressure (1.00 atm).
Solution:
⎛12 in ⎞⎛ ⎛ −2 ⎞
P(H2O) = (125 ft )⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 2.54 cm ⎞⎟⎟⎜⎜10 m ⎟⎟⎛⎜⎜ 1 mm ⎞⎟⎟ = 3.81x104 mmH2O
⎝ 1 ft ⎠⎝ 1 in ⎠⎝⎜ 1 cm ⎟⎠⎟⎝10−3 m ⎟⎠
⎟ ⎟
hH2 O dHg 3.81x10 4 mmH 2 O 13.5 g/mL
P(Hg): = = hHg = 2935.1111 mmHg
hHg dH 2 O hHg 1.04 g/mL
5-54
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P(Hg) = (2935.11111 mmHg)⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 3.861988 atm (unrounded)
⎝ 760 mm Hg ⎠⎟
Ptotal = (1.00 atm) + (3.861988 atm) = 4.861988 atm (unrounded)
Use Boyle’s law to find the volume change of the diver’s lungs:
P1V1 = P2V2
V2 P V2 4.861988 atm
= 1 = = 4.86
V1 P2 V1 1 atm
To find the depth to which the diver could ascend safely, use the given safe expansion factor (1.5) and
the pressure at 125 ft, P125, to find the safest ascended pressure, Psafe.
P125/Psafe = 1.5
Psafe = P125/1.5 = (4.861988 atm)/1.5 = 3.241325 atm (unrounded)
Convert the pressure in atm to pressure in ft of seawater using the conversion factors above. Subtract this distance
from the initial depth to find how far the diver could ascend.
⎛ 760 mmHg ⎞⎟
h(Hg): (4.861988 − 3.241325 atm )⎜⎜
⎝ 1 atm ⎠⎟⎟
= 1231.7039 mmHg
hH2 O dHg hH2 O 13.5 g/mL

= = hH2 O = 15988.464 mm
hHg dH 2 O 1231.7039 mmHg 1.04 g/mL
⎛10−3 m ⎞⎟⎛1.094 yd ⎞⎛⎜ 3 ft ⎞⎟
(15988.464 mmH 2 O)⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ ⎟ = 52.4741 ft
⎝ 1 mm ⎠⎟⎟⎜⎝ 1 m ⎟⎠⎝⎜1 yd ⎠⎟⎟
Therefore, the diver can safely ascend 52.5 ft to a depth of (125 – 52.4741) = 72.5259 = 73 ft.
5.116 Plan: Write a balanced equation. Convert mass of CaF2 to moles and use the molar ratio from the balanced
equation to find the moles of gas produced. Use the ideal gas law to find the temperature required to store that
amount of HF gas at the given conditions of temperature and pressure.
Solution:
CaF2(s) + H2SO4(aq) → 2HF(g) + CaSO4(s)
⎛ 1 mol CaF2 ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 2 mol HF ⎞⎟⎟
⎜
(
Moles HF gas = 15.0 g CaF2 ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎜
⎜⎝⎜ 78.08 g CaF2 ⎟⎠⎝
⎟ = 0.3842213 mol HF
⎟⎜⎜1 mol CaF2 ⎟⎠⎟
Finding the temperature:
V = 8.63 L T = unknown
P = 875 torr n = 0.3842213 mol
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P = (875 torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎠⎟
PV = nRT
Solving for T:
T =
PV
=
(
1.151315789 atm 8.63 L )( )
= 314.9783 K
nR ⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(0.3842213 mol HF )⎜⎜0.0821
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
The gas must be heated to 315 K.
5.117 Plan: First, write the balanced equation. According to the description in the problem, a given volume of peroxide
solution (0.100 L) will release a certain number of “volumes of oxygen gas” (20). Assume that 20 is exact.
A 0.100 L solution will produce (20 x 0.100 L) = 2.00 L O2 gas. Use the ideal gas law to convert this volume of
O2 gas to moles of O2 gas and convert to moles and then mass of H2O2 using the molar ratio in the balanced
equation.
5-55
Solution:
2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
V = 2.00 L T = 0°C + 273 = 273 K
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (1 atm)(2.00 L)
Moles of O2 = n = = = 8.92327x10–2 mol O2
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(273 K )
⎜⎝ ⎟
mol • K ⎠
⎛ 2 mol H 2 O2 ⎞⎛
⎟⎟⎜⎜ 34.02 g H 2 O2 ⎞⎟⎟ = 6.071395 = 6.07 g H O
Mass H2O2 = (8.92327x10−2 mol O2 )⎜⎜
⎜⎝ 1 mol O ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜ 1 mol H O ⎟⎟⎠
2 2 2
2 2
5.118 Plan: The moles of gas may be found using the ideal gas law. Multiply moles of gas by Avogadro’s number
to obtain the number of molecules.
Solution:
V = 1 mL = 0.001 L T = 500 K
P = 10–8 mmHg n = unknown
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
Converting P from mmHg to atm: P = (10−8 mmHg)⎜⎜ ⎟ = 1.315789x10–11 atm
⎜⎝ 760 mmHg ⎟⎠⎟
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (1.315789x10 atm)(0.001 L)
−11
Moles of gas = n = = = 3.2053337x10–16 mol gas

RT ⎛ L • atm ⎞
⎟⎟(500 K )
⎜⎜0.0821
⎝ mol • K ⎠
⎛ 6.022 x10 23 molecules ⎞⎟
⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.93025x108 = 108 molecules
Molecules = (3.2053337x10 mol)⎜⎜
−16
⎟⎟
⎜⎝ 1 mol ⎠
–8
(The 10 mmHg limits the significant figures.)
5.119 Plan: Use the equation for root mean speed (urms) to find this value for O2 at 0.°C. Molar mass values must be
in units of kg/mol and temperature in kelvins. Divide the root mean speed by the mean free path to obtain the
collision frequency.
Solution:
⎛ 32.00 g O2 ⎟⎞⎛⎜ 1 kg ⎞⎟
ℳ of O2 = ⎜⎜ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.03200 kg/mol
⎝ mol ⎟⎠⎟⎜⎝103 g ⎟⎠⎟
a) 0°C = 273 K
R = 8.314 J/mol∙K 1 J = kg∙m2/s2

3RT
urms =
Molar mass
⎛ J ⎞⎟
3⎜⎜8.314
⎝ mol • K ⎠
(
⎟ 273 K ) ⎛ kg • m /s
2 2
⎟⎟⎞ = 461.2878 = 461 m/s
urms = ⎜⎜
0.03200 kg/mol ⎜⎝ J ⎟⎟⎠
urms 461.2878 m/s
b) Collision frequency = = = 7.2873x109 = 7.29x109 s–1
mean free path 6.33x10−8 m
5.120 Plan: Convert the volume of the tubes from ft3 to L. Use the ideal gas law to find the moles of gas that will
occupy that volume at the given conditions of pressure and temperature. From the mole fraction of
5-56
propylene and the total moles of gas, the moles of propylene can be obtained. Convert moles to mass in
grams and then pounds using the molar mass and scale the amount added in 1.8 s to the amount in 1 h.
Solution:
3 ⎞⎛
(10−2 m ) ⎞⎟⎟⎛ 1 L ⎞
3
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛
3 ⎜ (12 in ) ⎟⎜ (2.54 cm ) ⎟⎜
Volume of tubes = (100 ft )⎜⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎜
⎟⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 2831.685 L
3 ⎟⎜
⎝⎜ (1 ft ) ⎠⎝⎟⎜ (1 in )3 ⎠⎜ ⎟⎜ (1 cm )3 ⎟⎟⎟⎝⎜10−3 m 3 ⎠⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
V = 2831.685 L T = 330°C + 273.15 = 603.15 K
PV = nRT
PV (2.5 atm )(2831.685 L )
Moles of gas = n = = = 142.9606 mol gas
⎜⎜0.0821 (603.15 K )
⎝ mol • K ⎠⎟
moles of propylene
Xpropylene =
moles of mixture
x moles of propylene
0.07 =
142.996 moles of mixture
Moles of propylene = 10.00724 moles
⎛ 42.08 g C3 H6 ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 1 lb C3 H6 ⎟⎞⎟⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎛
Pounds of propylene = (10.00724 moles C3 H6 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 3600 s ⎞⎟⎟
⎜⎝ 1 mole C3 H6 ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜ 453.6 g C3 H6 ⎟⎜ ⎜
⎟⎝
⎠ 1.8 s ⎟⎠⎝ 1 h ⎠⎟
= 1856.723 = 1900 lb/h C3H6
5.121 Plan: Use the ideal gas law to calculate the molar volume, the volume of exactly one mole of gas, at the
temperature and pressure given in the problem.
Solution:
V = unknown T = 730. K
P = 90 atm n = 1.00 mol
PV = nRT
Solving for V:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(1.00 mol)⎜⎜0.0821 ( 730. K )
V=
nRT
=
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠ = 0.66592 = 0.67 L/mol
P (90 atm )
5.122 Plan: The diagram below describes the two Hg height levels within the barometer. First, find the pressure of the
N2. The PN 2 is directly related to the change in column height of Hg. Then find the volume occupied by the N2.
The volume of the space occupied by the N2(g) is calculated from the length and cross-sectional area of the
barometer. To find the mass of N2, use these values of P and V (T is given) in the ideal gas law to find moles
which is converted to mass using the molar mass of nitrogen.
vacuum with N2
(74.0 cm) (64.0 cm)
Solution:
⎛10−2 mHg ⎞⎛⎟⎟⎜⎜ 1 mmHg ⎟⎟⎞⎛⎜⎜ 1 atm ⎟⎟⎞ = 0.1315789 atm
Pressure of the nitrogen = (74.0 cmHg − 64.0 cmHg)⎜⎜
⎜⎝ 1 cmHg ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜10−3 mHg ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜ 760 mmHg ⎟⎟⎠
5-57
⎛ 1 mL ⎞⎟⎛⎜10−3 L ⎞⎟
Volume of the nitrogen = (1.00 x 10 2 cm − 64.0 cm)(1.20 cm 2 )⎜⎜ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.0432 L
⎝1 cm 3 ⎟⎟⎠⎜⎝ 1 mL ⎟⎟⎠
V = 0.0432 L T = 24°C + 273.15 = 297.15 K
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (0.1315789 atm )(0.0432 L )
Moles of N2 = n = = = 2.32998x10–4 mol N2
⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟(297.15 K )
⎝ mol • K ⎠
⎛ 28.02 g N 2 ⎞⎟
Mass of N2 = (2.32998x10−4 mol N 2 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 6.52859x10–3 = 6.53x10–3 g N2
⎝ 1 mol N 2 ⎠⎟
5.123 Plan: Use the ideal gas law to find the moles of ammonia gas in 10.0 L at this pressure and temperature.
Molarity is moles per liter. Use the moles of ammonia and the final volume of solution (0.750 L) to get the
molarity.
Solution:
V = 10.0 L T = 33°C + 273.15 = 306.15 K
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P = (735 torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎠⎟
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (0.9671053 atm )(10.0 L)
Moles of ammonia = n = = = 0.384766 mol
RT ⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(306.15 K )
⎛
⎜⎝ ⎟
mol • K ⎠
mol ammonia 0.384766 mol
Molarity = M = = = 0.513021 = 0.513 M
liters of solution 0.750 L
5.124 Plan: Use the ideal gas law to determine the total moles of gas produced. The total moles multiplied by the
fraction of each gas gives the moles of that gas which may be converted to metric tons.
Solution:
V = 1.5x103 m3 T = 298 K
⎛ 1L ⎞
3
Converting V from m to L: V = (1.5x10 3 m 3 )⎜⎜ −3 3 ⎟⎟⎟ = 1.5x106 L
⎝10 m ⎠
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (1 atm)(1.5x106 L)
Moles of gas/day = n = = = 6.13101x105 mol/day
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(298 K )
⎜⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
⎛ 6.13101x105 mol ⎞⎛
⎟⎟⎜⎜ 365.25 day ⎞⎟⎟ = 2.23935x107 mol/yr
Moles of gas/yr = ⎜⎜⎜
⎝ day ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜ 1 yr ⎟⎟⎠
⎛ 2.23935x10 7 mol ⎞⎟⎛⎜ 44.01 g CO2 ⎞⎟⎛ 1 kg ⎞⎛ 1t ⎞
Mass CO2 = (0.4896)⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟⎟ = 482.519 = 4.83x102 t CO2/yr
⎜⎝ yr ⎟⎠⎜⎝ 1 mol CO2 ⎠⎟⎜⎝⎜10 g ⎠⎝
⎟⎜10 kg ⎟⎠
⎛ 2.23935x10 7 mol ⎟⎞⎛ 28.01 g CO ⎞⎛ 1 kg ⎟⎞⎛ 1 t ⎟⎞
Mass CO = (0.0146)⎜⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎜
⎟⎟⎟⎝⎜⎜ 1 mol CO ⎠⎟⎟⎜⎜103 g ⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜103 kg ⎟⎟⎟ = 9.15773 = 9.16 t CO/yr
⎜⎝ yr ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
5-58
⎛ 2.23935x10 7 mol ⎞⎟⎛⎜18.02 g H 2 O ⎞⎟⎛ 1 kg ⎞⎛ 1t ⎞
Mass H2O = (0.3710)⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟⎟ = 149.70995 = 1.50x102 t H2O/yr
⎝⎜ yr ⎟⎠⎝ 1 mol H 2 O ⎠⎟⎜⎝⎜10 g ⎠⎝
⎟⎜10 kg ⎠⎟
⎛ 2.23935x10 7 mol ⎞⎟⎛⎜ 64.06 g SO2 ⎞⎟⎛ 1 kg ⎟⎞⎛ 1 t ⎟⎞
Mass SO2 = (0.1185)⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟ = 169.992 = 1.70x102 t SO2/yr
⎜⎝ yr ⎟
⎠⎝ 1 mol SO2 ⎟⎜
⎜ ⎠⎜⎝10 g ⎟⎠⎝⎜10 kg ⎟⎠
⎛ 2.23935x10 7 mol ⎟⎞⎜⎛ 64.12 g S2 ⎞⎟⎛ 1 kg ⎟⎞⎛ 1 t ⎟⎞
Mass S2 = (0.0003)⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎜ ⎜
⎟⎟⎜⎜103 g ⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜103 kg ⎟⎟⎟ = 0.4307614 = 4x10 t S2/yr
–1
⎝ yr ⎟⎠⎟⎜⎝ 1 mol S2 ⎠⎟⎜ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠

⎛ 2.23935x10 7 mol ⎞⎟⎛⎜ 2.016 g H 2 ⎞⎟⎛ 1 kg ⎞⎛ 1t ⎞
Mass H2 = (0.0047)⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟⎟⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟⎟ = 0.21218 = 2.1x10–1 t H2/yr
⎝⎜ yr ⎟⎠⎝ 1 mol H 2 ⎠⎟⎜⎝⎜10 g ⎠⎝
⎟⎜10 kg ⎠⎟
⎛ 2.23935x10 7 mol ⎞⎟⎛ 36.46 g HCl ⎞⎛ 1 kg ⎞⎛
⎟⎟⎜⎜ 1 t ⎞⎟⎟ = 0.6531736 = 6x10–1 t HCl/yr
Mass HCl = (0.0008)⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜
⎟ ⎟⎟⎜103 kg ⎟⎟
⎝⎜ yr ⎟⎠⎝ 1 mol HCl ⎠⎝⎜10 g ⎠⎝
3
⎠
⎛ 2.23935x10 7 mol ⎞⎟⎛⎜ 34.08 g H 2 S ⎞⎟⎛ 1 kg ⎟⎞⎛ 1 t ⎟⎞
Mass H2S = (0.0003)⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟ = 0.228951 = 2x10–1 t H2S/yr
⎜⎝ yr ⎟⎠⎜⎝ 1 mol H 2 S ⎟⎟⎜
⎠⎜⎝10 g ⎟⎠⎝⎜10 kg ⎟⎠
5.125 Plan: Use the molar ratio from the balanced equation to find the moles of H2 and O2 required to form 28.0 moles
of water. Then use the ideal gas law in part a) and van der Waals equation in part b) to find the pressure needed to
provide that number of moles of each gas.
Solution:
a) The balanced chemical equation is: 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)
⎛ 2 mol H 2 ⎞⎟
Moles H2 = (28.0 mol H 2 O)⎜⎜ ⎟ = 28.0 mol H2
⎜⎝ 2 mol H O ⎟⎟⎠
2
⎛ 1 mol O2 ⎞⎟
Moles O2 = (28.0 mol H 2 O)⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 14.0 mol O2
⎝ 2 mol H 2 O ⎠⎟
V = 20.0 L T = 23.8°C + 273.15 =296.95 K
P = unknown n = 28.0 mol H2; 14.0 mol O2
PV = nRT
Solving for P:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
nRT ( )
28.0 mol ⎜⎜0.0821
⎝ mol • K ⎠
⎟(296.95 K )
PIGL of H2 = = = 34.131 = 34.1 atm H2
V 20.0 L
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
nRT ( )
14.0 mol ⎜⎜0.0821
⎝ mol • K ⎠
⎟(296.95 K )
PIGL of O2 = = = 17.0657 = 17.1 atm O2
V 20.0 L
b) V = 20.0 L T =23.8°C + 273.15 =296.95 K
P = unknown n = 28.0 mol H2; 14.0 mol O2
Van der Waals constants from Table 5.4:
atm • L2 L
H2: a = 0.244 2
; b = 0.0266
mol mol
atm • L2 L
O2: a = 1.36 2
; b = 0.0318
mol mol
⎛ n 2 ⎞
a ⎟⎟(V − nb) = nRT
⎜⎜ P +
⎜⎝ V 2 ⎟⎠⎟
nRT n2 a
PVDW = − 2
V − nb V
5-59
⎛ L • atm ⎟⎞ ⎛
2⎜ atm • L2 ⎟⎞
(28.0 mol)⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟ ( ) ( 28.0 mol ) ⎜ 0.244 ⎟
mol 2 ⎟⎠
296.95 K ⎜⎝
⎝ mol • K ⎠
PVDW of H2 = − = 34.9734 = 35.0 atm H2
20.0 L − 28.0 mol (0.0266 L/mol) (20.0 L)
2
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟ 2⎛ atm • L2 ⎞⎟
(14.0 mol)⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟(296.95 K ) (14.0 mol) ⎜⎜⎜1.36 ⎟
⎝ mol • K ⎠ ⎝ mol 2 ⎠⎟
PVDW of O2 = − = 16.7878 = 16.8 atm O2
20.0 L −14.0 mol (0.0318 L/mol) (20.0 L)
2
c) The van der Waals value for hydrogen is slightly higher than the value from the ideal gas law. The van der
Waals value for oxygen is slightly lower than the value from the ideal gas law.
5.126 Plan: Deviations from ideal gas behavior are due to attractive forces between particles which reduce the pressure
of the real gas and due to the size of the particle which affects the volume. Compare the size and/or attractive
forces between the substances. The greater the size and/or the stronger the attractive forces, the greater the
deviation from ideal gas behavior.
Solution:
a) Xenon would show greater deviation from ideal behavior than argon since xenon is a larger atom than argon.
The electron cloud of Xe is more easily distorted so intermolecular attractions are greater. Xe’s larger size also
means that the volume the gas occupies becomes a greater proportion of the container’s volume at high pressures.
b) Water vapor would show greater deviation from ideal behavior than neon gas since the attractive forces
between water molecules are greater than the attractive forces between neon atoms. We know the attractive forces
are greater for water molecules because it remains a liquid at a higher temperature than neon (water is a liquid at
room temperature while neon is a gas at room temperature).
c) Mercury vapor would show greater deviation from ideal behavior than radon gas since the attractive forces
between mercury atoms is greater than that between radon atoms. We know that the attractive forces for mercury
are greater because it is a liquid at room temperature while radon is a gas.
d) Water is a liquid at room temperature; methane is a gas at room temperature. Therefore, water molecules have
stronger attractive forces than methane molecules and should deviate from ideal behavior to a greater extent than
methane molecules.
5.127 Plan: Use the molarity and volume of the solution to find the moles of HBr needed to make the solution.
Then use the ideal gas law to find the volume of that number of moles of HBr gas at the given conditions.
Solution:
⎛1.20 mol HBr ⎞⎟
Moles of HBr in the hydrobromic acid: ⎜⎜ ⎟⎠⎟(3.50 L ) = 4.20 mol HBr
⎝ L
V = unknown T = 29°C + 273.15 =302.15 K

P = 0.965 atm n = 4.20 mol
PV = nRT
Solving for V:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(4.20 mol)⎜⎜0.0821 (302.15 K )
V=
nRT
=
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠ = 107.9662 = 108 L HBr
P (0.965 atm )
5.128 Plan: Convert the mass of each gas to moles using the molar mass. Calculate the mole fraction of CO. Use the
relationship between partial pressure and mole fraction (PA = XA x Ptotal) to calculate the partial pressure of CO.
Solution:
⎛ 1 mol CO ⎞⎟
Moles CO = (7.0 g CO)⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.24991 mol CO
⎜⎝ 28.01 g CO ⎟⎠⎟
5-60
⎛ 1 mol SO2 ⎞⎟
Moles SO2 = (10.0 g SO2 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.156104 mol SO2
⎝ 64.06 g SO2 ⎠⎟
mol CO 0.24991 mol CO
XCO = = = 0.615521
mol CO + mol SO2 0.24991 mol CO + 0.156104 mol SO2
PCO = XCO x Ptotal = 0.615521 x 0.33 atm = 0.20312 = 0.20 atm CO
5.129 Plan: First, balance the equation. The pressure of N2 is found by subtracting the pressure of O2 from the total
pressure. The pressure of the remaining 15% of O2 is found by taking 15% of the original O2 pressure. The
molar ratio between O2 and SO2 in the balanced equation is used to find the pressure of the SO2 that is produced.
Since pressure is directly proportional to moles of gas, the molar ratio may be expressed as a pressure ratio.
Solution:
4FeS2(s) + 11O2(g) → 8SO2(g) + 2Fe2O3(s)
Pressure of N2 = 1.05 atm – 0.64 atm O2 = 0.41 atm N2
Pressure of unreacted O2 = (0.64 atm O2) [(100 – 85)%/100%] = 0.096 atm O2
⎛ 8 atm SO2 ⎞⎟
Pressure of SO2 produced = (0.64 atm O2 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.46545 = 0.47 atm SO2
⎝ 11 atm O2 ⎠⎟
Total Pressure = (0.41 atm) + (0.096 atm) + (0.46545 atm) = 0.97145 = 0.97 atm total
5.130 Plan: V and T are not given, so the ideal gas law cannot be used. The total pressure of the mixture is given.
Use PA = XA x Ptotal to find the mole fraction of each gas and then the mass fraction. The total mass of the two
gases is 35.0 g.
Solution:
Ptotal = Pkrypton + Pcarbon dioxide = 0.708 atm
The NaOH absorbed the CO2 leaving the Kr, thus Pkrypton = 0.250 atm.
Pcarbon dioxide = Ptotal – Pkrypton = 0.708 atm – 0.250 atm = 0.458 atm
Determining mole fractions: PA = XA x Ptotal
PCO2 0.458 atm
Carbon dioxide: X = = = 0.64689
Ptotal 0.708 atm
P 0.250 atm
Krypton: X = Kr = = 0.353107
Ptotal 0.708 atm
⎡ ⎛ 83.80 g Kr ⎟⎞ ⎤
⎢ (0.353107)⎜⎜ ⎥
⎢ ⎝ mol ⎟⎠ ⎥
Relative mass fraction = ⎢ ⎥ = 1.039366
⎢ (0.64689)⎛⎜ 44.01 g CO2 ⎟⎞ ⎥
⎢ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎟⎠ ⎥⎥
⎣⎢ mol ⎦
35.0 g = x g CO2 + (1.039366 x) g Kr
35.0 g = 2.039366 x
Grams CO2 = x = (35.0 g)/(2.039366) = 17.16219581 = 17.2 g CO2
Grams Kr = 35.0 g – 17.162 g CO2 = 17.83780419 = 17.8 g Kr
5.131 As the car accelerates, the air in the car is pressed toward the back. The helium balloon floats on “top” of this
denser air, which pushes it toward the front of the car.
5.132 Plan: Convert molecules of ∙OH to moles and use the ideal gas law to find the pressure of this
number of moles of ∙OH in 1 m3 of air. The mole percent is the same as the pressure percent as long as the other
conditions are the same.
Solution:
5-61
⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜ 2.5 x10 molecules ⎟⎟⎜⎜⎛ ⎟⎟⎞⎛⎜⎜10 m ⎟⎟⎞
12 −3 3
1 mol
Moles of ∙OH = ⎜ ⎟
⎟⎟⎜⎜ 6.022 x10 23 molecules ⎟⎜⎜ 1 L ⎟⎟ = 4.151445x10 mol/L
⎟
–15
⎜⎝⎜ m3 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ ⎟⎠⎝⎜ ⎟⎠

V = 1.00 L T = 22°C + 273.15 =295.15 K
P = unknown n = 4.151445x10–15 mol
PV = nRT
Solving for P:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
nRT ( )
4.151445x10−15 mol ⎜⎜0.0821
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
(295.15 K )
Pressure of ∙OH = P = =
V 1.00 L
–13 –13
=1.005970x10 = 1.0x10 atm ∙OH
1.005970x10−13 atm
(100) = 1.005459x10 = 1.0x10 %
–11 –11
Mole percent =
1.00 atm
5.133 Plan: Write the balanced equations. Use the ideal gas law to find the moles of SO2 gas and then use the molar
ratio between SO2 and NaOH to find moles and then molarity of the NaOH solution.
Solution:
The balanced chemical equations are:
SO2(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO3(aq)
H2SO3(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO3(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Combining these equations gives:
SO2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)
V = 0.200 L T = 19°C + 273.15 =292.15 K
P = 745 mmHg n = unknown
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
⎜⎝ 760 mmHg ⎟⎟⎠
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (0.980263 atm)(0.200 L)
Moles of SO2 = n = = = 8.17379x10–3 mol SO2
RT ⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(292.15 K )
⎛
⎜⎝ ⎟
mol • K ⎠
⎛ 2 mol NaOH ⎞⎟
Moles of NaOH = (8.17379x10−3 mol SO2 )⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.0163476 mol NaOH
⎜⎝ 1 mol SO2 ⎟⎟⎠
mol NaOH 0.0163476 mol NaOH ⎛ 1 mL ⎞⎟
M NaOH = = ⎜ −3 ⎟ = 1.63476 = 1.63 M NaOH
volume of NaOH 10.0 mL ⎜⎝10 L ⎟⎠
5.134 Plan: Rearrange the formula PV = (m/ℳ)RT to solve for molar mass. The mass of the flask and water and the density of
water are used to find the volume of the flask and thus the gas. The mass of the condensed liquid equals the mass of the
gas in the flask. Pressure must be in units of atmospheres, volume in liters, and temperature in kelvins.
Solution:
Mass of water = mass of flask filled with water – mass of flask = 327.4 g – 65.347 g = 262.053 g
⎛ 1 mL ⎞⎛
⎟⎟⎜10 L ⎟⎟⎞ = 0.2628415 L
−3
Volume of flask = volume of water = (262.053 g water)⎜⎜ ⎜
⎜⎝ 0.997 g water ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜ 1 mL ⎟⎟⎠
Mass of condensed liquid = mass of flask and condensed liquid – mass of flask = 65.739 g – 65.347 g = 0.392 g
V = 0.2628415 L T = 99.8°C + 273.15 = 372.95 K
5-62
P = 101.2 kPa m = 0.392 g
ℳ = unknown
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
⎜
Converting P from kPa to atm: (
P = 101.2 kPa ⎜⎜ )
⎜⎜⎝101.325 kPa ⎟⎟⎠
⎟⎟ = 0.998766 atm
PV = (m/ℳ)RT

⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(0.392 g)⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟(372.95 K )
ℳ = = = 45.72166 = 45.7 g/mol
PV (0.998766 atm)(0.2628415 L )
5.135 Plan: Write the balanced chemical equations. Convert mass of hydride to moles and use the molar ratio from the
balanced equation to find the moles of hydrogen gas produced. Use the ideal gas law to find the volume of that
amount of hydrogen. Pressure must be in units of atm and temperature in kelvins.
Solution:
LiH(s) + H2O(l) → LiOH(aq) + H2(g)
MgH2(s) + 2H2O(l) → Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H2(g)
LiOH is water soluble, however, Mg(OH)2 is not water soluble.
Lithium hydride LiH:
⎛ 1 kg ⎞⎟⎛⎜103 g ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 1 mol LiH ⎞⎟⎟⎛⎜ 1 mol H 2 ⎞⎟ = 57.0746 mol H
Moles H2 = (1.00 lb LiH)⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ 7.946 g LiH ⎠⎟⎟⎝⎜1 mol LiH ⎠⎟⎟
⎝ 2.205 lb ⎠⎝ 1 kg ⎠⎝ 2

V = unknown T = 27°C + 273.15 = 300.15 K
P = 750. torr n = 57.0746 mol
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P = (750. torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎟⎠
PV = nRT
Solving for V:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(57.0746 mol)⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟(300.15 K )
V= = = 1425.2029 = 1430 L H2 from LiH
P (0.98684 atm )
Magnesium hydride, MgH2
⎛ 1 kg ⎞⎟⎛⎜103 g ⎞⎟⎜⎛ 1 mol MgH 2 ⎟⎞⎛⎜ 2 mol H 2 ⎟⎞
Moles H2 = (1.00 lb MgH 2 )⎜⎜ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 34.44852 mol H2
⎝ 2.205 lb ⎟⎟⎠⎜⎝ 1 kg ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜ 26.33 g MgH ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜1 mol MgH ⎟⎟⎠
2 2

V = unknown T = 27°C + 273.15 = 300.15 K
P = 750. Torr = 0.98684 atm n = 34.44852 mol
PV = nRT
Solving for V:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(34.44852 mol )⎜⎜0.0821 (300.15 K )
V=
nRT
=
⎝ mol • K ⎠⎟ = 860.20983= 8.60x102 L H2 from MgH2
P (0.98684 atm )
5-63
5.136 Plan: Use the equation for root mean speed (urms). Molar mass values must be in units of kg/mol and temperature
in kelvins.
Solution:
( )( )
3 8.314 J/mol • K 370 K ⎛⎜103 g ⎟⎞⎛ kg • m 2 /s2 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 676.24788 = 676 m/s Ne
urms Ne =
⎜⎝ kg ⎟⎟⎠⎜⎝ ⎟⎟⎠
(
20.18 g/mol ) J
( )( )
3 8.314 J/mol • K 370 K ⎛⎜103 g ⎞⎟⎛ kg • m 2 /s2 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 480.6269 = 481 m/s Ar
urms Ar =
⎜⎝ kg ⎠⎟⎟⎜⎝ ⎟⎟⎠
(
39.95 g/mol ) J
( )( )
3 8.314 J/mol • K 370 K ⎛⎜103 g ⎞⎟⎛ kg • m 2 /s2 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1518.356 = 1.52x103 m/s He
urms He =
(
4.003 g/mol ) ⎜
⎝ kg ⎠⎟⎝
⎟ ⎜ J ⎠⎟⎟
5.137 Plan: Use the ideal gas law to find the number of moles of CO2 and H2O in part a). The molar mass is then
used to convert moles to mass. Temperature must be in units of kelvins, pressure in atm, and volume in L. For part
b), use the molar ratio in the balanced equation to find the moles and then mass of C6H12O6 that produces the
number of moles of CO2 exhaled during 8 h.
Solution:
a) V = 300 L T = 37.0°C + 273.15 = 310.15 K
P = 30.0 torr n = unknown
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P = (30.0 torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎠⎟⎟
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (0.0394737 atm)(300 L)
Moles of CO2 = moles of H2O = n = = = 0.4650653 mol
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎟⎞(310.15 K )
⎜⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
⎛ 44.01 g CO2 ⎟⎞
Mass (g) of CO2 = (0.4650653 mol CO2 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 20.4675 = 20.5 g CO2
⎝ 1 mol CO2 ⎟⎠
⎛18.02 g H 2 O ⎞⎟
Mass (g) of H2O = (0.4650653 mol H 2 O)⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 8.3805 = 8.38 g H2O
⎝ 1 mol H 2 O ⎠⎟
b) C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g) → 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g)
⎛ 0.4650653 mol CO2 ⎞⎟
Moles of CO2 exhaled in 8 h = ⎜⎜ ⎟(8 h ) = 3.720523 mol CO2
⎝ h ⎠⎟
⎛1 mol C6 H12 O6 ⎟⎞⎛180.16 g C6 H12 O6 ⎟⎞
Mass (g) of C6H12O6 = (3.720523 mol CO2 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 6 mol CO2 ⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜ 1 mol C6 H12 O6 ⎟⎠
= 111.7149 = 1x102 g C6H12O6 (= body mass lost)
(This assumes the significant figures are limited by the 8 h.)
5.138 Plan: For part a), the number of moles of water vapor can be found using the ideal gas law. Convert moles of
water to mass using the molar mass and adjust to the 1.6% water content of the kernel. For part b), use the ideal
gas law to find the volume of water vapor at the stated set of condition.
Solution:
5-64
⎛ 75% H 2 O ⎞⎟
a) Volume of water in kernel = (0.25 mL kernel)⎜⎜⎜ –4
⎟ = 0.1875 mL = 1.875x10 L
⎝100 % kernel ⎠⎟
V = 1.875x10–4 L T = 170°C + 273.15 = 443.15 K
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (9.0 atm)(1.875 10−4 L)
Moles of H2O = n = = = 4.638204x10–5 mol
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(443.15 K )
⎜⎝ ⎟
mol • K ⎠
⎛18.02 g H 2 O ⎞⎟⎛100% ⎞
⎜
(
Mass (g) of = 4.638204 x10−5 mol H 2 O ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟⎜
⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.052238 = 0.052 g
⎜⎜⎝ 1 mol H 2 O ⎟⎟⎠⎜⎝ 1.6% ⎟⎠
b) V = unknown T = 25°C + 273.15 = 298.15 K
P = 1.00 atm n = 4.639775x10–5 mol
PV = nRT
Solving for V:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(4.638204x10−4 mol)⎜⎜⎝0.0821 (298.15 K )
V=
nRT
= mol • K ⎟⎠ = 0.00113534 L = 1.13534 mL = 1.1 mL
P (1.00 atm )
5.139 Plan: For part a), find the SO2 volume in 4 GL of flue gas and take 95% of that as the volume of SO2 removed.
The ideal gas law is used to find the number of moles of SO2 in that volume. The molar ratio in the balanced
equation is used to find the moles and then mass of CaSO4 produced. For part b), use the molar ratio in the
balanced equation to calculate the moles of O2 needed to produce the amount of CaSO4 found in part a). Use the
ideal gas law to obtain the volume of that amount of O2 and adjust for the mole fraction of O2 in air.
Solution:
a) Mole fraction SO2 = 1000(2x10–10) = 2x10–7
⎛109 L ⎞⎟
Volume of SO2 removed = (4 GL)⎜⎜
⎜ ⎟⎟(2x10−7 )⎛⎜ 95% ⎞⎟⎟ = 760 L
⎜⎜⎝ 1 GL ⎟⎟⎠ ⎜⎜⎝
100% ⎟⎠
V = 760 L T = 25°C + 273.15 = 298.15 K
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (1.00 atm)(760 L)
Moles of SO2 = n = = = 31.04814mol
RT ⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(298.15 K )
⎛
⎜⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
The balanced chemical equations are: CaCO3(s) + SO2(g) → CaSO3(s) + CO2(g)
2CaSO3(s) + O2(g) → 2CaSO4(s)
⎛1 mol CaSO 4 ⎟⎞⎛136.14 g CaSO4 ⎟⎞⎛ 1 kg ⎟⎞
⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 4.2269 = 4 kg CaSO
Mass (kg) of CaSO4 = (31.04814 mol SO2 )⎜⎜
⎜⎝⎜ 1 mol SO2 ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜⎜ 1 mol CaSO4 ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜⎜103 g ⎟⎟⎠ 4
b) Moles of O2 =
⎛103 g ⎟⎞⎜⎛ 1 mol CaSO4 ⎟⎞⎛⎜ 1 mol O2 ⎟⎞
(4.2269 kg CaSO4 ⎜⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜
⎝ 1 kg ⎟⎠⎜⎜⎝136.14 g CaSO 4 ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜ 2 mol CaSO4 ⎟⎠⎟
⎟⎟ = 15.52407 mol O2
V = unknown T = 25°C + 273.15 = 298.15 K
5-65
P = 1.00 atm n = 15.52407 mol
PV = nRT
Solving for V:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(15.52407 mol )⎜⎜0.0821 (298.15 K )
Volume of O2 = V =
nRT
=
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠ = 380. L O2
P (1.00 atm )
⎛ 1 ⎞⎟
Volume of air = (380. L O 2 )⎜⎜
⎝ 0.209 ⎟⎟⎠
= 1818.1818 = 2000 L air
5.140 Plan: Use the ideal gas law to find the moles of gas occupying the tank at 85% of the 85.0 atm ranking. Then use
van der Waals equation to find the pressure of this number of moles of gas.
Solution:
a) V = 850. L T = 298 K
⎛ 80% ⎞⎟
P = (85.0 atm)⎜⎜⎜ ⎟ = 68.0 atm n = unknown
⎝100% ⎟⎠
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (68.0 atm )(850. L )
Moles of Cl2 = n = = = 2.36248x103 = 2.36x103 mol Cl2
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(298 K )
⎜⎝ ⎟
mol • K ⎠
b) V = 850. L T =298 K
P = unknown n = 2.36248x103 mol Cl2
atm • L2 L
a = 6.49 2
; b = 0.0562
mol mol
⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜⎜ P + n a ⎟⎟(V − nb) = nRT
⎜⎝ V 2 ⎟⎟⎠
nRT n2 a
PVDW = − 2
V − nb V
2⎛ atm • L2 ⎞⎟
⎛ L • atm ⎟⎞
( )
2.36248x10 mol Cl 2 ⎜⎜0.08206
3
⎝ mol •K⎠
⎟ 298 K ( ) (2.36248x10 3
)
mol Cl 2 ⎜⎜6.49
⎜⎝ mol 2 ⎟⎠
⎟
PVDW = −
⎛ L ⎞⎟
( ) (850. L)
2
850. L − 2.36248x103 mol Cl 2 ⎜⎜0.0562 ⎟
⎝ mol ⎠
= 30.4134 = 30.4 atm
c) The engineer did not completely fill the tank. She should have filled it to (80.0%/100%)(85.0 atm) = 68 atm,
but only filled it to 30.4 atm.
5.141 Plan: Solve the density form of the ideal gas law for molar mass. Temperature must be converted to kelvins and
pressure to atmospheres.
Solution:
P = 102.5 kPa T = 10.0°C + 273.15 = 283.15 K
d = 1.26 g/L ℳ = unknown
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
⎜
Converting P from kPa to atm: (
P = 102.5 kPa ⎜⎜ )
⎜⎜⎝101.325 kPa ⎟⎟⎠
⎟⎟ = 1.011596 atm
5-66
d = (Pℳ)/(RT)
Rearranging to solve for molar mass:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
dRT ( ⎝ )
1.26 g/L ⎜⎜0.0821
mol •K⎠
⎟(283.15 K )
ℳ = = = 28.9550 = 29.0 g/mol
P (
1.011596 atm )
PV
1 1 PV PV n T
5.142 Plan: Use the relationship = 2 2 or V2 = 1 1 2 2 . R is fixed.
n1T1 n2T2 P2 n1T1
Solution:
a) As the pressure on a fixed amount of gas (n is fixed) increases at constant temperature (T is fixed), the
molecules move closer together, decreasing the volume. When the pressure is increased by a factor of 2, the
volume decreases by a factor of 2 at constant temperature (Boyle’s law).
PV T (P )(V )(1)
V2 = 1 1 2 = 1 1 V2 = ½V1
P2T1 (2 P1 )(1)
Cylinder B has half the volume of the original cylinder.
b) The temperature is decreased by a factor of 2, so the volume is decreased by a factor of 2 (Charles’s law).
PV T (1)(V1 )(200 K)
V2 = 1 1 2 = V2 = ½ V1
P2T1 (1)(400 K)
Cylinder B has half the volume of the original cylinder.
c) T1 = 100°C + 273.15 = 373.15 K T2 = 200°C + 273.15 = 473.15 K
The temperature increases by a factor of 473/373 = 1.27, so the volume is increased by a factor of 1.27
(Charles’s law).
PV T (1)(V1 )(473.15 K)
V2 = 1 1 2 = V2 = 1.27V1
P2T1 (1)(373.15 K)
None of the cylinders show a volume increase of 1.27.
d) As the number of molecules of gas increases at constant pressure and temperature (P and T are fixed), the force
they exert on the container increases. This results in an increase in the volume of the container. Adding 0.1 mole
of gas to 0.1 mole increases the number of moles by a factor of 2, thus the volume increases by a factor of 2
(Avogadro’s law).
PV n T (1)(V1 )(0.2)(1)
V2 = 1 1 2 2 = V2 = 2V1
P2 n1T1 (1)(0.1)(1)
Cylinder C has a volume that is twice as great as the original cylinder.
e) Adding 0.1 mole of gas to 0.1 mole increases the number of moles by a factor of 2, thus increasing the volume
by a factor of 2. Increasing the pressure by a factor of 2 results in the volume decreasing by a factor of ½. The two
volume changes cancel out so that the volume does not change.
PV n T (P )(V )(0.2)(1)
V2 = 1 1 2 2 = 1 1 V2 = V1
P2 n1T1 (2 P1 )(0.1)(1)
Cylinder D has the same volume as the original cylinder.
5.143 Plan: Use both the ideal gas law and van der Waals equation to solve for pressure. Convert mass of ammonia to
moles and temperature to Kelvin.
Solution:
Ideal gas law:
V = 3.000 L T = 0°C + 273.15 =273.15 K or 400.°C + 273.15 =673.15 K
5-67
⎛ 1 mol NH3 ⎞⎟
P = unknown n = (51.1 g NH3 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟ = 3.0005872 mol
⎜⎝17.03 g NH3 ⎟⎠⎟
PV = nRT
Solving for P:
L • atm ⎞⎟
nRT (3.0005872 mol)⎛⎜⎜⎝0.0821 mol • K ⎠⎟
(273.15 K )
PIGL of NH3 at 0°C = = = 22.43000 = 22.4 atm
V 3.000 L
L • atm ⎞⎟
nRT (3.0005872 mol)⎛⎜⎜⎝0.0821 mol •K⎠
⎟(673.15 K )
PIGL of NH3 at 400.°C = = = 55.27643 = 55.3 atm
V 3.000 L
van der Waals equation:
V = 3.000 L T = 0°C + 273.15 =273.15 K or 400.°C + 273.15 =673.15 K
⎛ 1 mol NH3 ⎞⎟
P = unknown n = (51.1 g NH3 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟ = 3.0005872 mol
⎜⎝17.03 g NH ⎟⎠⎟ 3
van der Waals constants from Table 5.4:

atm • L2 L
a = 4.17 2
; b = 0.0371
mol mol
⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜⎜ P + n a ⎟⎟(V − nb) = nRT
⎜⎝ V 2 ⎟⎟⎠
nRT n2 a
PVDW = − 2
V − nb V
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟ 2⎛ atm • L2 ⎞⎟
(3.0005872 mol)⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟(273.15 K ) (3.0005872 mol) ⎜⎜⎜4.17 ⎟
⎝ mol • K ⎠ ⎝ mol 2 ⎠⎟
PVDW of NH3 at 0°C = −
3.000 L − 3.0005872 mol (0.0371 L/mol) (3.000 L)
2
= 19.10964 = 19.1 atm NH3

⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟ 2⎛ atm • L2 ⎞⎟
(3.0005872 mol)⎜⎜0.0821 (673.15 K ) (3.0005872 mol) ⎜⎜4.17 ⎟
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠ −
⎜⎝ mol 2 ⎟⎠
PVDW of NH3 at 400.°C =
3.000 L − 3.0005872 mol (0.0371 L/mol) (3.000 L)
2
= 53.2350 = 53.2 atm NH3
5.144 Plan: Since the mole fractions of the three gases must add to 1, the mole fraction of methane is found by
subtracting the sum of the mole fractions of helium and argon from 1. Pmethane = Xmethane Ptotal is used to calculate
the pressure of methane and then the ideal gas law is used to find moles of gas. Avogadro’s number is needed to
convert moles of methane to molecules of methane.
Solution:
Xmethane = 1.00 – (Xargon + Xhelium) = 1.00 – (0.35 + 0.25) = 0.40
Pmethane = Xmethane Ptotal = (0.40)(1.75 atm) = 0.70 atm CH4
V = 6.0 L T = 45°C + 273.15 =318.15 K
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
5-68
PV (0.70 atm)(6.0 L)
Moles of CH4 = n = = = 0.1607956 mol
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(318.15 K )
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
mol • K
⎛ 6.022x10 23 CH 4 molecules ⎞⎟
Molecules of CH4 = (0.1607956 mol CH 4 )⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎜⎝ 1 mol CH ⎠⎟ 4
= 9.68311x1022 = 9.7x1022 molecules CH4
5.145 Plan: For part a), convert mass of glucose to moles and use the molar ratio from the balanced equation to find the
moles of CO2 gas produced. Use the ideal gas law to find the volume of that amount of CO2. Pressure must be in
units of atm and temperature in kelvins. For part b), use the molar ratios in the balanced equation to calculate the
moles of each gas and then use Dalton’s law of partial pressures to determine the pressure of each gas.
Solution:
a) C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
⎛ 1 mol C6 H12 O6 ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ 6 mol CO2 ⎞⎟⎟ = 0.666075 mol CO
Moles CO2: (20.0 g C6 H12 O6 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎝⎜180.16 g C6 H12 O6 ⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜1 mol C6 H12 O6 ⎟⎠
2

V = unknown T = 37°C + 273.15 = 310.15 K
P = 780. torr n = 0.666075 mol
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
P = (780. torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎟⎠
PV = nRT
Solving for V:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(0.666075 mol)⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟(310.15 K )
V= = = 16.5256 = 16.5 L CO2
P (1.0263158 atm )
This solution assumes that partial pressure of O2 does not interfere with the reaction conditions.
⎛ 1 mol C6 H12 O6 ⎞⎛⎟⎟⎜⎜ 6 mol ⎞⎟
b) Moles CO2 = moles O2 = (10.0 g C6 H12 O6 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝180.16 g C H O ⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜1 mol C H O ⎠⎟⎟
⎟
6 12 6 6 12 6
= 0.333037 mol CO2 = mol O2

At 37°C, the vapor pressure of water is 48.8 torr. No matter how much water is produced, the partial pressure of
H2O will still be 48.8 torr. The remaining pressure, 780 torr – 48.8 torr = 731.2 torr is the sum of partial pressures
for O2 and CO2. Since the mole fractions of O2 and CO2 are equal, their pressures must be equal, and must be one-
half of 731.2 torr.
Pwater = 48.8 torr
(731.2 torr)/2 = 365.6 = 3.7x102 torr Poxygen = Pcarbon dioxide
5.146 Plan: Use the equations for average kinetic energy and root mean speed (urms) to find these values for N2 and H2.
Molar mass values must be in units of kg/mol and temperature in kelvins.
Solution:
The average kinetic energies are the same for any gases at the same temperature:
Average kinetic energy = 3/2RT = (3/2)(8.314 J/mol∙K) (273 K) = 3.40458x103 = 3.40x103 J for both gases
rms speed:
⎛ 28.02 g N 2 ⎞⎟⎛⎜ 1 kg ⎞⎟
ℳ of N2 = ⎜⎜ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.02802 kg/mol
⎝ mol ⎟⎟⎠⎜⎝103 g ⎟⎠⎟
T = 0°C + 273 = 273 K
5-69
⎛ 2.016 g H 2 ⎞⎟⎛⎜ 1 kg ⎟⎞
ℳ of H2 = ⎜⎜ ⎜ ⎟ = 0.002016 kg/mol
⎝ mol ⎠⎟⎟⎜⎝103 g ⎟⎟⎠
R = 8.314 J/mol∙K 1 J = kg∙m2/s2
( )( )
3 8.314 J/mol • K 273 K ⎛ kg • m 2 /s2 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟ = 4.92961x102 = 4.93x102 m/s N2
urmsN2 =
(
0.02802 kg/mol ⎜
⎝ ) J ⎠⎟
( )( )
3 8.314 J /mol • K 273K ⎛ kg • m 2 /s2 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.83781x103 = 1.84x103 m/s H
urms H2 = ⎟⎟⎠
( ⎜
⎝ )
2
0.002016 kg/mol J
5.147 Plan: Use the relationship between mole fraction and partial pressure, PA = XA Ptotal, to find the mole fraction of
each gas in parts a) and b). For parts c) and d), use the ideal gas law to find the moles of air in 1000 L of air at
these conditions and compare the moles of each gas to the moles of air. Mass and molecules must be converted to
moles.
Solution:
a) Assuming the total pressure is 1 atm = 760 torr.
PA = XA Ptotal
PBr2 0.2 torr
XBr2 = = = 2.6315789x10–4x(106) = 263.15789 = 300 ppmv Unsafe
Ptotal 760 torr
PCO2 0.2 torr
b) XCO2 = = = 2.6315789x10–4x(106) = 263.15789 = 300 ppmv Safe
Ptotal 760 torr
(0.2 torr CO2/760 torr)(106) = 263.15789 = 300 ppmv CO2 Safe
⎛ 1 mol Br2 ⎞⎟
c) Moles Br2 = (0.0004 g Br2 )⎜⎜ ⎟ = 2.5031x10–6 mol Br2 (unrounded)
⎜⎝159.80 g Br2 ⎠⎟⎟
Finding the moles of air:
V = 1000 L T = 0°C + 273 =273 K
PV = nRT
PV (1.00 atm)(1000 L)
Moles of air = n = = = 44.616 mol air (unrounded)
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(273 K )
⎜⎝ mol • K ⎠⎟
Concentration of Br2 = mol Br2/mol air(106) = [(2.5031x10–6 mol)/(44.616 mol)] (106)
= 0.056103 = 0.06 ppmv Br2 Safe
⎛ 1 mol CO2 ⎞⎟
d) Moles CO2 = (2.8x10 22 molecules CO2 )⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.046496 mol CO2
⎜⎝ 6.022x1023 molecules CO ⎠⎟⎟ 2
Concentration of CO2 = mol CO2/mol air(10 ) = [(0.046496 mol)/(44.616 mol)] (106) = 1042.1
6
= 1.0x103 ppmv CO2 Safe

5.148 Plan: For part a), use the ideal gas law to find the moles of NO in the flue gas. The moles of NO are converted to
moles of NH3 using the molar ratio in the balanced equation and the moles of NH3 are converted to volume using
the ideal gas law. For part b), the moles of NO in 1 kL of flue gas is found using the ideal gas law; the molar ratio
in the balanced equation is used to convert moles of NO to moles and then mass of NH3.
Solution:
5-70
a) 4NH3(g) + 4NO(g) + O2(g) → 4N2(g) + 6H2O(g)
Finding the moles of NO in 1.00 L of flue gas:
V = 1.00 L T = 365°C + 273.15 =638.15 K
P = 4.5x10–5 atm n = unknown
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (4.5x10−5 atm)(1.00 L)
Moles of NO = n = = = 8.5891x10–7 mol NO
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(638.15 K )
⎜⎝ ⎟
mol • K ⎠
⎛ 4 mol NH3 ⎞⎟
⎜ ⎟⎟ = 8.5891x10–7 mol NH
Moles of NH3 = (8.5891x10−7 mol NO)⎜⎜
⎜⎜⎝ 4 mol NO ⎟⎟⎠ 3
Volume of NH3:
V = unknown T =365°C + 273.15 =638.15 K
P = 1.00 atm n = 8.5891x10–7 mol
PV = nRT
Solving for V:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(8.5891x10−7 mol)⎜⎜⎝0.0821 ⎟(638.15 K )
V=
nRT
= mol • K ⎠ = 4.50001x10–5 = 4.5x10–5 L NH3
P (1.00 atm )
b) Finding the moles of NO in 1.00 kL of flue gas:
V = 1.00 kL = 1000 L T = 365°C + 273.15 =638.15 K
P = 4.5 x 10–5 atm n = unknown
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (4.50001x10 atm)(1000 L)
−5
Moles of NO = n = = = 8.5891x10–4 mol NO

⎜⎜0.0821 (638.15 K )
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
⎛ 4 mol NH3 ⎞⎟
⎜ ⎟⎟ = 8.5891x10–4 mol NH
Moles of NH3 = (8.5891x10−4 mol NO)⎜⎜
⎜⎜⎝ 4 mol NO ⎟⎠⎟ 3
⎛17.03 g NH3 ⎞⎟
Mass of NH3 = (8.5891x10−4 mol NH3 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.014627 = 0.015 g NH3
⎜⎝ 1 mol NH3 ⎠⎟⎟
5.149 Plan: Use Graham’s law to compare effusion rates.

Solution:
Rate Ne molar mass Xe 131.3 g/mol 2.55077
= = = enrichment factor (unrounded)
Rate Xe molar mass Ne 20.18 g/mol 1
moles of Ne 2.55077 mol
Thus XNe = = = 0.71837 = 0.7184
moles of Ne + moles of Xe 2.55077 mol + 1 mol
5.150 Plan: To find the number of steps through the membrane, calculate the molar masses to find the ratio of effusion
rates. This ratio is the enrichment factor for each step.
Solution:
Rate 235 UF
6
molar mass 238 UF6 352.04 g/mol
= 235
=
Rate 238 UF molar mass UF6 349.03 g/mol
6
5-71
= 1.004302694 enrichment factor
Therefore, the abundance of 235UF6 after one membrane is 0.72% x 1.004302694
Abundance of 235UF6 after “N” membranes = 0.72% x (1.004302694)N
Desired abundance of 235UF6 = 3.0% = 0.72% x (1.004302694)N
Solving for N:
3.0% = 0.72% x (1.004302694)N
4.16667 = (1.004302694)N
ln 4.16667 = ln (1.004302694)N
ln 4.16667 = N x ln (1.004302694)
N = (ln 4.16667)/(ln 1.004302694)
N = 1.4271164/0.004293464 = 332.39277 = 332 steps
5.151 Plan: Use van der Waals equation to calculate the pressure of the gas at the given conditions.
Solution:
V = 22.414 L T = 273.15 K
atm • L2 L
a = 1.45 ; b = 0.0395
mol 2 mol
⎛ 2 ⎞
⎜⎜ P + n a ⎟⎟(V − nb) = nRT
⎜⎝ V 2 ⎟⎟⎠
nRT n2 a
PVDW = − 2
V − nb V
L • atm ⎟⎞ ⎛ •L ⎟ 2 ⎞
(1.000 mol CO)⎜⎝⎜⎛0.08206 mol ⎟(273.15 K ) (1.000 mol CO) ⎜⎝⎜⎜1.45 atm
2
⎟
•K⎠ mol ⎟⎠ 2
PVDW = −
⎛ L ⎞⎟
( ) (22.414 L)
2
22.414 L − 1.000 mol CO ⎜⎜0.0395
⎝ mol ⎟⎠
= 0.998909977 = 0.9989 atm
5.152 Plan: The amount of each gas that leaks from the balloon is proportional to its effusion rate. Using 35% as the rate
for H2, the rate for O2 can be determined from Graham’s law.
Solution:
Rate O2 molar mass H 2 2.016 g/mol rate O2
= = =
Rate H 2 molar mass O2 32.00 g/mol 35
rate O2
0.250998008 =
35
Rate O2 = 8.78493
Amount of H2 that leaks = 35%; 100–35 = 65% H2 remains
Amount of O2 that leaks = 8.78493%; 100–8.78493 = 91.21507% O2 remains
O2 91.21507
= = 1.40331 = 1.4
H2 65
5.153 Plan: For part a), put together the various combinations of the two isotopes of Cl with P and add the masses.
Multiply the abundances of the isotopes in each combination to find the most abundant for part b). For part c), use
Graham’s law to find the effusion rates.
Solution:
a) Options for PCl3:
All values are g/mol
P First Cl Second Cl Third Cl Total
5-72
31 35 35 35 136
31 37 35 35 138
31 37 37 35 140
31 37 37 37 142
b) The fraction abundances are 35Cl = 75%/100% = 0.75, and 37Cl = 25%/100% = 0.25.
The relative amount of each mass comes from the product of the relative abundances of each Cl isotope.
Mass 136 = (0.75) (0.75) (0.75) = 0.421875 = 0.42 (most abundant)
Mass 138 = (0.25) (0.75) (0.75) = 0.140625 = 0.14
Mass 140 = (0.25) (0.25) (0.75) = 0.046875 = 0.047
Mass 142 = (0.25) (0.25) (0.25) = 0.015625 = 0.016
Rate P 37 Cl3 molar mass P 35 Cl3 136 g/mol
c) = =
Rate P 35 Cl3 molar mass P Cl337
142 g/mol
= 0.978645 = 0.979
5.154 Plan: Use the combined gas law for parts a) and b). For part c), use the ideal gas law to find the moless of air
represented by the pressure decrease and convert moles to mass using molar mass.
Solution:
PV PV
a) 1 1 = 2 2
T1 T2
P1 V1T2 PT (35.0 psi)(318 K)
P2 = = 1 2 = = 37.7288 = 37.7 psi
V2T1 T1 295 K
b) New tire volume = V2 = V1(102%/100%) = 1.02V1
PV
1 1 PV
= 2 2
T1 T2
PV
1 1T2 PT (35.0 psi)(V1 )(318 K )
P2 = = 1 2 = = 36.9890 = 37.0 psi
V2 T1 T1 (1.02V1 )(295 K )
⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎟
c) Pressure decrease = 36.9890 – 35.0 psi = 1.989 psi; (1.989 psi)⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.135306 atm
⎜⎝14.7 psi ⎟⎟⎠
V = 218 L T = 295 K
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (0.135306 atm )(218 L)
Moles of air lost = n = = = 1.217891 mol
RT ⎛⎜0.0821 L • atm ⎞⎟(295 K )
⎜⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
⎛ 28.8 g ⎞⎟⎛1 min ⎞⎟
Time = (1.217891 mol)⎜⎜ ⎜
⎝ 1 mol ⎠⎝⎟⎟⎜ 1.5 ⎟⎟⎠ = 23.384 = 23 min
5.155 Plan: Rearrange the ideal gas law to calculate the density of O2 and O3 from their molar masses. Temperature must
be converted to kelvins and pressure to atm.
Solution:
P = 760 torr = 1.00 atm T = 0°C + 273 = 273 K
ℳ of O2 = 32.00 g/mol d = unknown
ℳ of O3 = 48.00 g/mol
PV = nRT
5-73
P } (1.00 atm )(32.00 g/mol)
d of O2 = = = 1.42772 = 1.43 g O2/Ls
⎜⎜0.0821 ( 273 K )
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
P } (1.00 atm )(48.00 g/mol)
d of O3 = = = 2.141585576 = 2.14 g O3/L
⎜⎜0.0821 ( 273 K )
⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
b) dozone/doxygen = (2.141585576)/(1.42772) = 1.5
The ratio of the density is the same as the ratio of the molar masses.
5.156 Plan: Since the amounts of two reactants are given, this is a limiting reactant problem. Write the balanced
equation and use molar ratios to find the number of moles of IF7 produced by each reactant. The mass of I2 is
converted to moles using its molar mass and the moles of F2 is found using the ideal gas law. The smaller number
of moles of product indicates the limiting reagent. Determine the moles of excess reactant gas and the moles of
product gas and use the ideal gas law to solve for the total pressure.
Solution:
Moles of F2:
V = 2.50 L T = 250. K
P = 350. torr n = unknown
⎛ 1 atm ⎟⎞
P = (350. torr )⎜⎜
⎝ 760 torr ⎟⎟⎠
PV = nRT
Solving for n:
PV (0.460526315 atm )(2.50 L )
n= = = 0.056093339 mol F2
RT ⎛ L • atm ⎟⎞
⎜⎜0.0821 ⎟ (250. K )
⎝ mol • K ⎠
7F2(g) + I2(s) → 2IF7(g)
⎛ 2 mol IF7 ⎞⎟
⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.016026668 mol IF (unrounded)
Moles IF7 from F2 = (0.056093339 mol F2 )⎜⎜
⎜⎜⎝ 7 mol F2 ⎟⎟⎠ 7
⎛ 1 mol I 2 ⎞⎛⎟⎟⎜⎜ 2 mol IF7 ⎞⎟⎟ = 0.019700551 mol IF (unrounded)

Moles IF7 from I2 = (2.50 g I 2 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ 1 mol I ⎟⎟
⎝ 253.8 g I 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
7
F2 is limiting. All of the F2 is consumed.

Mole I2 remaining = original amount of moles of I2 – number of I2 moles reacting with F2
⎛ 1 mol I 2 ⎟⎞ ⎛ 1 mol I 2 ⎞⎟
⎜
Mole I2 remaining = (2.50 g I 2 )⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ – (0.056093339 mol F2 )⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.83694x10–3 mol I
⎝ 253.8 g I 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎜⎝ 7 mol F2 ⎟⎟⎠
2
Total moles of gas = (0 mol F2) + (0.016026668 mol IF7) + (1.83694x10–3 mol I2)
= 0.0178636 mol gas
V = 2.50 L T = 550. K
PV = nRT
Solving for P:
⎛ L • atm ⎞⎟
(0.0178636 mol)⎜⎜0.0821 (550. K )
nRT ⎝ mol • K ⎟⎠
P (atm) = = = 0.322652 atm
V 2.50 L
⎛ 760 torr ⎞⎟
P (torr) = (0.322652 atm )⎜⎜
⎝ 1 atm ⎟⎟⎠
= 245.21552 = 245 torr
Piodine (torr) = Xiodine Ptotal = [(1.83694x10–3 mol I2)/(0.0178636 mol)] (245.21552 torr) = 25.215869 = 25.2 torr
5-74

Chapter 5 Gases and The Kinetic-Molecular Theory: Follow-Up Problems

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Chapter 5 Gases and The Kinetic-Molecular Theory: Follow-Up Problems

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CHAPTER 5 GASES AND THE KINETIC-

⎛ 1 atm ⎞⎛ 1.01325x105 Pa ⎞⎟

Arranging the ideal gas law and solving for P2:

P2 (torr) = P1 T2 = (753.16 torr) ⎛⎜ 373.15 K ⎞⎟⎟ = 948.98 = 949 torr

V2 = V1 P2 = (1.12 L) ⎛⎜ 0.35973 mol ⎞⎟⎟ = 8.9597 = 8.96 L

⎛ 2 mol LiOH ⎞⎟⎛ 23.95 g LiOH ⎞

⎛ ⎟⎟⎞ = ⎜⎜⎛ Molar massunknown gas ⎟⎞⎟

ℳunknown gas = (39.95 g/mol) ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 146 g/mol

CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS BOXED READING PROBLEMS

5.8 Plan: Use the conversion factors between pressure units:

5.9 Plan: Use the conversion factors between pressure units:

738.5 torr – 23.5 torr = 715.0 torr

5.14 Plan: Use the conversion factors between pressure units:

⎝ m ⎠⎟⎜⎜⎝ 1 kg ⎟⎟⎠⎝⎜⎜ 1 cm ⎟⎠⎟

g ⎞⎟⎜⎛⎜ 1 mL ⎞⎛ ⎟⎟⎜⎜1 cm ⎞⎟⎟

Arranging the ideal gas law and solving for V2:

V2 = V1 P1 = (1.61 L) ⎛⎜ 0.966 atm ⎞⎟⎟ = 1.84 L

P2 = P1 V1 = (725 mmHg) ⎛⎜ 10.0 L ⎞⎟⎟ = 967 mmHg

P2 = P1 T2 = (177 atm) ⎛⎜ 468.15 K ⎞⎟⎟ = 277.92 = 278 atm

V2 = V1 n2 = (12.5 L) ⎛⎜ 0.26730 mol He ⎞⎟⎟ = 6.9661 = 6.97 L

Converting T from °C to K: T = 37°C + 273.15 = 310.15 K

Arranging the ideal gas law and solving for V2:

(1.5 atm )(137.4 g/mol)

Rearranging to solve for molar mass:

Solving for molar mass, ℳ:

2KClO3(s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

P4 is the limiting reactant because it forms less PH3.

2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)

Finding the volume of H2:

(0.978947368 atm )(28.8 g/mol)

(0.978947368 atm )(28.8 g/mol)

Solving for molar mass, ℳ:

Finding the volume of SO2:

Thus, 4 atoms per molecule, so Px = P4.

R = 8.314 J/mol∙K 1 J = kg∙m2/s2

m/s ⎟⎟⎟⎟⎠⎞ (1 J/kg • m 2 /s2 ) = 3778.58 = 3.78x103 J/mol

Total force = (2.575x103 cm 2 )⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜

Moles of O2 = n = = = 5.874240x10–5 mol O2

Finding the volume of CO2:

Solving for molar mass, ℳ:

= 5.248992x10–9 mole Rn/day

Finding the volume of N2:

Solving for molar mass, ℳ:

V = 0.130465 L T = 10°C + 273.15 = 283.15 K + 950 K = 1233.15 K

Solving for molar mass, ℳ:

hH2 O dHg hH2 O 13.5 g/mL

Moles of gas = n = = = 3.2053337x10–16 mol gas

R = 8.314 J/mol∙K 1 J = kg∙m2/s2

⎝ yr ⎟⎠⎟⎜⎝ 1 mol S2 ⎠⎟⎜ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠

V = unknown T = 29°C + 273.15 =302.15 K

⎜⎝⎜ m3 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ ⎟⎠⎝⎜ ⎟⎠

Solving for molar mass, ℳ:

Finding the volume of H2:

Finding the volume of H2:

V = unknown T = 25°C + 273.15 = 298.15 K

van der Waals constants from Table 5.4:

= 19.10964 = 19.1 atm NH3

= 53.2350 = 53.2 atm NH3

= 9.68311x1022 = 9.7x1022 molecules CH4

Finding the volume of CO2:

= 0.333037 mol CO2 = mol O2

= 1.0x103 ppmv CO2 Safe

Moles of NO = n = = = 8.5891x10–4 mol NO