i

EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE DUE TO QUARANTINE

ON RELATIVE BODY COMPOSITION OF GRADE 12
STEM PRE-SCIENCE ADDU-SHS LEARNERS

A Quantitative Research

Presented to the Faculty of Ateneo de Davao University Senior High School

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2,

AND, APPLIED INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATION AND IMMERSION,

AND, CAPSTONE RESEARCH PROJECT

Princess Hayah U. Lidasan

Angelee Naryle R. Moresca
Janlord Khen T. Pesarillo
Aaron Kyle Benedict L. Pinpin
Cesmaine Hilary D. Sanchez

Grade 12 - Colombiere
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

March 2021
 ii

ATENEO de DAVAO UNIVERSITY

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Central Park Blvd., Davao City, Philippines

APPROVAL SHEET

In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the course subjects Practical Research 2,
and, Applied Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion, and, Capstone Research Project,
under the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics strand, this study is
entitled:
EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE DUE TO
QUARANTINE ON RELATIVE BODY COMPOSITION OF
GRADE 12 STEM PRE-SCIENCE ADDU-SHS LEARNERS

Has been prepared and submitted by Princess Hayah U. Lidasan, Angelee

Naryle R. Moresca, Janlord Khen T. Pesarillo, Aaron Kyle Benedict L. Pinpin ,
Cesmaine Hilary D. Sanchez who are recommended for the AUTHENTIC
ASSESSMENT TASK.

Ethan Villanueva Elync Enoc

Applied Inquiries, Investigation, and Capstone Research Teacher
Immersion Teacher

APPROVED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course subjects

Practical Research 2, and, Applied Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion, and,
Capstone Research Project, under Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Strand by the Office of the STEM 12 Chairperson.
_________________________________________
Bonimar Angelie D. Mahilum
Chairperson – Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics 12

ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Practical Research 2,

and, Applied Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion, and, Capstone Research Project.

March 5, 2021 __________________________

Date Aujefel Amor Y. Lee
Assistant Director for Academics
Senior High School Unit
 iii

ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL UNIT
Central Park Blvd.,
Davao City, Philippines

Declaration of Originality

We declare that this research is original to the best of our knowledge. We

declare further that this activity was undertaken by us.

Princess Hayah U. Lidasan

Angelee Naryle R. Moresca

Janlord Khen T. Pesarillo

Aaron Kyle Benedict L. Pinpin

Cesmaine Hilary D. Sanchez

Researchers
 iv

February 24, 2021

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers acknowledge with sincere appreciation and gratitude to all the

assistance and encouragement afforded them by the following persons without which this

humble work would not have found recognition and fulfillment and whom God used to

show His divine order for the success of this study:

Ethan Villanueva and Elync Enoc, their thesis adviser, who despite their busy

schedule rendered their time, patience, and consideration to the researchers. The

researchers would like to thank them for unselfishly sharing their thoughts, insights,

expertise and their sympathetic guidance on this work.

Ma’am Aujefel Amor Y. Lee, for allowing the researchers to conduct the study.

Grade 12 STEM Pre-Science, for lending us the time to administer the tests to

them and for treating the researchers nicely and welcoming.

The families of the researchers, for their moral and financial support, inspiration

and encouragement.

Warmest and heartfelt thanks to the Colombiere, Students who shared their

moments even in pressured days for the completion of this study.

To those who were not mentioned but in some ways helped the researchers, thank

you very much.

Eternal gratitude and adoration to the Lord, the source of blessings and wisdom,

for giving them the courage, the strength and perseverance, and for His heavenly

guidance in the accomplishment of this work. To Him be the glory, honor and power

forever.

The Researchers
 v

DEDICATION

This study is dedicated to the following:

Family Members

Friends

Classmates
(STEM Pre-Science, 12 and Colombiere)
And
The Almighty Father

“There is always a tomorrow”

 vi

ABSTRACT

Quarantine in the Philippines due to the COVID-19 pandemic has shown several
impacts to the physical well-being of the citizens in the country. To begin with, food
consumption in the time of pandemic has changed drastically. The study was
conducted to learn the following status before and after the quarantine: (1) weight of
the learners (2) level of physical activity and food consumption of learners (3)
significant relationship between the weight to the physical activities and food
consumption of learners (4) significant difference between the weight, physical
activities, and food consumption. The Descriptive-comparative was used in this study.
A total of 128 participated in this study. The data was collected for over two months
using survey questionnaires and Mean Score, Frequency Distribution, T-test. The
results indicated that there is a significant gap between the learners' weight and weight
after the quarantine began. The overall weighted mean of the learners’ physical
activities before the quarantine started is 2.48 (hardly), which signifies that the
respondents rarely did physical activities before the start of the lockdown. After the
quarantine started, the learners’ physical activities gained an overall weighted mean
of 2.56 (often) which shows a slight improvement compared to before the lockdown
started. For the food consumption, the overall weighted mean of the learners’ food
consumption before the quarantine started is 2.96 (often), it tells that the respondents
often mind their food consumption. After the quarantine started, the learners’ food
consumption changed to an overall weighted mean of 2.92 (often) which is a small
development compared to before the lockdown started. The students' physical activity
and food intake before and after quarantine do not play crucial weight variability.
Specifically, there is no significant relationship among them. The data shows that there
is a significant difference between the learners’ weight before the quarantine started
and their weight after the quarantine started. However, before and after the
quarantine, both physical activities and food consumption of the learners presents that
there is no significant difference. The recommendations of the study include (1) While
the pandemic is going on, it is advisable to extend the data on this analysis and do it
on a broader scale given that the respondents of these research are purely from AdDU
SHS grade 12 students STEM under the pre-science substrand. It is encouraged to
do the survey outside the said institution for broader and substantial results. (2)
Future researchers who would attribute this study to their research should check and
identify the other factors that could influence students' shift in lifestyle during the
lockdown, which was not included and listed in this paper. and (3) Since the research
survey's conduction was online, weight and physical activity were all self-reported, and
there is a much stronger possibility of biases coming from the respondents. It is
suggested that there should have been a physical test to be conducted among the
chosen respondents and follow up checkups to be done for standard and objective
result findings.

Keywords: Grade 12 STEM Pre-Science, Descriptive-comparative, Survey Questionnaire,

Mean Score, Frequency Distribution, T-test, Ateneo de Davao University
 vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Declaration of Originality iii
Acknowledgement Page iv
Dedication v
Abstract vi
Table of Contents vii
List of Tables x

CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 1
Theoretical Framework 4
Conceptual Framework 6
Statement of the Problem 7
Research Hypotheses 7
Significance of the Study 8
Scope and Delimitation 9
Definition of Terms 9
2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Role of Exercise in Body Weight Regulation 11
Timing of Food Intake 12
Dietary Choices and Habits during COVID-19 Lockdown 13
 viii

Risk Factors that Contribute to Change in Weight during 14

Quarantine
Changes in Weight and Nutritional Habits of Adults with Obesity 15
during the “Lockdown” Period
Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature 16
3 METHODOLOGY
Research Design 18
Locale of the Study 19
Unit of Analysis 19
Variables and Measures 19
Sampling Procedure 20

Sample Size According to Strata 21

22
Research Instrument

Data Collection Method

23
Data Analysis 24

Ethical Considerations 25

4 DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION

Part I. Socio-Demographic Profile

27
Part II. Physical Activities
34
Part III. Food Consumption 37

Part IV. Relationships of Variables 39

42
Part V. Difference between Variables
5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings 46
Conclusions 48
 ix

Recommendations 49
REFERENCES 51
APPENDICES
A. Permission Letter to the Assistant Director of Academics 55
B. Informed Consent 57
C. Survey Questionnaire 58
D. Validation Forms 61
E. Curriculum Vitae 63
 x

LIST OF TABLES

Page
Table 1. Distribution of Respondents by Age 27
Table 2. Distribution of Respondents by Weight Before Quarantine 28

Table 3. Distribution of Respondents by Weight After Quarantine 31

Table 4. Overall Physical Activities Before Quarantine 35

Table 5. Overall Physical Activities After Quarantine 36

Table 6. Overall Food Consumption Before Quarantine 37
Table 7. Overall Food Consumption After Quarantine 38
Table 8. Relationship between the respondents’ weight to physical activities 40
and food consumption before quarantine started

Table 9. Relationship between the respondents’ weight to physical activities 42

and food consumption after quarantine started

Table 10. T-test between the respondents’ weight before and after the 43
quarantine started

Table 11. T-test between the respondents’ physical activities before and 44
after the quarantine started

Table 12. T-test between the respondents’ food consumption before and 44
after the quarantine started
 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter of the paper presents the problem and its setting. It includes

the background of the study, the statement of the problem, significance of the

study, and scope and delimitation of the study.

Background of the Study

In recent months, due to the Community Quarantine induced by the recent

COVID-19 pandemic many different groups of individuals within the region have

been forced to stay within the confines of their own homes. This period of

quarantine has resulted in a drastic change in lifestyle for many people in terms of

their physical activity as well as their intake and consumption of food. Countless

research papers show a significant effect of the amount of one’s physical activity

done in a day and the daily intake of calories with the general rise and fall of one’s

weight and change in body composition. According to studies, a percent of these

individuals are overweight because many Filipinos say that they don’t have time

as well as the motivation to actually begin exercising. In addition to this, the

average Filipino diet is higher in total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol than most

Asian diets. This, along with the limited physical activity people have attributed to

lockdown now become even more magnified in affecting one’s body composition

this time and should now be given more attention.

Withings, the maker of popular internet-connected scales and other body-

measurement devices, studied what happened to the weight of some 450,000 of

 2

its American users between March 22 — when New York ordered people home —

and April 18, it said that American users gained slightly less weight — 0.19 pounds

on average — though fewer people had the scales last year (as cited in Fowler,

2020). Based on the data given by Withings, this suggests that during the

quarantine period, people in America might gain more weight. It is not just in

America, Withings also found similar trends in other countries. Since the onset of

coronavirus quarantine orders, the average weight gain in the United Kingdom is

0.35 pounds, China is 0.55 pounds and France is 0.19 pounds (as cited in

Fowler,2020). The data gathered from Withings indicates that globally, people are

gaining more weight and if ignored, it could lead to weight-related problems.

Quarantine in the Philippines due to the COVID-19 pandemic has shown

several impacts to the physical well-being of the citizens in the country. To begin

with, food consumption in the time of pandemic has changed drastically. According

to an article written by Greenpeace Philippines (2020) on how to maintain our

health being in the midst of this pandemic, food is medicine against viruses and

bacteria. However, as stated by Pendon (2020), food distribution has been limited

due to the quarantine protocols implemented by the government, thus risking the

food supply in the time of this crisis. Secondly, changes to Filipinos' physical

activity also happen to be rooted from the limitations made by the imposed

lockdown. In an article by Marquez (2020), Department of Health Undersecretary

Maria Rosario Vergeire said that Filipinos can perform exercises in the comfort of

their homes in various ways, without the need of going to gyms and fitness centers.
 3

During this time, many local areas in the Philippines are affected by the

COVID-19 pandemic. In Mindanao, Region 11, it has been found out that there are

threats of a possible surge of malnutrition among children amid the COVID-19

pandemic crisis. However, the National Nutrition Council (NNC)- Davao is

monitoring severe acute malnourished (SAM) and moderate acute malnourished

(MAM) children. It is their concern to look after the cases because there might be

instances that MAM can be SAM, which is severe. (as stated by Ungson, 2020).

Also, they make a solution to this by coordinating with the barangays to provide

nutritious food. This case suggests that lifestyle and resources in quarantine affect

an individual's weight to the point that it could develop weight-related diseases.

Since most people are staying in their respective houses due to community

quarantines and lockdown implemented in their every place to lessen and flatten

the epidemic curve, hoping to moderate the effects that the virus might have on

the healthcare coverage and mortality rate, as stated by Barrea et al. (2020)

Quarantine leads to staying at home with smart-working and reducing the outdoor

physical activity or in the gym. Of interest, quarantine could also be associated

with an unhealthy diet. According to Leahy (2020), investigators theorized that a

nationwide drop in leisure-time physical activity might be responsible for the

upward trend in obesity rates suggesting that a sedentary lifestyle is a weight gain

risk factor. Carbohydrates, particularly sugar, are often labeled as comfort foods

due to their property in increasing serotonin production, which in turn has a positive

impact on a positive mood. Serotonin is an essential neurotransmitter – and acted

upon by many commonly known antidepressants, which boosts its levels. It has a
 4

myriad of effects- ranging from creating a feeling of satiety, sleep, mood, anxiety,

pain, blood pressure, and a sense of overall calm (Menlo Park Psychiatry, 2014).

In a way, foods that are high in carbohydrates can be the anti-stress self-

medication are the effects of carbohydrates on the glycemic food index—making

it the best ally to fight quarantine-related low mood, resulting in the so-called

"emotional eating." If things are not controlled, this could lead to weight gain, which

then later on becoming overweight or obese, leading to further health

complications such as stroke, heart disease, sleep apnea, and many more

diseases that could deteriorate a person's life.

The purpose of this study is to quantify the results of a rapid lifestyle shift

during quarantine on the relative body composition of AdDU-SHS learners. This

study aims to provide important and valuable knowledge to teachers, learners, and

future researchers on the impact of dietary modification, physical activity, and

quarantine-related food intake on relative body composition. This study

demonstrates a major influence between the sum of one's physical exercise done

in a day and the average consumption of calories through the overall rise and

decrease of one's weight and improvement of body structure.

Theoretical Framework

In Ware & Dryer (2012) theory, “The Implicit Theories of the Causes of

Weight Gain in Adults”, researchers studied the different beliefs of cause of weight

gain due to personal weight and management history. An implicit theory contains

the individual’s understanding of the causes of the problem, the expected course

and prognosis (Ware & Dryer, 2012). Understanding the beliefs and attitudes
 5

regarding weight gain held within the community is extremely important for the

acceptance and successful implementation of population-level interventions aimed

at reducing weight gain (Lombard et al., 2009, as cited in Ware & Dryer, 2012).

This may seem unreliable, but we must bear in mind that the different beliefs of

individuals can serve as a first step in forming a scientific solution or finding faults

to an existing theory. As stated by Entwistle, Renfrew, Yearley, Forrester, &

Lamont, 1998; Popay & Williams, 1996, the experience of lay people may place

them in a position to identify flaws and shortcomings in current scientific theories

or models (as cited in Ware & Dryer, 2012). In their study, they found out five

factors to explain the causes of weight gain. These were Lack-of-Self-Control,

Lifestyle-Limitations, Psychological, Biological/Medical, and Modern-Living. Lack-

of-Self-Control factor was regarded as the most important in causing weight gain.

As stated in Ware & Dryer, 2012, The high importance attributed to this factor is

consistent with obesity studies in which the most endorsed causes are those

regarded to be under individual control (Harvey, et al., 2002; J. Ogden & Flanagan,

2008; Okonkwo & While, 2010). Next is the Modern-Living factor which

incorporates recent increases in the use of technology such as modern appliances,

electronic entertainment, and cars as well as the recent increase in availability and

consumption of “diet” foods (Ware & Dryer, 2012). One of the factors is the

Lifestyle-Limitations factor which is associated with long and/or irregular working

hours, high costs of healthy food relative to unhealthy foods and lack of awareness

of the effects of current lifestyle (Ware & Dryer, 2012). In addition, Psychological

factors included the effects of emotional issues such as depression and stress, as
 6

well as ageing on weight gain while Hormonal, metabolic issues and medication

effects were expressed in the Biological/Medical factor (Ware & Dryer, 2012). Their

current findings suggest that, in general, the community as a whole needs greater

levels of education about the contribution of factors outside the control of the

individual in causing weight gain (Ware & Dryer, 2012).

In relation to the researchers’ study which tackles the effect of change of

lifestyle due to quarantine on relative body composition, basing on implicit theory

of the causes of weight gain could help the researchers determine the different

factors which could be used as variables that could affect an individual’s

weight. The day when the quarantine was implemented, it cannot be denied that

it influenced or changed the lifestyle of everyone. This theory would help the

researchers investigate if quarantine did a change to their lifestyle which affected

their weight that could lead into different weight-related diseases. The researchers

could compare their finding on this theory whether there is more about the

influence of physical activities and food consumption to a population’s weight

during this quarantine.

Conceptual Framework
 7

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this quantitative study is to determine the effects of the

sudden change in lifestyle during quarantine to the relative body composition of

Grade 12 STEM Pre-Science AdDU-SHS learners. Specifically, this research

seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the weight of the learners before and after the quarantine started?

2. What is the level of physical activity and food consumption of learners

before and after the quarantine started?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the weight to the physical

activities and food consumption of the learners before and after the quarantine

started?

4. Is there a significant difference in the weight, physical activities, and food

consumption of the learners before and after the quarantine started?

Research Hypotheses

1. H0: There is no significant relationship between:

- weight before quarantine and physical activities before quarantine

- weight before quarantine and food consumption before quarantine

- weight after quarantine and physical activities after quarantine

- weight after quarantine and food consumption after quarantine

Ha: There is a significant relationship between:

- weight before quarantine and physical activities before quarantine

- weight before quarantine and food consumption before quarantine

 8

- weight after quarantine and physical activities after quarantine

- weight after quarantine and food consumption after quarantine

2. H0: There is no significant difference between:

- weight before quarantine and weight after quarantine

- physical activities before quarantine and physical activities after

quarantine

- food consumption before quarantine and food consumption after

quarantine

Ha: There is a significant difference between:

- weight before quarantine and weight after quarantine

- physical activities before quarantine and physical activities after

quarantine

- food consumption before quarantine and food consumption after

quarantine

Significance of the Study

This study focused on providing relevant and useful information to the

learners, parents, and future researchers upon the effects of change in lifestyle,

physical activity, and food consumption due to quarantine on relative body

composition.

Learners- The result of this study will help the learners to keep on track

and be mindful of their health at all times. This could also help the students to

inform others about the importance of keeping an eye on their health.

 9

Parents-. These would help them monitor their children's state and

encourage them to practice a healthy lifestyle. Parents will be knowledgeable

about their child’s safeness, and weight-related risks in times of pandemic.

Future researchers- The result of this research will serve as baseline

information for further research regarding weight-related risks during pandemic.

Scope and Delimitation

The scope of this study are the Senior High School students from Ateneo

de Davao University aging from 16-20 years old. This research focuses

on learners who belong to STEM Pre-Science in grade 12 level. No attempts have

been made to consider students from other schools and universities to have

broader results regarding the changes in lifestyle, physical activity, and food

consumption due to quarantine on relative body composition. Out of the 234

distributed survey questionnaires, the researchers garnered 128 respondents.

This study has been conducted within the school year 2020-2021.

Definition of Terms

The following terms below are defined operationally as used in the study to

have clearer understanding of the study:

AdDU-SHS learners. A sample population representing the enrolled

people who go to Ateneo de Davao University - Senior High School.

 10

Confines. Restrict someone or something within specified limits. It is used

in this research as another word for boundaries or borders.

Epidemic curve. A visual display where you can identify the most likely

time period of exposure that led to the COVID-19 outbreak and shows progression

of illnesses in the outbreak over time.

Fluctuation. an irregular rising and falling in number or amount.

Myriad. A countless or extremely great amount of numbers.

Relative body composition. Weight.

Sedentary lifestyle. A lifestyle with a lot of sitting and lying down, with very

little to no exercise.
 11

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The review of related literature of this study focuses on the different factors

that affect one's body composition, such as exercise or physical activity, and

consumption of food, particularly of individuals during the pandemic induced

quarantine. This literature will also discuss issues about the effects of the

quarantine and the different aspects of physical activity and food consumption,

namely exercise intensity and volume, frequency, type, variety, duration, and

lastly, non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) and consumption like the

number of calories, frequency of meals, type of food, micronutrients, time of

consumption, hormones from food and dietary variety that attribute to one's body

composition.

Role of Exercise in Body Weight Regulation

As cited by Droyvold et al. (2004) in the study of Chaput et al. (2010), they

found that subjects reporting exercise of higher intensities were less likely to gain

weight than those reporting low intensity exercises, even after adjusting for

baseline BMI and age. This citation was also supported by Kimm et al. (2005) as

they showed that a decline in physical activity in adolescence was related to

increases in BMI and skinfold thickness over time. These findings suggest that

physical activity plays an important role not just in weight loss but also in weight

regulation. However, there are things that must be considered; methodological

issues, such as doses of physical activity, assessment of energy balance and

energy intake, and variations in baseline variables (e.g., age, weight, and
 12

percentage of body fat) have to be considered when interpreting these findings as

stated by Chaput et al. (2010). In other words, physical activity is not enough basis

for weight gain or weight loss. There are other factors as well that are needed to

be considered in order to reduce or to gain in weight but it cannot be denied that

among all the other factors, the need to incorporate physical activity in different

strategies for weight loss is a must in order to achieve weight gain, weight loss, or

to maintain your weight.

Timing of Food Intake

In their study (Garaulet et al.,2013), the researchers demonstrated that

there is a relationship between the time of food intake and weight. In their research,

420 obese and overweight participated in the program where they were monitored

for 20 weeks. The participants were advised about the number of portions they

should eat but there was no advice regarding the food timing. In addition to that,

the habitual energy intake, total energy expenditure and physical activity were also

similar between the late and early eaters. Moreover, no significant differences were

found between the two groups studied in appetite hormones and sleep duration.

The results showed that late lunch eaters lost less weight and displayed a slower

weight-loss rate during the 20 weeks of treatment than early-eaters. Those who

were late-eaters were more evening-types, had less energetic breakfasts, and

skipped breakfast more frequently that early-eater. However, no differences were

found in weight loss dependent on the timing of breakfast or dinner. In conclusion

to their study (Garaulet et al.,2013), eating late, especially at lunch time, can affect

the success of any weight-loss program.

 13

Dietary Choices and Habits during COVID-19 Lockdown

Coronavirus disease has spread throughout the world, infecting about more

than 26 million people and has killed lives for more than 800,000 according to the

recent report of the World Health Organization. The outbreak started late

December 2019 at a wet animal market in Wuhan City, China. Genomic analysis

shows that the COVID-19 virus emerged in bats and was transmitted through

unidentified host species to humans. The virus relates to the Betacoronavirus

classification, the same group as the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was called SARS-CoV-22 because of its similarity

(Alanagreh et al., 2020). In line with this matter, several countries implement

lockdowns, social distancing, encourage people to stay at their houses and enforce

other health protocols to lessen or stop spreading this contagious virus, affecting

all people's dietary choices and habits.

As stated by the recent study of Sidor & Rzymski (2020), with a total of

N=1097 online respondents, over 43.0% and nearly 52% of people are reported to

eat snacks between meals frequently, 30% and over 18% experienced weight gain

during lockdowns. The prevailing study clearly shows that quarantine can create a

significant dietary risk, especially for overweight and obese people due to prolong

stay at home with limitless food access and little workout that has been done given

that gyms, fitness centers, and other establishments that offer these kinds of

programs are closed due to the pandemic. The present study also examined the

level of consumption during quarantine of specific food items. As noted, nearly

one-third of those evaluated did not regularly eat fresh fruits and vegetables and
 14

admitted that they consumed at least one sweets per day. In this regard, the intake

of vegetables and fruits can be advantageous due to the accumulation of

antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties they contain, which is beneficial to

human health. This worrying analysis indicated that Poles' nutritional knowledge is

not adequate and needs more attention to encourage healthy eating choices and

other fitness-associated behaviors. On the other hand, it was confirmed by the

study stated by Nonogaki et al. (2007) social isolation is linked to increased intake

of food and the increasing prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Within that,

the COVID-19 lockdown has changed the dietary choices and habits among all

people.

Risk Factors that Contribute to Change in Weight during Quarantine

In accordance to a recent study conducted by Zachary et al. (2019)

regarding the change of weight during the quarantine, the risk factors that affect

the said phenomenon include psychological aspects of eating, dietary restraint,

stress-eating, lesser hours of sleep, snacks after dinner, and lack of physical

activity. Firstly, the psychological implications of eating behaviors that affect weight

change, specifically gaining weight, include eating due to sight and smell.

According to the study, it revolves around the behavior of eating without paying

much attention to the further consequences. In general, it encompasses the

concept of binge-eating, a manner of food consumption in which someone is

'mindless' while eating or that they lose control over their diet. Moreover, the study

emphasizes the fact that it is not really of hunger, but due to the availability and

more exposure of people to food resources. In weight loss, the study attributed a
 15

factor of dietary restraint as a way to restrict an individual's food intake. The study

proposes the idea of practicing self-restraint during the quarantine. Another factor

associated with weight gain is associated with stress levels, more specifically,

stress-eating. The study elaborated that eating is utilized as a coping mechanism

for people who are under stress. It is also linked to the psychological aspect of

stress, which concerns hormones and brain stimulus. Further factors such as lack

of sleep are discussed as an interrelated factor with snacking late at night. The

more time someone is awake at night, the more opportunities they have with eating

snacks and food they crave. Although not true to all, the study claims such

behavior's feasibility, which creates an avenue for food-related activities late at

night. Concluding the factors enumerated by the study is the insufficient focus on

physical activities by people during the quarantine. The study establishes people's

sedentary practices, highlighting the activities done by people during quarantine

that are dissociative to activities that often require physical activities. More simply,

individuals' physical activities contribute to the change in their overall body

composition.

Changes in Weight and Nutritional Habits of Adults with Obesity during the

“Lockdown” Period

In line with a recent analysis of Pellegrini et al. (2020) concerning weight

changes during the quarantine, changes in weight, and nutritional habits in Adults

with Obesity during the lockdown period are evident. Normal lifestyle patterns have

been significantly disturbed by mandatory home-stay orders, resulting in dramatic

behavioral changes, particularly dietary habits, being "ordered" by an emergency

 16

in this crisis. The increase in unstructured time could cause excessive feeding and

increase screen time. Social exclusion may also lead to bad lifestyle habits with an

increased inactive lifestyle and reduced outside time, and increased weight gain.

It was speculated that the increased out-of-school time could intensify children's

weight gain. Groups of people with obesity are at heightened risk of either acute

or chronic conditions, including infection with COVID-19 and disorders, as the

evidence shows. The heightened incidence is due to several factors. In particular,

excess ectopic fat may decrease defensive cardiorespiratory reserves, potentiate

immune dysregulation, pro-inflammatory response, and adversely affect the lungs'

function. Lastly, the ingestion of unhealthy foods was suggested to affect COVID-

19 sensitivity and recovery negatively. Rising weight may be a vicious cycle

leading to increased risk of infection such that today, obesity and infection with

COVID-19 should be considered two colliding public safety pandemics. The study

of Pellegrini et al. (2020) showed that a small group of obese individuals

substantially gained weight one month after the lockdown phase began. The

adverse mental strain associated with the COVID-19 pandemic can contribute to

their increased value. To validate these preliminary results obtained in a limited

number of patients; further, more remarkable studies on this subject are required.

Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature

The objective of this chapter is to describe briefly, and in plain language,

and summarize and synthesize the literature on some of the most significant

factors that affect body composition and weight regulation. This chapter is divided

into five sections. The first section discusses the Role of Exercise in Body Weight
 17

Regulation where despite its many effects, physical activity or exercise is only one

of many things you must consider when managing your weight. The second

section discusses the subject of the Timing of Food Intake which talks about

implementing small modifications in your daily food consumption yields subtle

changes that most people would not have considered in the first place. The third

section discusses Dietary Choices and Habits during COVID-19 Lockdown. It

stresses how lockdown has dramatically affected many individuals' dietary

choices and habits. The fourth section discusses the Risk Factors that Contribute

to Changes in Weight During Quarantine, expresses the many risk factors that,

along with the previously mentioned, affect an individual's weight during this

Lockdown or Quarantine period Lastly, the fifth section discusses Changes in

Weight and Nutritional Habits of Adults with Obesity during the "Lockdown"

Period, it shares how this pandemic has seriously and dramatically affected many

individuals' general lifestyle across the globe, which has resulted in adverse

effects on many of the world's population in regards to their health and weight. All

of this information supports the research of the group by serving as evidence or

proof that Quarantine played a role in gaining weight or vice versa. It guided the

researchers in determining the risk factors in gaining weight caused by the

Lockdown.
 18

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides the procedure and process of the research. This

includes the method used in undertaking this research, describes various stages

of the research; selection of participants, data tool for gathering and processing,

and ethical protocols done by the researchers before conducting the data

gathering process.

Research Design

The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to

integrate the different components of the study coherently and logically, thereby

ensuring you will effectively address the research problem; it constitutes the

blueprint for collecting, measuring, and analyzing data.

The study utilized descriptive-comparative research, where the researcher

considers 2 variables which are not manipulated, and establishes a formal

procedure to conclude that one is better than the other. A random sample of

potential participants of the test may be asked to use the 2 different methods, and

factors like failure rates, time factors, and others will be evaluated to arrive at the

best method (Formplus, 2020).

However, we used this research method in order to compare the

differences between the weight of the learners due to physical and food

consumption, before and after the quarantine, not to determine the best.
 19

Locale of the Study

The study was conducted on Google Documents, Google Forms, and

messenger, an online platform. The researchers were not allowed to conduct the

research in the university due to the occurrence of COVID-19. The respondents

are from selected grade 12 STEM Pre-Science of Ateneo de Davao University.

Consequently, the respondents' participated in the research while they were in

their respective homes. Most of them are minors and are not allowed to leave their

homes due to the danger posed by COVID 19. The researchers chose to conduct

the study through an online platform for it is the most convenient way for both

respondents and researchers to get answers in this time of crisis.

Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis needed for this study consists of two hundred thirty-four

random Grade 12 Senior High school students of Ateneo de Davao University,

regardless of race, gender, and disabilities. Studying under the strand of Science,

Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Pre – Science.

Variables and Measures

Variables Measures

Socio-demographic Profile:
Respondent Currently Enrolled Student
Age Actual Age
Sex Male or Female
Strand STEM Pre-Science
Year Level Grade 12
Section Class Section
Weight Before Quarantine Started Actual Weight Before Quarantine Started
Weight After Quarantine Started Actual Weight After Quarantine Started
 20

Physical Activity (Before and 4-point Likert scale

After)
4 - Always (3.26 - 4.0)
3 - Often (2.51 - 3.25)
2 - Hardly (1.76 - 2.50)
1 - Never (1.0 - 1.75)

Food Consumption (Before and 4-point Likert scale:

After)
4 - Always (3.26 - 4.0)
3 - Often (2.51 - 3.25)
2 - Hardly (1.76 - 2.50)
1 - Never (1.0 - 1.75)

Sampling Procedure

The selection of respondents is done through Stratified Random Sampling.

Stratified random sampling is a method of sampling that involves the division of a

population into smaller sub-groups known as strata. In stratified random sampling,

or stratification, the strata are formed based on members' shared attributes or

characteristics such as income or educational attainment (Hayes, 2020). Each

stratum is represented by one section of the Grade 12 STEM (Pre-Science). There

are 12 strata in total, which means 12 sections are involved. From within these

strata, respondents are selected randomly.

The sample population of this study was computed using Slovin’s Formula,

Where:

n = sample
N = total population
e = margin of error
 21

The overall total population of the Grade twelve STEM (Pre-Science)

students of Ateneo de Davao University is composed of five hundred and seventy-

two students.

Thus,
n=572/ (1+572*0.05²)
n= 234

The calculation resulted in 234 sample size. Among the sample size, the

respondents each strata is determined using a stratified random sampling

technique. The computation for sample population for each strata and section in

STEM Pre-Science is:

n1 = N1 / N x n
n1= the sample population of a cluster
N1 = total population of a cluster

Sample Size According to Strata

This part will show the table of each division in STEM Pre-Science. Each

stratum is calculated using the Slovin’s Formula. There are a total of two hundred

thirty-four (n=234) respondents from STEM Pre-Science. Eighteen (18)

respondents per stratum is taken from these sections: Angelis, Azevedo, Brebeuf,

Brito, Collins, Colombiere, Corby, Dajani, Daniel, Fontoura, Geronimo, which

amounts to one hundred ninety-eight (198). For the other stratum, seventeen (17)

is taken from Cottam, and the remaining stratum, San Vitores took nineteen (19)

respondents. The overall total number of respondents based on the computations

is two hundred thirty-four (234).

 22

Cluster

Grade 12
Division Total Sample Size Per Division
(STEM, Pre-Science)

Angelis 44 18

Azevedo 45 18

Brebeuf 44 18
Brito 45 18

Collins 43 18

Colombiere 43 18

Corby 43 18

Cottam 42 17

Dajani 44 18
Daniel 44 18
Fontoura 45 18
Geronimo 44 18
San Vitores 46 19

Overall Total 572 234

Research Instrument

To collect the required data for the research, a questionnaire was created.

It was broken into three parts. Part 1 was concerned with the respondents' socio-

demographic profile; part 2 was composed of questions about respondents'

physical activities before and during the start of the quarantine. The respondent's

food intake was covered in part 3. For this research, an online survey is used to

gather information from different learners.

 23

Data Collection Method

The data collection method involved various steps:

Step 1: Before the start of data collection, the researchers asked the school

administration for permission to allow a survey to be conducted among Ateneo de

Davao University grade 12 STEM Pre-Science students through a permission

letter.

Step 2: The researchers randomly selected learners from AdDU-SHS

Grade 12 STEM Pre-Science students through stratified random sampling. The

sections included are Angelis, Azevedo, Brebeuf, Brito, Collins, Colombiere,

Corby, Dajani, Daniel, Fontoura, Geronimo, Cottam, and San Vitores.

Step 3: An email was sent to the 234 randomly selected respondents

containing the link of the Google form in which the respondents are going to answer

the survey questionnaire made by the researchers.

Step 4: The respondents are asked to answer a Google form which

contains the survey questionnaire. Before answering the survey questionnaire

proper, the learners are asked to sign an informed consent to acknowledge their

role in participating in the study.

Step 5: The learners answered the Google form containing questions

regarding their weight, physical activities, and food consumption, before and after

the quarantine started.

Step 6: After the online survey, the researchers gathered the learners’

responses and started the interpretation of results.

 24

Data Analysis

In this study, the researchers used a descriptive-comparative design. The

collected data were analyzed using the following tools:

Mean scores. This statistical tool is used to determine the activities and

practices, before and during the quarantine of the respondents. It is the most

common measure of central tendency and refers to the average value of a group

of numbers. Get the sum of all figures, divide by the number of values, and you

will get the average or mean. It is calculated from the formula ΣΧ / N (Sykes et.al,

2016).

Frequency distribution. This statistical tool is used to give an overview,

either in a graphical or tabular format that shows the number of observations within

a given interval (Young, 2020).

Pearson R. Pearson r correlation is the most widely used correlation

statistic to measure the degree of the relationship between linearly related

variables. It answers if two variables have a significant relationship between each

other or not (Statistics Solutions, n.d.).

T-Test. It is a statistical test that is used to compare the means of two

groups. It is usually used in hypothesis testing to identify if a process or treatment

actually has an effect on the population of interest, or whether two groups are

different from one another (Bevans, 2020). This is calculated using T =

mean1−mean2/ (diff/√(n) (Kenton, 2020).

 25

To solve for the following statistical tools, the researchers utilized JASP, a

statistical software program. The answers of the respondents gathered from the

survey questionnaire made by the researchers is encoded in a spreadsheet in CSV

format. The data set will then be uploaded to JASP and computations for the

different statistical tools will be performed in the said software.

Ethical Considerations

This section presents the several ethical considerations the researcher

followed in obtaining the data needed for the research. This ensures the protection

and confidentiality of the research participants.

Permission Letter. Before conducting the data gathering procedure, the

researchers sent a permission letter addressed to school administrators to formally

conduct the study on the Demographic Profile, Physical Activities, and the Food

Consumption of senior high students of Ateneo de Davao University.

Anonymity and Confidentiality. The researchers ensured that all

measures will be taken to protect confidentiality of the information provided by the

participants. To protect them from harm that might result from their voluntary

participation in research, applying confidentiality protection provides other

important benefits to the respondents.

Principle of Non-maleficence. The researchers ensured that the

participants are not prone to harm after participating in the study. The researchers

considered the questions asked in the survey as safe and are not harmful to the

respondents in any way (psychological, physical, and/or emotional).

 26

Moral Principle of Beneficence. The researchers treated the respondents

in an ethical manner. The respondents’ well-being is secured by the researchers.

The researchers also made sure to minimize risks to participants and maximize

benefits to participants and the society.

Intellectual Property. The researchers will ensure rightful ownership and

that they will appropriately recognize the authors and the sources of which the

information they used was taken from.

Voluntary Participation. The researchers asked the respondent first if they

are willing to participate in the study ensuring that no harm shall be inflicted to the

respondents. The respondents are also fully aware of the purpose of the study and

those who can access the information of their given data.

Informed Consent. The researchers ensured that means that the purpose

of the research is explained to the respondents, including what their role would be

and how the trial will work. The respondents were also asked to sign the informed

consent document so to certify their knowledge about their role in the study.
 27

CHAPTER 4

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter presents the important findings of the data gathered from

Grade 12 STEM (Pre-Science) of Ateneo de Davao University which include the

respondents’ socio-demographic profile, respondents' physical activities before

and during the start of the quarantine, lastly, respondent's food intake. The

relationships and differences between the students’ physical activity, food

consumption before and during quarantine, and weight before and during

quarantine were also measured in this chapter.

Part I. Socio-Demographic Profile

Age. Table 1 illustrates that 75% of the grade 12 STEM (Pre-Science) of

the Ateneo de Davao University - Senior High school of the total population were

18 years old.

Table 1
Distribution of Respondents by Age

Age Frequency Percentage

17 26 20.3%

18 96 75%

19 5 3.9%

22 1 0.8%

Total 128 100%

 28

Weight Before Quarantine. Table 2 shows that 9.38% of 12 STEM (Pre-

Science) of the Ateneo de Davao University - Senior High school weighed 45kg

before Quarantine. Followed by 7.03% who weighed 50kg, 6.25% of the

population weighed 55kg, and 7.02% of the respondents weighed ≥ 80kg.

Table 2
Distribution of Respondents by Weight Before Quarantine

Weight Before Frequency Percentage

Quarantine

35 2 1.56%

38 1 0.78%

39 2 1.56%

40 5 3.91%

40.4 1 0.78%

41 3 2.34%

42 5 3.91%

43 2 1.56%

44 1 0.78%
 29

45 12 9.38%

46 3 2.34%

47 4 3.13%

48 3 2.34%

49 1 0.78%

50 9 7.03%

51 2 1.56%

52 5 3.91%

53 4 3.13%

54 5 3.91%

55 8 6.25%

56 3 2.34%

57 2 1.56%

58 2 1.56%

59 2 1.56%

60 4 3.13%
 30

61 1 0.78%

62 3 2.34%

63 3 2.64%

63.8 1 0.78%

64 1 0.78%

65 5 3.91%

66 1 0.78%

67 2 1.56%

68 1 0.78%

70 1 0.78%

71 2 1.56%

72 2 1.56%

74 4 3.13%

75 1 0.78%

80 3 2.34%

81 1 0.78%
 31

85 1 0.78%

85.54 1 0.78%

90 1 0.78%

94 1 0.78%

158 1 0.78%

Total 128 100

Weight After Quarantine. Table 3 shows that 6.25% of 12 STEM (Pre-

Science) of the Ateneo de Davao University - Senior High school weighed 56kg

after Quarantine. Followed by 4.69% who weighed 41kg,46kg and 58kg, and

3.91% of the population weighed 50kg, 60kg, 63kg, 65kg, and 80kg.

Table 3
Distribution of Respondents by Weight After Quarantine

Weight After Frequency Percentage

Quarantine

35 2 1.26%

36 1 0.78%

38 3 2.34%
 32

40 2 1.56%

41 6 4.69%

41.1 1 0.78%

42 2 1.56%

43 3 1.56%

44 4 3.13%

45 3 2.34%

46 6 4.69%

47 4 3.13%

48 2 1.56%

49 3 2.34%

50 5 3.91%

52 5 3.91%

53 4 3.13%

54 4 3.13%

54.5 2 1.56%
 33

55 4 3.13%

56 8 6.25%

57 3 2.34%

58 6 4.69%

59 4 3.13%

60 5 3.91%

61 1 0.78%

62 2 1.56%

63 5 3.91%

64 2 1.56%

65 5 3.91%

67 2 1.56%

67.1 1 0.78%

68 1 0.78%

70 3 2.34%

73 1 0.78%
 34

75 2 1.56%

80 5 3.91%

80.4 1 0.78%

82 2 1.56%

85 1 0.78%

95 1 0.78%

96 1 0.78%

164 1 0.78%

Total 128 100.0%

Part II. Physical Activities

This part presents the level of physical activities of the respondents before

and during quarantine.

Physical Activities Before Quarantine. Table 4 shows AdDU SHS STEM

Pre-Science students overall physical activities before the quarantine was

implemented in their respective communities. Students who exercise regularly for

approximately 30 minutes gained a weighted mean of 2.33 (hardly); second,

includes vigorous exercise and intensive exercise as part of their routine, had a

2.21 weighted mean (hardly); third, incorporates various types of exercise such as

aerobic exercise and weightlifting attained a weighted mean of 2.02 (hardly);

 35

fourth, had resting times (sitting, lying down, and napping) during the day achieved

a weighted mean of 3.22 (often); lastly, getting enough of sleep every day (7-8

hours) reached a weighted mean of 2.61 (often). The overall weighted mean of the

learners’ physical activities before the quarantine started is 2.48 (hardly), which

signifies that the respondents rarely did physical activities before the start of the

lockdown.

Table 4
Overall Physical Activities Before Quarantine

Physical Activities Weighted Mean Interpretation

I exercise regularly (for 2.33 Hardly

approximately 30
minutes) every day.

I include vigorous and 2.21 Hardly

intensive exercises in my
routine.

I include various types of 2.02 Hardly

exercises such as
aerobic exercises and
weightlifting.

I have resting times 3.22 Often

(sitting, lying down, and
napping) during the day.

I get enough sleep 2.61 Often

everyday (7-8 hours).

Overall Weighted Mean 2.48 Hardly

Legend: 1.0 – 1.75 = Never; 1.76 – 2.50 = Hardly; 2.51 – 3.25 = Often; 3.26 – 4.0 = Always

Physical Activities After Quarantine. Table 5 shows AdDU SHS STEM

Pre-Science learner's overall physical activities after the implementation of

quarantine in their respective communities. Students being able to exercise

 36

regularly (for approximately 30 minutes) every day acquired a weighted mean of

2.41 (hardly); second, includes vigorous and intensive exercise as part of their

routine gained a weighted mean of 2.27 (hardly); third, combines various types of

exercises such as aerobic exercises and weightlifting had a mean of 2.14 (hardly);

fourth, have resting times (sitting, lying down, and napping) during the day gained

a weighted mean of 3.30 (always); lastly, getting enough of sleep every day (7-8

hours) reached a weighted mean of 2.68 (hardly). After the quarantine started, the

learners’ physical activities gained an overall weighted mean of 2.56 (often) which

shows a slight improvement compared to before the lockdown started.

Table 5
Overall Physical Activities After Quarantine

Physical Activities Weighted Mean Interpretation

I exercise regularly (for 2.41 Hardly

approximately 30
minutes) every day.

I include vigorous and 2.27 Hardly

intensive exercises in my
routine.

I include various types of 2.14 Hardly

exercises such as
aerobic exercises and
weightlifting.

I have resting times 3.30 Always

(sitting, lying down, and
napping) during the day.

I get enough sleep 2.68 Often

everyday (7-8 hours).

Overall Weighted Mean 2.56 Often

 37

Legend: 1.0 – 1.75 = Never; 1.76 – 2.50 = Hardly; 2.51 – 3.25 = Often; 3.26 – 4.0 = Always

Part III. Food Consumption

This part presents the level of food consumption of the respondents before

and during quarantine.

Food Consumption Before Quarantine. Table 6 shows the food

consumption and eating behaviors of STEM Pre-Science learners of AdDU-SHS

before quarantine. Students being able to eat regularly (3 meals) everyday gained

a weighted mean of 3.27 (always); secondly, having rice, fruits and vegetables,

and protein-rich foods in their meals had a 2.96 weighted mean (often) ; third,

drinking 8 glasses of water everyday gained a 3.13 weighted mean (often); fourth,

students eating sweets, junk foods, fast food, instant food, and soft drinks &

powdered juice gained a weighted mean of 2.97 (often); lastly, students taking

supplements and/or maintenance medicines had a 2.45 weighted mean (hardly).

The overall weighted mean of the learners’ food consumption before the

quarantine started is 2.96 (often), a proof of the learners having quite good habits

on eating before the lockdown started.

Table 6
Overall Food Consumption Before Quarantine

Food Consumption Weighted Mean Interpretation

I eat regularly (3 meals) 3.27 Always

every day.

My meal is composed of 2.96 Often

rice, fruits and
vegetables, protein-rich
 38

foods.

I drink at least 8 glasses 3.13 Often

of water every day.

I am fond of eating 2.97 Often

sweets, junk foods, fast
food, instant food, and
soft drinks & powdered
juice.

I take supplements 2.45 Hardly

and/or maintenance
medicine.

Overall Weighted Mean 2.96 Often

Legend: 1.0 – 1.75 = Never; 1.76 – 2.50 = Hardly; 2.51 – 3.25 = Often; 3.26 – 4.0 = Always

Food Consumption After Quarantine. Table 7 shows slight changes on

the food consumption and eating behaviors of STEM Pre-Science learners of

AdDU-SHS after quarantine started. Students being able to eat regularly (3 meals)

everyday gained a weighted mean of 2.84 (often); secondly, having rice, fruits and

vegetables, and protein-rich foods in their meals had a 3.01 weighted mean (often)

; third, drinking 8 glasses of water everyday gained a 3.36 weighted mean

(always); fourth, students eating sweets, junk foods, fast food, instant food, and

soft drinks & powdered juice gained a weighted mean of 2.75 (often); lastly,

students taking supplements and/or maintenance medicines had a 2.65 weighted

mean (often). After the quarantine started, the learners’ food consumption gained

an overall weighted mean of 2.92 (often) which is close to the overall weighted

mean of the learner’s eating habits before the lockdown started.

Table 7
Overall Food Consumption After Quarantine
 39

Food Consumption Weighted Mean Interpretation

I eat regularly (3 meals) 2.84 Often

everyday.

My meal is composed of 3.01 Often

rice, fruits and
vegetables, protein-rich
foods.

I drink at least 8 glasses 3.36 Always

of water everyday.

I am fond of eating 2.75 Often

sweets, junk foods, fast
food, instant food, and
soft drinks & powdered
juice.

I take supplements 2.65 Often

and/or maintenance
medicine.

Overall Weighted Mean 2.92 Often

Legend: 1.0 – 1.75 = Never; 1.76 – 2.50 = Hardly; 2.51 – 3.25 = Often; 3.26 – 4.0 = Always

Part IV. Relationships of Variables

This section reveals the relationship between the weight to the physical

activities and food consumption before and after the quarantine started.

Weight, Physical Activities, and Food Consumption Before Quarantine

Started Correlated. The relationship between the physical activities and food

consumption of the students before quarantine started and their weight is

presented in Table 8. Data reveals that there is no significant relationship between

the respondent’s weight and physical activities before quarantine started with a p-

value of .347 and an alpha level of .05. Also, there is no significant relationship
 40

between the respondents’ weight and their food consumption with a p-value of

0.938 alpha level .05.

Hence, this implies that the physical activities and food consumption of the

students before quarantine does not play a highly significant role on any

fluctuations in weight of the students. The results of this test negates the findings

of Kimm et al. (2005) where they claim that a decline in physical activity in

adolescence was related to increases in BMI and skinfold thickness over time, and

the study of Zachary et al. (2019), where in weight loss, they attributed a factor of

dietary restraint as a way to restrict an individual's food intake. Their findings

suggest that there is a significant relationship between physical activity, food

consumption, and fluctuations in weight. However, the results in table 8 shows that

there is no significant relationship between physical activity and weight despite the

physical activity level that is presented in table 4 with a total mean of 2.56. It

appears that the students hardly engage in physical activities. Likewise, there is

no significant relationship between weight and food consumption before the

quarantine, indicated at table 8 even though at table 6, which has a total mean of

2.99 claims that students often mind their food consumption.

Table 8

Relationship between the respondents’ weight to physical activities and

food consumption before quarantine started

Items Physical Activities Food Consumption

 41

Pearson p-value Pearson p-value

Correlation Correlation

Weight 0.084 0.347 -0.007 0.938

Weight, Physical Activities, and Food Consumption After Quarantine

Started Correlated. The relationship between the physical activities and food

consumption of the students after quarantine started and their weight is presented

in Table 9. Data reveals that there is still no significant relationship between the

respondent’s weight and physical activities after quarantine started with a p-value

of .875 and an alpha level of .05. Also, there is no significant relationship between

the respondents’ weight and their food consumption with a p-value of 0.149 alpha

level .05.

Thus, this insinuated that the physical activities and food consumption of

the students even after the quarantine does not play a highly significant role on

fluctuations in weight of the students. The findings in this test suggests that table

9 is the same with table 8, which asserts that even after quarantine, there is still

no significant relationship between physical activities, food consumption, and

weight. In accordance to a recent study conducted by Zachary et al. (2019)

regarding the change of weight during the quarantine, the risk factors that affect

the said phenomenon include psychological aspects of eating, and individuals'

physical activities contribute to the change in their overall body composition.

However, it contradicts the findings of the researchers.

 42

Table 9

Relationship between the respondents’ weight to physical activities and

food consumption after quarantine started

Items Physical Activities Food Consumption

Pearson p-value Pearson p-value

Correlation Correlation

Weight 0.014 0.875 0.128 0.149

Part V. Difference between Variables

This section shows the difference in the learners’ weight, physical

activities, and food consumption before and after the quarantine.

Weight Before and After Quarantine. The table shows the results of

paired-samples t-test that was conducted to compare the learners’ weight before

and after the quarantine had started. The data shows that there is a significant

difference between the learners’ weight before the quarantine started to their

weight after the quarantine started; t(127) = -2.574, p = 0.011 with an alpha error

of 0.05. These results reveal that quarantine really does have an effect on the

learners’ weight. Specifically, the results suggest that after the quarantine started,

the weight of the learners fluctuated, be it weight gain or weight loss. The study

conducted by Pellegrini et al. (2020) showed that a small group of obese

individuals substantially gained weight one month after the lockdown phase began,

which supports the results of the researchers’ study.

 43

Table 10
T-test between the respondents’ weight before and after the quarantine
started

Measure 1 Measure 2 t-value p-value

Weight before Weight after -2.574 0.011

the quarantine quarantine started
started

Physical Activities Before and After Quarantine. The table shows the

results of paired-samples t-test that was conducted to compare the learners’

physical activities before and after the quarantine had started. The data shows

there is no significant difference between the learners’ physical activities before

the quarantine started to their physical activities after the quarantine started; t(127)

= -1.198, p = 0.233 with an alpha error of 0.05. These results suggest that

quarantine has no effect on the learners’ physical activities. Specifically, the results

imply that after the quarantine started, the physical activities of the learners did not

change. However, as stated in the study of Sidor and Rzymski (2020), the

lockdown creates a physical activity risk due to little workout that has been done

given that gyms, fitness centers, and other establishments that offer these kinds

of programs are closed due to the pandemic. This negates the results obtained by

the researchers.
 44

Table 11
T-test between the respondents’ physical activities before and after the
quarantine started

Measure 1 Measure 2 t-value p-value

Physical activities Physical activities -1.198 0.233

before the after the
quarantine started quarantine started

Food Consumption Before and After Quarantine. The table shows the

results of paired-samples t-test that was conducted to compare the learners’ food

consumption before and after the quarantine had started. The data implies there

is no significant difference between the learners’ food consumption before the

quarantine started to their food consumption after the quarantine started; t(127) =

0.070, p = 0.945 with an alpha error of 0.05. These results imply that quarantine

has no effect on the learners’ food consumption. Despite the results of the study

conducted by Nonogaki et al. (2007) which states that social isolation is linked to

increased intake of food, the findings of the researchers reveal that after the

quarantine started, the food consumption of the learners did not change.

Table 12
T-test between the respondents’ food consumption before and after the
quarantine started

Measure 1 Measure 2 t-value p-value

 45

Food consumption Food consumption 0.070 0.945

before the after the quarantine
quarantine started started
 46

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary and conclusion derived from the

conduct of the study, which is to probe the relationship and difference between the

variables of the study, namely: weight before and after quarantine, physical

activities before and after quarantine, and food consumption before and after

quarantine. It also provides recommendations that can be pursued by the physical

education teachers as well as medical practitioners within the institution.

Summary of Findings

The study was conducted in order to investigate the correlation between

fluctuations in weight brought by lifestyle due to the start of quarantine. The study

employed quantitative research and utilized a descriptive-comparative research

design. Respondents that were selected through stratified random sampling from

Grade 12 STEM Pre-science answered the survey virtually via Google forms.

Pertinent data and information were obtained and the statistical tools used were

mean, frequency, Pearson r, and dependent T-test which was solved through

JASP, a statistical software program.

The findings of the study were summarized according to the statement of

the problem asserted in Chapter 1.

 47

Weight of the Learners Before and After the Quarantine Started. 9.38%

of 12 STEM (Pre-Science) of the Ateneo de Davao University - Senior High

school weighed 45kg before Quarantine. Followed by 7.03% who weighed 50kg,

6.25% of the population weighed 55kg, and 7.02% of the respondents weighed

≥ 80kg.

6.25% of 12 STEM (Pre-Science) of the Ateneo de Davao University -

Senior High school weighed 56kg after the quarantine started. Followed by 4.69%

who weighed 41kg,46kg and 58kg, and 3.91% of the population weighed 50kg,

60kg, 63kg, 65kg, and 80kg.

Physical Activity and Food Consumption of Learners Before and After

the Quarantine Started. AdDU SHS STEM Pre-Science students’ overall physical

activities gained a mean of 2.48 (hardly), which signifies that before the lockdown,

learners paid less attention to physical activities. The learners’ overall food

consumption on the other hand, gained a weighted mean of 2.96 (often), which

reveals the learners’ good eating habits before the quarantine started.

After the quarantine started, the learners’ physical activities gained an

overall weighted mean of 2.56 (often), a slight improvement in comparison to

before the lockdown started. In terms of food consumption after the quarantine

started, results show an overall weighted mean of 2.92 (often), similar to the

learner’s eating habits before the lockdown started.

 48

Significant Relationship Between the Weight to the Physical Activities

and Food Consumption of Learners Before and After the Quarantine Started.

Before the quarantine started, data reveals that there is no significant relationship

between the respondents’ weight and physical activities with a p-value of .347.

Also, there is no significant relationship between the respondents’ weight and their

food consumption with a p-value of 0.938.

After the quarantine started, results show that there is still no significant

relationship between the respondent’s weight and physical activities with a p-value

of .875. Moreover, there is no significant relationship between the respondents’

weight and their food consumption with a p-value of 0.149.

Significant Difference in the Weight, Physical Activities, and Food

Consumption of Learners Before and After the Quarantine Started. The data

shows that there is a significant difference between the learners’ weight before the

quarantine started to their weight after the quarantine started, with a p-value of

0.011. These results reveal that quarantine really does have an effect on the

learners’ weight.

The data reveals that there is no significant difference between the learners’

physical activities before the quarantine started to their physical activities after the

quarantine started, with a p-value of 0.233. These results suggest that quarantine

has no effect on the learners’ physical activities.

The data implies that there is no significant difference between the learners’

food consumption before the quarantine started to their food consumption after the

quarantine started, with a p-value of 0.945. The findings of the researchers reveal
 49

that after the quarantine started, the food consumption of the learners did not

change.

Conclusion

The results given by the data gathering we conducted shows that before the

quarantine began, a significant gap between the learners' weight and weight after

the quarantine began is visible.

The study reveals that respondents rarely did physical activities before the

start of the lockdown. After the quarantine started, the learners’ physical activities

gained slight improvement compared to before the lockdown started. For the food

consumption, it tells that the respondents often mind their food consumption. After

the quarantine started, the learners’ food consumption had a small development

compared to before the lockdown started.

The students' physical activity and food intake before and after quarantine

do not play a crucial role in weight fluctuation. Specifically, there is no significant

relationship among them. Hence, the null hypothesis is accepted.

Result discloses that there is a significant difference between the learners’

weight before and after quarantine started. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected.

However, the test revealed that there is no significant difference between physical

activities before and after the quarantine. So, the null hypothesis is accepted.

Lastly, there is no significant difference between the food consumption before and

after quarantine. Therefore, the null hypothesis is accepted.

 50

Recommendations

The following are recommendations from the researchers with regards to

the change of lifestyle due to quarantine on relative body composition based on

the preceding conclusions.

1. While the pandemic is going on, it is advisable to extend the data on

this analysis and do it on a broader scale given that the respondents

of these research are purely from AdDU SHS grade 12 students

STEM under the pre-science substrand . It is encouraged to do the

survey outside the said institution for broader and substantial results.

2. Future researchers who would attribute this study to their research

should check and identify the other factors that could influence

students' shift in lifestyle during the lockdown, which was not

included and listed in this paper.

3. Since the research survey's conduction was online, weight and

physical activity were all self-reported, and there is a much stronger

possibility of biases coming from the respondents. It is suggested

that there should have been a physical test to be conducted among

the chosen respondents and follow up checkups to be done for

standard and objective result findings.

 51

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 56

APPENDIX A

Permission Letter to the Assistant Director of Academics

December 15, 2020

AUJEFEL AMOR Y. LEE

Assistant Director for Academics

Senior High School Unit

Dear Ms. Lee:

Greetings!

We are learners from Grade 12 of Colombiere of the Pre-Science track of the Science,
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Strand, and as part of our curriculum, we are
required to take the classes Practical Research 2 and Applied Inquiries, Investigations
and Immersion where we are taught different research methods. We are planning to
conduct a quantitative descriptive-comparative research study entitled “EFFECTS OF
CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE DUE TO QUARANTINE ON RELATIVE BODY
COMPOSITION OF GRADE 12 STEM PRE-SCIENCE ADDU-SHS LEARNERS” and our
aim is to The purpose of this quantitative study is to determine the effects of the
sudden change in lifestyle during quarantine to the relative body composition of
Grade 12 STEM Pre-Science AdDU-SHS learners

In line with this, we would like to ask permission from your good office to conduct our
study. Our gathering of data includes:

Step 1: Before the start of data collection, the researchers asked the school
administration for permission to allow a survey to be conducted among Ateneo de Davao
University grade 12 STEM Pre-Science students through a permission letter.
Step 2: The researchers randomly selected learners from AdDU-SHS Grade 12
STEM Pre-Science students through stratified random sampling. The sections included
are Angelis, Azevedo, Brebeuf, Brito, Collins, Colombiere, Corby, Dajani, Daniel,
Fontoura, Geronimo, Cottam, and San Vitores.
Step 3: An email was sent to the 234 randomly selected respondents containing
the link of the Google form in which the respondents are going to answer the survey
questionnaire made by the researchers.
 57

Step 4: The respondents are asked to answer a Google form which contains the
survey questionnaire. Before answering the survey questionnaire proper, the learners are
asked to sign an informed consent to acknowledge their role in participating in the study.
Step 5: The learners answered the Google form containing questions regarding
their weight, physical activities, and food consumption, before and after the quarantine
started.
Step 6: After the online survey, the researchers gathered the learners’ responses
and started the interpretation of results.

Should you have any questions or concerns, you may contact us at 09298577387 and
look for Aaron Kyle Benedict Pinpin

Thank you very much and we look forward to your favorable response.

Sincerely,

AARON KYLE BENEDICT PINPIN

Lead Researcher

Noted by:

ETHAN JOSH VILLANUEVA

Applied Inquiries Teacher Capstone Research Teacher

 58

APPENDIX B

Informed Consent
Dear Respondent:

Good day! Praise be Jesus and Mary.

We are Group G from Grade 12-Colombiere of Ateneo de Davao University - Senior

High School. We invite you to participate in a research study regarding the Effects of
Changes in Lifestyle Due to Quarantine on Relative Body Composition of Grade 12
STEM Pre-Science AdDU-SHS Learners. Involvement in this study is voluntary, so you
are free to participate or decline. You will be asked to answer our survey questions
truthfully to obtain reliable results for this research. This will only take approximately 5-10
minutes of your time to finish. All information will be kept confidential, and respondents
will be treated anonymously. If you do not wish to continue, you have the right to
withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. Please feel free to ask any
questions that you may have about the research.

Thank you, and God bless!

Sincerely,
Group G – Colombiere

INFORMED CONSENT

I have read and I understand the provided information and have had the opportunity to
ask questions. I understand that my participation is voluntary and that I am free to
withdraw at any time, without giving a reason and without cost. I understand that I will be
given a copy of this consent form. I voluntarily agree to take part in this study.

Participant's signature ______________________________ Date __________

Investigator's signature _____________________________ Date __________

 59

APPENDIX C

Survey Questionnaire

Effects of Changes in Lifestyle Due to Quarantine on Relative Body

Composition of Grade 12 STEM Pre-Science AdDU-SHS Learners

Good day! We are researchers from Grade 12 Section Colombiere, under

the STEM (Pre-Science) strand. This survey questionnaire is made in order to
establish and find out the relationship between change in lifestyle to a student’s
weight before and after the quarantine started. Learners cope differently during the
quarantine, and this may influence their behavior under such circumstances. In
that sense, as researchers, we would like to identify the details of their physical
activities and food consumption before and after quarantine, and how it differs for
every other student.

This survey questionnaire will only take 5-10 minutes of your time.
Rest assured that your answers will be held confidential. Your cooperation is highly
appreciated. Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam!

I. Demographic

Instructions: Fill out the necessary information below.

Name(optional): -------________________________
Age: _______
Sex: _______
Section: ______________
Weight before quarantine started: ______
Weight after quarantine started: _______

II. Physical Activities

Instructions: Check the box of the number that corresponds to your answer to
the indicated statements. The numbers signify the following:

4 - Always
3 - Often
2 - Hardly
1 – Never

Before Quarantine 4 3 2 1

I exercise regularly (for approximately 30 minutes) every

day.
 60

I include vigorous and intensive exercises in my routine.

I include various types of exercises such as aerobic

exercises and weightlifting.

I have resting times (sitting, lying down, and napping)

during the day.

I get enough sleep everyday (7-8 hours).

After Quarantine 4 3 2 1

I exercise regularly (for approximately 30 minutes) every

day.

I include vigorous and intensive exercises in my routine.

I include various types of exercises such as aerobic

exercises and weightlifting.

I have resting times (sitting, lying down, and napping)

during the day.

I get enough sleep everyday (7-8 hours).

III. Food Consumption

Instructions: Check the box of the number that corresponds to your answer to
the indicated statements. The numbers signify the following:

4 - Always
3 - Often
2 - Hardly
1 - Never

Before Quarantine 4 3 2 1

I eat regularly (3 meals) everyday.

My meal is composed of rice, fruits and vegetables,

protein-rich foods.

I drink at least 8 glasses of water everyday.

I am fond of eating sweets, junk foods, fast food, instant

food, and soft drinks & powdered juice.
 61

I take supplements and/or maintenance medicine.

After Quarantine 4 3 2 1

I eat regularly (3 meals) every day.

My meal is composed of rice, fruits and vegetables,

protein-rich foods, and water.

I drink at least 8 glasses of water every day.

I am fond of eating sweets, junk foods, fast food, instant

food, and soft drinks & powdered juice.

I take supplements and/or maintenance medicine.

 62

VALIDATION SHEET FOR RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE

(FOR QUANTITATIVE RESEARCHES)

To the Evaluator: Please check the appropriate box for your ratings.

Point Equivalent: 5 – Excellent 4 – Very Good 3 – Good

2 - Fair 1 - Poor
INDICATORS 1 2 3 4 5

1. Clarity of Directions and Items

The vocabulary level, language structure and conceptual level of
the questions suit the level of respondents. The test directions ̷
and items are written in a clear and understandable manner.

2. Presentation/Organization of Items
The items are presented and organized in logical manner. ̷

3. Suitability of Item
The items appropriately represent the substance of the research.
The questions are designed to determine the conditions, ̷
knowledge, perceptions and attitudes that are supposed to be
measured.

4. Adequateness of Items per Category or Indicator

The items represent the coverage of the research adequately.
The number of questions per indicator/category is representative ̷
enough of all variables/concepts defined for the particular
research.

5. Attainment of the Purpose

The instrument as a whole fulfills the objective for which it was ̷
constructed.

6. Objectivity
Each item/question requires only one specific answer or
measures only one behavior and no aspect of the questionnaire ̷
suggests bias (such as gender stereotype, etc.) on the part of the
researcher.

7. Scale and Evaluation Rating System

The scale adapted is appropriate for the items. ̷
 63

AVERAGE RATING
̷

Remarks:

Gellie C. Binoya Date evaluated: December 9, 2020

Validator
 64

CURRICULUM VITAE

PRINCESS HAYAH USMAN LIDASAN

Address: Door 6. Usman Apartment. Santos, Rosal St. Cotabato City

Age: 19 years old
Gender: Female
Civil Status: Single
Birthday: 12-04-2001
Birthplace: Cotabato City
Mother’s Name: Princess Samira A. Usman
Father’s Name: Hadji Abdullah T. Lidasan
E-mail Address: phulidasan@addu.edu.ph

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

School Level School Year

Ateneo de Davao Senior High 2019 - 2021

University

Notre Dame University Junior High 2015-2019

Sero Central Elementary 2009-2015

Elementary School
 65

CURRICULUM VITAE

ANGELEE NARYLE R. MORESCA

Address: Purok 1 Poblacion, Barobo, Surigao del Sur

Age: 18 years old
Gender: Female
Civil Status: Single
Birthday: September 28, 2002
Birthplace: Cagayan de Oro City
Mother’s Name: Ernalyn R. Moresca
Father’s Name: Narciso A. Moresca
E-mail Address: anrmoresca@addu.edu.ph

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

School Level School Year

Ateneo de Davao Senior High 2019 - 2021

University

Mother of Mercy Junior High 2015-2019

Academy

Barobo Central Elementary 2009-2015

Elementary School
 66

CURRICULUM VITAE

JANLORD KHEN TEVES PESARILLO

Address: Dona Asuncion Village Phase 2 Purok 7 Apalit Street Barangay

Pampanga, Davao City
Age: 17 years old
Gender: Male
Civil Status: Single
Birthday: October 10, 2003
Birthplace: Davao City
Mother’s Name: Rosana Marie T. Pesarillo
Father’s Name: Janwin R. Pesarillo
E-mail Address: jktpesarillo@addu.edu.ph

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

School Level School Year

Ateneo de Davao Senior High 2019 - 2021

University

Francisco Bangoy Junior High 2015 - 2019

National High School

Dona Asuncion Hizon Elementary 2009 - 2015

Elementary School
 67

CURRICULUM VITAE

AARON KYLE BENEDICT LAO PINPIN

Address: #37 Pioneer Avenue, Magugpo Poblacion, Tagum City, Davao del
Norte
Age: 18 years old
Gender: Male
Civil Status: Single
Birthday: September 03, 2002
Birthplace: Davao City
Mother’s Name: Melissa L. Pinpin
Father’s Name: Raul P. Pinpin
E-mail Address: akblpinpin@addu.edu.ph

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

School Level School Year

Ateneo de Davao Senior High 2019 - 2021

University

Tagum City National Junior High 2015 - 2019

High School

Bridges Academy of Elementary 2009 - 2015

Tagum
 68

CURRICULUM VITAE

CESMAINE HILARY DIGDIGAN SANCHEZ

Address: Blk 4, lot 24, Genesis Street, Deca Homes, Catalunan Grande, Davao
City
Age: 18
Gender: Female
Civil Status: Single
Birthday: February 6, 2003
Birthplace: Cotabato City
Mother’s Name: Halloween Grace D. Sanchez
Father’s Name: SSg Arturo M. Sanchez, PA
E-mail Address: chdsanchez@addu.edu.ph

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

School Level School Year

Ateneo de Davao Senior High 2019 - 2021

University

Notre Dame- RVM Junior High 2015-2019

College of Cotabato

Notre Dame- RVM Elementary 2009-2015

College of Cotabato