izabeth didn’t give as much as John wanted (Meredith's exact loca tead gave weaker statement (giv two. places be flouted or broken, we nevertheless jeaning from what is sai mplicature of dof just saying what we meat ion can get across a great deal of meaning with relatively actual speech. Thinking of what you want to get across, and interpreting + people have said, seems to take much quicker then the ly slow process of actually verbal and communicate more effici s of the Maxims not clear whether the maxims work in other languages and cultures. © Some key concepts are undefined. A lot of to figure out, for exampl last four hours, El ings, and someone replaced my regular decaf, so I'm only just getting cai my system and I still ick down whoever did it and slowly eviscerate them, whi than fixing your stupid information), a vio largely irrelevant to the qu is lengthy tirade is unnecessarily is exaggerating about the level of seriousness of the systems failures and about kill PARTI PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENTS FOR SEMINARS IN MODERN ENGLISH THEORETICAL GRAMMAR Seminar 1 Grammar as System and Structure 1.2. Basie Notions of Morphology Literature Recommended 1, Blokh MY. A. Course in Theoretical English Grammar. — M.: Bescutas wxona, 2000, —P. 6-46. 2. Rayevska NM. Modem English Grammar, — K.: Bima wxona, Modern Approach. K.: Ocria Ypaiuy, 2009. ~ P. 5-79, Practical assignments 1.1. The Systemic Nature of Grammar ructure, levels of the language, hierarchy, segmental units, supra-segmental grammeme, word, the difference between the two notions, “s; a eeand “nucleation” rovesied “In the mode of language structure? es study each of the con parts What domains of L stic. structure studied? What domains of Lingui , out of thase given below, do you consider a system characterized by a structured arrangement making up the whole. are based on the pr A paradigm may be mi In the language structure the highest level is sy 8. The notion of ‘syste of forming and storing ide the plane of expression. Whi 1¢ of expression are inseparably connected, so of expres corres 2¢ between the planes of c is very two oF more units of the pi ion may correspond to one homonymy two or more ge levels he room by herself. There was no wind but stream’s bubbling, whispering chuckle h twice its day is the e written poems to the w ng the windows and making her bed tremble. is gone now. The wind he wind Blows") tic. and_ paradigmatic came across who'd got the measure of e-mail was n friend who was high up in a big corporation. S of coi first seeped into bi1.2. Busic Notions of Morphology ent on the following terms logical uninterruptabi Texical Texeme, a grammeme, a grammatical part of speech, he following questions. at is the subject-matter af Morph is morpheme? What are the kinds and types of morphemes? irked member of the opposition? study of the morphemic structure of the word in traditional Grammar? the abstract complete morphemic model of the common h word? Whit are the main characteristic features of the word? or parts of speech class What are rent approaches to parts of speech classificat What are 1 by preseri les of parts of speec! by structural descriptive grammarians? 12. What are és of parts of speech cl by post-structural transformational-generative grammar’ 10. Check The word is a ofa word ‘of words but the most ie. a word may become a sentence; 11. Which of the state of thse givin below, do you c ive unit of the language is the norphemes are distinguished on the morphemes are discriminated 0 inguished on the basis of the degree of self-dependence. word is the component of word meaning forms of different words, ied members of the binary oppositions must possess two types of features: common and differen tial features in the binary opposition serve as the basis The functional criterion for the parts of speech discrimination presupposes the grammatical meaning of the whole class of words. 12, Analyze the morphological str s given below. basic criteria hacker's, discovety, are huntifg, disappointment, ‘bec has appeared, persistent, will be relieved, weeks, traditional being replaced, had come, projects, younger, prosperous. text given below, pick out derived words and define the type nes: a) lexical i are strong n offer 1 recently beco permissi 14. In the following groups of is presented: a) lexical, 5) grammatical. 1) books, intentions, dreams, phenomena;n working; is often used to icularly atractive areas where ne the part of speech tow d of medical visits. re turned round, idle of the room. ck lot after the whole day's work rey stopped at the back yard fo 5 — at a fair price rgettable service, are trained, positive, approachable, Seminar 2 A Course in Theor 97-224, Name fea ) meaning, \f case, the category of gen: icerize categoryight-hand) ct xy the noun have in the sent sd out? in have as a part ‘nouns ean be tegories does the nv s a strong member of the binary opposition? the stat of those given below, do you cé of the nouns into proper and common nou 2. Proper not ay change their meaning and to adjust, vite, happy, kind, active se, t0 persist, to express, engage, to observe, merry, sincere, clever, groups sase, ¢) category of gender? deer, e) land nistress; d iof. 5. Everybody im some more bread. 7. She will have either jam or r butter nor cheese. 9. We wrote them e ate & From the no out: a) pr proper nouns were or Peter, pen, family, snow, development, Shakespes sandwich, love, Greece, doctor, an, the Alps, the word respond. 2. She was 4. It’s these a fortress, an actress, a Turk, a hut, maker, a person, a devil passenger, a hero, a navigator. a school-boy WE ven below, pick out: a) human nouns, b) frog, a lawyer, a w soldier, a tortoise, an ambassador, a lamb, et, a deer, a priest,) adverbial mod hero and heroine, of course, just arrived fi 2. Becket did not answer, his throat felt too dry. police, 3, “Stop eve expressing the number the opposition between plural and singular nouns come ized? What are Singularia: and Pluralia tantum? terized by the “absolute nouns are ch tantum)? te the foliowing singular form are call 15. Check find the r The category express of the noun to the ... form of the ember of the fon is the plural form, its produ ig the suffix of the number fable and ... nouns. The two referred to as ... and Instances are not few. be ... . Here be tantum, 7) binary, 8) pl 11) uncountable. nber of the nouns in bold type. Define 3, He as stone. 7. It is a good wine. 8. He pre! nents in the Park of Cul amusement. 14. K is power, 15.1 of many vari f bronze. 19.20. Pack the book in dozens, please. 21. He'lived in this ci m. 24. Are there any means of helping them? 25. He has two watches. 26. My watch is on the table. 17. Make the plural form from the nouns given below. Distinguish way of expressing the number opposition boy, glass, bus, match, lady, fly, Mary, hoto, piano, solo, portfolio, cuckoo, mosa| scarf, wolf, handkerchief, city, day, factory, toy, hobby. 18. Make up the plural form of the nouns given below. Distinguish the wproductive way of expre interchange; b) the archaic suffix “-en tual formation red words, iid, datum, adi is, g00se, deer, phendinenon, man-of-war, man-servant, le and uncountable nouns. Put the article van ie countabl Tron, pigeon, wool, sign, air, airship, word, gri assistant, paper ( darkness, mey, idea, ice, cheat, perfume, machine, ichcs, advice, phonetics, trousers, news, ice, hysterics. the number of the noun underlined in the following plural 1e water tiny fi 3. TL went o of the town (Joyce). bled the only pennies es given below le (was/were) already lasses (was/were) on the ry in Australia (was/were) is (is/agg) in the drawer. 8. A pair ¢ drawer. 9. These scissors (is/age) dull. 10. The no danger. 11. The majority class of collective nouns. Indicate the means the mt - (was/s rte) Gore: eay pace? Batters (washes rece teva Tee carunlene Gali) eat pees) vil sack deci 6. The ng test 7. tase)English and your n nd lexico-grammatical means ing plural n hairs (Shakespeare) And then, seeing told Gerald that she she 2.3. The Category of Case category € category of case expressed by? What relations does this category show? the genitive case? more relevant than the term What are the four approaches to the study of case in their essential features and ic types of the ger What is the difference between the case system of nouns and the case system of personal pronouns? ng being flected form ase is It is always 1. However followed 5) combinations of nouns with prepositions are distinguished according to prepositions in the sentence. ‘of case, b) the positional case theory, ©) cases, d) the litiited case theory, e) theory of activity or some broader processual relation with the ve as its subject. 10 two columns: a) declinable, b) indecli tical subclass.é possessive case of th The ‘Pronunciation r 2. The legs of the chair. 3. One of the greatest s of the room. 8. The birthday of my voice of our teacher. 7. The quest the book, 9 sister. expert on deck, of ten minutes. 23. The population land. 24. For the sake of economy. 25. The rooms of the d: fhe son, 26. The new house of the Parkers. 27. The house of my father IW. 28. The speech of the Prime Minister of England. 29. The head i man who had hauled 30. The dav 31. Define cases”, is presented in the following sé 5) the vocative case; c) th was rising ‘theory of positional @ nominative case; ) the accusative case. his splendid beauty. 2. Troy and Yates 8. 3. Becket answer, his It to0 dry, had heard of the police. have you thought what you are Don’t forget to buy Mary a toy on her birthday. 6. He mot e sergeant ordered his men to stop ied 32. Analyze the word combinat of them express a) gen of agent, d) genitive of p adverbial, ¢) given below and define of possessor, b) genitive of ont, e) genitive of destin m, ) genitive and Jerry's” grandparents. 5. The evening’s 7. A book-keeper’s. 8. The pat le. 10. lobby. 14. A hundred tons” 's footwear. 16. A grate man’s arrival pose his sorrow on his jends’ pleasure. y he felt great frightened doll’s eyes le better than a high-grade cletk’s e she knew a sister's sure you know far more than they story. 8, He looked expectantly at Maria, bi ls slightly and said: “I don’t give blank cheques’ gs and then assume dred tons” load. 's not to 10, He w he from the prefer laws of the game; b) apage of book; 37 s books; ¢) the book of this writer; 4) Mary's own dressing-table; Mary 5) A shirt’s button; 6) Resort's weather; f) the weather of seaside town; nature; ture's diversity; _g.) the diversity of hum Ise"s daughter: le deeper than the voice jouse of Caroline Kent at all. 4. The midal be in the library at had precisely the in Park One. What are the problems that the article presents? e morpheme or the word? What can you say about a “zero article”? ht be an explanation. sence of the definite or indefinite article. It depends on other elements in the sentence, usually on the predicate. by the noun is one of a class. he object is marked as distinct from ts, It determines variations in the use of articles and 1 absence, a) zero article; b) the indefi The.article presents many diffi e inguage structure. The article is not includ The problem is this: is the article.a word or ays be some argument n favour 0 definite 4 it has expresses more geni ideas. The read. 7. At the park gate made her a present. 9. Miss Sharp's father artis. 11. We saw a spes distance. It was a ship. 39. Comment on the use of the inde is anger len back ¢ that sec the books you have just bous centered the room. 3. There were many books on the table. 4. The river, the y, the trees, the sky ~ every thing was beautiful. 5. I have got the 7. He didn’t ig around. 9 Point out b we d ‘occurrence I ever saw in my live, 3. .., attempt to persuade them le exhausted. 4. In .. comer of ... room was ... wash basin with ... hot and cold water. 5. He was ... most extraordinary man I ever came across. 6 news he had conveyed would have horrified ... most women. 7. bhad ns which denote an object (or a person) al miioned. She smiled ... smile was perhaps ... result of ... long prat er mouth. 2. My cloth my Sunday best: se books for me. I gathered up where to put them. 4. “Bring ... bot. bottle of scotch when Twa writer who was @ idualizing, newspaper is a source man ~ it sounds utes, so I was havit n of Gender in Eng tical gender? is the category of gender formed * ‘ow about upper opposition and lower opposition e category of gender? sh nouns show the sex of tl 1g a of expressing gender by the nouns denoting expressing neuter gen e category of gender re actual features of the narsecand column to the words given , niece, ant, sister, uouse, cow-clephant_ bear servant-girl b) professions, eamstress, authoress, ‘hostess. a ic e “common ‘countess doctor, cock, cousin, actress, poet, anist, boyfriend. 2.6, Adjective as a Part of Speech8. What 9. In what wa 10. What are inguistic status of degree is the catog the prefixes and uefining problems concemuing “est” do you know? ion of adjectives? ind partial ization of nouns? are the main approaches to the process of adje ins? ble, prewar, subconsciou unfortunate, impassive, 58. Read the given adjectives pointing out the their generalized meanings le, jobless, cloudy, abdomi bloga, ina ‘wooden, mustactied, rel the status of the c rm of the adjective nations of more/most with the basic tof words and expressions given below pick fill the blanks of the following piece 8 part of spech den ose 9, -ible,-en, fi, - Power, scom, money, wheel, fut, aim, poison, rai, catch, doubt, poet, langer, peace, space, respect the morphological structure of the adjectives in the beiow s. There is not point of view morphological According to their meaning and grammar es ae divided into qualitative and 2..A few Jane Mason entered the rdom, a respectable, hard-featured man, as emotiontess in the ypposition 1 ie understood as incapable of forming degrees © category of compart the basic form degree form. of adjectives in the sentences betow he sounded both hearty and angry (Snow) mn as a bright young man (Snow). 3. His mi imes sharp and ruthless (Snow), 10m I have so much envied a few 10). 5, Those words sounded mth of the flat was comforting (Snow). 7. He and astute commander (Maugham). 8. Td often to wake (Maugham). 9. She was very 0 some (Collins). 12. Nyoung people. most itritating man I have ever met. He is 4, Shakespeare is ... most outstanding English a leaden sky, Turk the ages. Shakespeare those which cannot The private, the unforgettabl valuables, 5 define which adjectives form their 8 iti ora taate unemployable (Wells). 2. Whose child is he? The he fi both Galsworthy). iby was wearing. greens, gar got the better of he pas "was in the mood to count himself among the defeated (Monro) > P my eldest. How old — “Fifteen, father, come next June”. 3. Marie climbed o the nearest compartment and was lost to sight. 4. No further 5. The last laugh died away. 6. Th 70, Fill in appropriate artictes before vied ad) 1. She was twenty-four. Her skin was pale with a touch of ... green. 2. She hi ~ the dress matching the tone of her skin seemed to ‘green of her eyes. 3. Fanny Price colored. The blood under healthy skin seemed to be ... strange purple. 4. The sky was .~ but, although it was only early aftemoon, a mist was appropri m of the adj chets. 's eyes were large and blue, but 1. His age was fifty, he looked several years i ‘ her tired already. 6. I have nice Set id) son ‘ . he West t! four years but already there was gray in his hair and dee 5. Eleanor went downstairs to the dining-room, where her h parents and his ren were assembled for luncheon. res aeSeminar 83 7 fs -grammatical (categorial) meaning of the verb? The Verb us a\Part Of Speech What way is the general processual meaning of the verb manifested in the semantics of the that degote statesy ye pen 1c productive verbal suffixes? ind of combinability is proper to the verb? ns may the verb have in the sentence? sgories does the verb have as a pert of speech? the most complex part of speech? t of the verb can be distinguished? en notional and functional verbs? features of functional verbs? j the semantic groups of specifying link-verbs? Literature Recommended logical composition can the English verb ed according 1. Bloth MY: A Course in Theoretical e in rnglish Grammar. — M.: Botemas rosa, 2000, — P. 83-196. ¥ 3 2. Rayevska N.M. Modem English Grammar. — K.: Bama woz, tare the subclasses of inguished according, 1976,~P. 99-159. " ibject process relations 3. Morokhovskaya EJ. Fundamentals of Theoretical English 2. n subjective and objective verbs? Grammar. — K.: Buma umon: i i tova LM. Xe: Oenina Yep, 2008. P. « Modem Approach, — 1s migration” of verbs arise? n below, do you consider 1 assignments 1¢ general processual meaning is present in the semantics of only the jenote “process presented dynamically”. y the verb is the most complex part of speech. 4. One of the syntactic functions of the verbs in the sentence is that of the jonal verbs is unlimited as they are very , derived verbs, compo: , non-standard (irregult, point out a) notional, 6) a ik ver 1e drawing-room opened onto a balcony overlooking the there was a slender pear tree ‘as though becalmed against the Second. sei characterize: of verbs ional properties. oes ea nd so quick, gave dusk. A grey its shadow, al si sites, sed, @) notional, €) partial, 1) lexico- Bertha a curious shiver. Really she had everything. She was young. Harry and she were as niuch in love as ever, and they got on together sple They erbs as possible have to worry about y. They had this abs ry house and garden (K. Mansfield) I. From t 5) modal verbs, an ig, black, book, house, bright, blood, growth, runner, hand, leading, act, ion, collector, wide, form. bent, payment, class, consolation, lance, harmony, failure, sentences given below, pick out a) ai Che could haverknown ss of church-wardens and 0 prec away, to whitewash, to ib. (smth. , 10 apoloy enfold, to-take care of, to bl an! 8 From notional verbs. To keep, ougt need, to begin, to try, should, 10 manage, to taste, ish, to go on, to appeled them off Hughson marched him up to a sort of a large desk that was i ‘glass and shi (Pri 8. Whi (00d door opened, and an old man came forth s (Hardy), 9. Fleur looked at her watch and rose ‘two columns. meanings, and draw, to determine, fo stand up, to jump, to wate to conduct, to bang, to preach, to prefabricate, to remake, to lie, to find, to detest, 10 write, to search, to drop, to love, to fi What form What gramm: in English? How many meanings does to the system of person and number? Why? persons in the plural number? expression of number by the 1al verbs given below according to the subject actional verbs, and b) statal verbs. ion represents the category of person 10, What system of person conjugation in English cl elevated modes of speech? The nature of categories of person and havi 3. The paddock was fairly wel the horses around in a ring undst g0 st Jam a good ru 6 it to my room. ~ She must say nothing of this to anyone, jer. ~ He is a boring guest. 3.3. The Category of Tense of the English Verb proper, primary time, prospective time, ght be a definition. consecutive change is the universal form of phenomena shows the differences between. present, past and future, give 4 temporal characteristics to an event from the point of view of its orientation in reference to the present moment does not characterize an event in terms of orientation toward present. The process of re opposing the pest ing an absolutive time characterized by means se to the present tense. cans of opposi ofno. uture marking, "__@) tine; BY ngi-absoTutive, ©) prospective time; d) primary time; ©) absolutive. 31. Check if you can find the right word to insert. ime as the universal form of consecutive change of things should sn the past and the e, according as they rel e directly or oblique All the lexical expressi refer the denoted ween present, past and of days). Such expressions of time giv orientation in ref now, last week, in a to an event from the p Pl 12 expression of time conselates showing some of them either ast? the or happening at one an ‘or more events ‘ent mom a) a temporal characteristi moment, e) moment of speech, f) h) preceding. ) relative, ¢) simultaneous,,'d) present riented, g) non-absoh 32, Complete the following sentences. The immediate expression of grammati time, or “tense” (Lat. of consecutive change of things should be appraised by the i al in reference to the moment of his immediate perception of D. expression of verbal time, tense, is effected in two correlated stage 1¢ process receives an absolutive time character by means of. G. The category of prospective time is expressed in combinations of the verbs shall and will 4) the past and the future, 6) the 4) change of phenomena, ¢) absolutive (primary) andrea (prospective), f) yposing the past tense to the present tense of the First World War, some time ing, went, shall buy. the following time expressperiod of ci at one and the same time witi, in the past, in the month, the day before yes years ago I went to the year they ‘The teacher is writing on the blackboard. 7. Tom might be able to come. text by the end of the lesson. 9. I'm so tired. I could sleep for a week. 10. I was so tired. I could have slept for a week. jay. 8. An hour ago. 9. Then. 10. Already. days. 14. Soon. 15. This week y friend has bought the house has done. 6 People lived ‘Soon we lost sight of him in the crowd. 4. He likes 20 the book 1 have just day that I ran blanks with either le .--Walking with the dog. znd left the room, E. People used spears and bows . F. They returned from a trip carly period of civilization, b) two hours ago, c) shall read, val of «day ortwo, ¢) went ou, f) smoked. 2) would agree 1e rules of the uses. (preceding, ng) from a) the grammatical time proper, and that he was living in London then. 2. He said that 3. He said that Sharon and Paul were getting married next month. 4. ‘red was doing. 5. He said that he hadi enjoying his job very weeks before. 8. He said that he go on hi afford it. 9, He said that he would hhad seen me. 10, She seid that she was going away for a few days and would phone me when she got back. The next week. 3. Some time later. 4. Before ith. 6. The previous day. 7. Some days before his coming. 11. Later thangroups of verbs are outside the category of development (have ‘no aspect opposites)? What is the marked component of the aspecti of retrospective coordination (or retrospect) in Modi What are the stages in the evolution of views in conn ion of the category of retrospective coordination? "the category arked component and the category ‘component. As aspect of the verb ery 1ous” form, g) aspective. below, pick out a) for Bulgaria week. 14, What are you d se days? — | am working a 2. James Broody (Cronin). 3. Slowly his eyes closed (Cusack). 4. His ey (Seton-Thompson). 5. The child gets along so wel ago. Now we the comm he is copying the people round him. nguage he is leaming (Stro a homely round back was sta rviceable broom was standing not to see) him c ese days. 8. When by half past two he for fi was awakening es were closing learns so fast 6. These people ). 7. A plain (not ive years, I shall stay until you (to do) your trans he police told not to let go out anybody who 12. Next year is Ted and Amy’s 25" 6. We got ied for nine years. 17. By the er married 9 years of the monthbs in the sentences given below, define forms of the verbs. | Homes ran to the top of the stairs to draw in the fresh air and then with a rush we got to the poisoned men and dragged them out on the 3. It would be has not killed. 6. She was sitting idiy in the comer the sofa; and there were circles under her eyes, as though she had not slept. 7. The brother and sister descended the staircase: “Stay, Miss Ross! Agnes! You have forgotten your flowers”. 8. Bosinney is looking exhausted, like a man after hard physical exercise. 9. After many thank s and good-bye's, they were ready to start. Suddenly Ben shouted, ! Tom! You forgot your snowsho wat are you doing es asked. 11. He entered. “I hope I didn’t wake you. U knocked very, very gently”. - “I haven't been asleep”. 12. Then he went the door loudly to show that he was ame up (o the bar and took Laura's ar ve been looking for you”. 14. She looked there you are, Mike”, she said, jowever, to Keep long silence. ry of Voice of the English Verb 49, Comment on the following terms The category of voice, the active voice, the passive voice, the direct (primary) passive, the indirect (secondary) passive, the tertiary flexive voice, the reciprocal voice, the he reflexive voice, passivized verbs, ‘non- passivized verbs, transitive verbs, intransitive verbs. express? elation between the action and its subject is expressed by the active voice? kind of relation passive voice! iat are cases when the passive voice should be used? 5. What accounts for a much broader representation of voice in the system of erb than in the 5} action and its subject is expressed n of the reflexive voice, the reciprac (neuter) voice to the voice system of Modern Si) Complete the following sentences. ASa.gfammatieal category, the category of ... shows the action and its ... . There are two voices the passive. The category of voice has a much the English of the Ukrainian verb, s hot only objective verbs ineluding be used in the the verbs can ose having voice 52. Find the name to which the following might be a definit A. The functioning of the voice forms in other than the passive or active meanings. B. The form of the verb shows the relation between the action and . The form of the verb shows that the action is pérformed by its subject. D. The form of the verb shows that the subject is acted upon, that it is the recipient of the action. * voices, ¢) the category of voice, 4) the active voice, e) primary passive, f) prepositional passive, blanks in them using relation between the‘Was told some very interesting cretary of the committee. 4. I haven't been le was looked upon as their leader. 6. When 1 came to the office a telegram was given to me. 7. You weren’t told ig because there isn’t anything, to tell you. &. Her request was disapproved of: 9. No responsibility is taken for the loss of personal 1g8 should not be | The new Was granted const ion? 18. The money was back yet. 19. 1 wonder what fhe mother was told not to worry about the sick be examined soon by the doctor. 3 heart, to take heart. can admit of two passive to promise, ind (to answer) before they got to the truth. 5. t week but I am affaid 1 (not 6. This box ought to king 2 young girl. 9. The children already hen I came home. 10. Could he (to invite) to the party yest those who work at soon as we knew t 'm not often shocked, this does shock me am shocked to hear hhouses were connected by @ and again wi beauty. 2. It is said his case. 4. The wilected together a surprise, I v him; he lay quiet whil fe objects were not changed 3.6. The Category af Mood of it of those speaker's poi verb may be presented as a happened, happens or ive Mood is morphologically the least developed system, 5. The necessary me: ive Mood forms is generally onation, or by into expressed by the verbs by the verb may happe tion oF oppo: verb is presented as mn. ‘The Imperative Mood expresses... or the type of m mperative, c) subjunctive. St 1. In the summer of that year we If he came tomorrow, we should go t is essential that he should approacl in). 6. Twill try and be n (Cror 7 ing interferes (Driser be on production scale (Wilson). 8. Don’t you go 9. God bless you! I wish yo If I were you, i sl tell ried (Gerome). 12. Oh, ie had gone away on [wish the July don’t let’s way when | know about * she Kept saying (Gordo I. Let’s go and have some fresh tea. 2, Do t 3. Let him look ou jks a 9. Let im study regularly! 1 Will you please leave\drew play on the road. Define the type of the’ Subjunctive Mood: a) subjunc 4) subjatretive Il, c) conditional, d) suppositional, should go to bed early 2. If I were you 1 should be more attentive. 3. Success attend you! 4. If you were a d never speak to her again. 5. They would enjoy themsel ve if they had a party of their own. 6. She suggested that this date be a day of international sol 7. Write down my address lest you should forget it! 8. If we had got the tickets we should have gone to the theatre. 9. Had he had enough time, he would have attended the lectures, 10. If we had bad more time, we should have considered all the suggestions, 11. He demanded that his honour be satisfied. 12. I is important that everybody it, 13. IF L were out of touch with my friends, I should med of myself. 14. ‘They proposed to him that he become 15. But for 1e'd be quite good-looking. 16. . he would have left immediately. 17. Even if her things Packed, she couldn’t have been in time for the train, It started at two sharp. 18. | felts though I were making a bad joke. 66, From the following sentences, choose ©) synthetic forms of Subjunctive Mood; b) analytical forms of Mood; ¢) different forms of Indicative Mood. Define the types of clauses. 1. You would not say so if you saw her. 2, Its very unfortunate it should ppen today. 3. Far be it from me to contradiet you. 4. Suffice it to say he soon come back. $. She the blind and closed the shutters that he might not see the sun. 6. nportant that you remember this stion. 7. I'm as indifferent to him as if he were a stranger. 8. 1 isobeys us, we at 5 o'clock on Saturday | should not go to Helen's birthday party. 10. If you: said you came on my wouldn't refuse to listen to you. 1. You mind your own business. 12, Please put the papers on the table by we bed. 13. But for you, | would have failed my exam. 14. I wi nt years older. 15. God bless you! 16. Though all the world be fal | be true. 17. If you should send me to a difficult spot — wit alone, I'd feel secure. 18, ny. 22. The iat you have’ made too quick a change from a mountain climbing to our cl at | should remove myself to Pretoria. 24. The girl was pale. lest she should faint. the correct forms for the verbs in brackets using the 1e Mood dr modal verbs. Comment on the use of mood forme. ier aunt (to be) here now, she only (to laugh) at the gid he handsome Duke too attractive. 5. “He (not to hold) the job he does if he (not to be) knowledgeable”, replied Joss. 6. And Julia was convinced that if't (to be) possible to get the operation done secretly, he (to have) his face lifted. he (to express) disappointment, if he (to ask) her to cut supposed to have, she (may have) strength to break ‘mother looked as if she (10 sce) better days. 9. He wished that this (to happen) in London where he could have called upon his colleagues to share the burden.10. Mrs. Andrews insisted that their (to put) kitchen so that she (to hear) it. 11. It was a rapid twirl as if she (to Want) to draw your at g behind her back. 12. She loved Michael and gladly (to marry) him there and then but for his good sense. arranged that I (to come out) with her and (to look aby. 14. Tt seems funny tht I never (10 at the doctor (to avoid) calling at the house since there. 16. They left the dressing room so that Avice (to change) ; me out of the way so he (to fill) my place with you. 18. Tt was raining and Smiley wished he (to bring) a hist. 19. He felt an extreme lightness as to become) a spirit. 3.7. Non-finite Forms of the English Verb (Verbids, Verbals) 68. Comment on the following terms. Verbids, the category of finitude, du 1¢ Past participle, semi-predicat construction, a gerundial sonst3. What common features o you enumerate? \damental lexico-gram the infi 3 a verbals (the i the sentence? pical of the verbals? semantic nature, in accordance with .. and noun-type ¢ leis wholly homonymous with form, having no the properties of the the verbal name of a process form of the er which combines the proper sites the proper of Ye -ctive and adverb. ine re ith those of the a , ©) the present participle, be speal reading alo a footstep below she rose and went to the top of the yy. 5. One of the students was sudd “operated on immediately. 6. She didn't speak, 2. 7. They were old friends, having been at school together having spoken im. 9. We didnt expect the boy to tur 10. We were sorry to find out that most of at day were’ .4, 12. They were not worth saving, 13. He realized gaieeds Pa ‘man loved and admitted by everybody (73. Use the appropriate verbals in the following sentences. State the anchor) in the harbour. 8. She tried (10 r out of A. The Infinitive is was unacceptable. 2. To recel do this work in a short ize is his main 4, He must be the Bshave come so as to to leave. 11, To t d to the party. 12. Lady Franklin w his name, to have been told his n suddenly awoke fror the truth, he expects to be horrified at herself. To have and to have is queer trance; there was a deci lackson. Glad to have been of service to you. ‘you ought to be going? 16: He was very tired, napping had irritated him and hurt his pride. '¢ told them to take off their shoes so that their footsteps could be heard in the flat below. 18. “We are very sorry to have disturbed you”, an Peter. 19. There was nothing to be done, but to wait for the next express, which was due at fo B.Gerund 13. He says making people happy is her hobby. 2. I suggest going novie. 3. He is used to being the centre of attention. 4. She was most successful student. 5, Smoking is bad for your health. 6. This is the best way of learning a foreign language. 7. | don't d dri ing abroad can be exciting enough, ing here. 9. She stopped answering letters and I wondered what the matter might be. 10. Can you recall mentioned the fact to anyone? 11. Thorpe was terrified, terrified {o touch something, a Jolyon, on the po 10 rejected by a dozen of mag: offic the porter im. 13. After having been ries had come to rest in the Globe 1 at Jolyon’s allowing the engagement. 15. Peopl preventing it. 16. The host broke the awkward {uests to proceed to the dining room. 17. On bein sp of two valleys: e a staircase leading to the basemer 1g carried down by th dé from the book Sab THANE Ge Acti | ave gece eed toon ek 6a 13. That method of support was qui other mines. 2. A few vases were broken, ible. 4. The answer received wish the documents sent hi, he strolled away from the ly have left this 11. Thus absorbed, jotel, 9. If left to myself, | should n her one more look it for hours defyi es as though driven to do so by ago, the machine toojssused at the factory were exclusively homemade. (74. Dake jollowtug teacnece aa cae biialitve, the gerard er ake paPticiplé in the semi-predicative constructions of the complex object or the complex subject. 1. They saw Robert (to quit) the group, (to pass) though a gate, and (to disappear). 2. My whol Jose) possession of mysel me) down over mou (to put) the ( touches to a pi sggar-man. 5. She opened the door just in time (to see) Tom (to disappear) round the corner. 6. Your (Co come) here is an affront, impertinence, an audacity. 7. They saw t fire (to ls above. 8. He appeared (Co forget) that they had had the first serious difference of opinion in the narried life. 9. Piseemed (to ur previous meeting. 14. 1 English Syntax. A Phrase and a Sentence Outline . 4.1, The Basic N Oliver (to be) now board have determined to have him back into his head (to hang), his cheeks (to fl red more slowly is face, one Fundamentals of Theoretical English 984.—P. 159-230, stone passage. ip, passed by. there was no doubt of his recovering id James was left alone; his ears aac 1g about his inwards. 14, The door open), we looked in. Practical assignments "form is a) the participle |, b 4.1. The Basie Notions of Syntax the gerund of the scene was bea least for a while. 3, Hav 4. Pausing ed the grounds and. trees 3 6. Colleges give a specialized training. 7. ful. 2. If possibl ; Functional Syntax, Communicative Syntax, Pragma Syntay, meaning, syntactic form, syntactic function, syntactic connections, formal the following que: way are the sy! units hierarchic represent a phrase-1 ly arranged? not go without asking I saw a group of people permission. standing in theyortance in analyti jon between synt id mark jauses, sentences and even paradigmatic rel the components paragraphs 7. Syntactic connection s are formalized and realized through syntactic types of syntactic relations between the components relations. of'a sentence? . Coordination regular! subordination, on of parataxis Il. What formal devices manifest different means of syntactic connection? relations between the compon b) dependence, and c) interd red man recovered consciousness in hospital He remembered crossing the road, but he didn't remember being knocked down. 2. He knows the language better than a foreigner usually does for he has bee 1 France for a long time. 3. As he had long been a resident of the city and knew the family very well, he recognized young man whom paradigmatic and is connected with the ind sentences. It is concemed with in word combinations and h the structure, class , ions and sentences in different n our way back from a long excursioi suggested that we should 30 ss of beer. 5. It is known that sles is irregular. 6, We had a good ti the time. 7. Peter there are two main e) words, f) syntactic ms, g) extemal, h) Syntax, i) syntagmatic, j) combi given below, do you consider all around it hrase is the highest stage in th i devices of syn Mrs. Mac:produced her son’s letter. 3. Men, their caps pulled down, their turned up, passed by. 4, If possible, give up smoking, at least for a yew wouldn’t have the following questions. is a word-group? [ 2. What are the basic characteristics of a word-group? What distinguishes a word-group and a sentence? What are the approaches for classification of word-groups? What types of word-groups can be distinguished according to their structure? ; 6. What types of word-groups can be distinguished according to the character of their syntactic arrangement? 7. What types of word-groups can be distinguished coincidence of the function of the whole group with the fu tuents? pes of word-groups can be distinguished according to the relations of the constituents of the phrasc? have begun crying, ig, the children wouldn’t be d as if he were burn port suggested that I should remove 12. T would have thought it better taste on his part instead of indulging in covert jokes at my expense according to the of, 8. Distinguish between syntactic processes of the adnection type: @) apposition and b) specification. Define their subtypes 1. Jean Crowder, who is 65, has a fascinating job. She works at a leisure contre, where she te robies. 2, He remembered her at oncc, for he always very pretty creature. 3. The trouble with you, t you are always looking for a master. 4. While waiting for ight, and without ever leaving the terminal, a visitor could have bi pressed, and shoes polished. 5. Cooper was three inches than Mr. Warburton, a strong, muscular young man. 6. The impression red was that he would be able to make his own terms. 7. Mr. local doctor, was known to everybody. 8. Jack asked the stewardess for son id, when it came, set about to compose a letter to his son. 9. He actually envied Jolyon the reputation of succeeding where he, Soames, had failed. 10. Beyond the villa, looking building, began tl 11. In the evening, after on. 12. The captain said heat what it was find the right word to insert. dependent syntactic un 11. Check ifyou ‘A word-group or of the sentence. It is not phrase), as accepted by the majority of linguists, is a combin: or more words which is .. but not ... of some words, yy part of specch. Each ... of changes in accordance with grammatical destroying the ident phrase ean ut categories e them laugh, he did ne ‘member, i) a phrase. 4.2. A Word-group (a phrase). Types of Word-groups ofthe statements, out of those given below, do you consider ing terms (@ phrase), subordinate phrases, co-ordinate phrases, “nexus”) phrases, endocentric / headed phras kernel phrases, progressive ke kernel phrases. p (a phrase) is a combination of two or more words smmatical unit 2, Structural classification of phrases is based on the part-of-speech status of their constituents jon of phrases is based exocentric / regressive kerni phrases, depend: number ofpower, to depend on easy to understand, 10 gr ws the other elements. is of a phrase may destroy ly tired; this done; for them to come; on him to do. a head word of the people, to know 1e sense of injur , the bird heron; spit ¢)a famous woman, a famous woman writer. 15, From the following subordinate word-groups, pick out: a) no phrases, b) verb phrases, c) adjectival phrases, and d) adverbial phrase Famous doctors, ly normal, to walk rapidly, extremely angrily, to depend on him, a big frame house, to ca through the vads and z ressed by a ‘out, both of sd action, mother f sense rejecting. hes, applicants desirous of persons : eee rd peace, two p lass, all people present, the book o' ‘almost too easily, to tum tt ing exercises, ie page become nursery acid treatment, woman writer, ver box. commiseration, together as you can, Profess drawing nd sister's being eyes lone.appear in the y me, for her to speak, her mother to look onto for me to ask, those books to be returned tonight, yo im to marry her, for people to spend so much money a telegram to be sent, for the doctor to see, him to be honest and kind. 23, Use the appropriate verbals in the fo ‘ype of the predicative phrase. 1. They stared at each other, Dan still (10 stand) with his teacup and Wil (o stretch) out in the chair. 2. He was sitting with his hands (to clasp) round his knee, (to stare) at the water. 3. They said that Roger had been evening. 4. When Hugh came in, he found the painter (to put) the (to finish) touches to a picture of a beggar-man. 5, anything the matter with the bird? 6. You can sce him (to work) in his little garden every day. 7. Do you agree to your sister's (to take) him up to to put) him under the best control? 8. He heard the young people (lo sing) and (fo shout) from the opposite bank. 9. 1 remember your daughter (to go) over to the USA to marry there. 10. He found them (to sit) together and (10 talk) peacefully. They did not notice him (to approach). 4.3. The Sentence. Types of Sentences 24. Comment on the following terms A sentence, a communieativ a one-member sentence, a declar ‘an imperative sentence, an exclamatory sentence, a simple sente a composite sentence, a claus: ical sentence, a quasi-sentence. 25, Answer the fol What approaches to the definition of the sentence do you know? ‘What feature distinguishes the sentence from all other linguistic units and makes it the basie ty? yy does predication correlate with the general semantic -gory of modality? function are the types of sentences according t re the types of sentences according to th are the types of sentences. acca! the type in feature of one-member sentences? incipal part of one-member sentences? 26, Check if you c ght word to insert. The sentence is a . of quite a definite type which is a representation of predicative forms of thought. The se sentence is undoubtedly the categories of gb sentences a) fll predicati te verb, f) complex, g) tense, h) ca Find the name to which the following might be a definition. sentence which comprises one principal part; the predicate verb in the imperative mood; 3) it occurs most freq} subjunctives, verbs, 4) a sentence consisting of a noun or a noun with its attributes; San syntactic process in linguistic developm economy by right of long usage: 6)it occurs mainly in speaking when we leave out articles, pronouns, prepositions, auxiliary verbs and forms of the verb to be as a complement verb.28. Which ofthe statements, ou of ini i one ofthe most important features ofa sentence, fiom «plese 2. The interogatve Sentence expresses a statement, either affirmative orhegative. 3. The imperative sentenee expresses requests which in different 3¢ Tom caleporical onder to command an enteaties ny sentences do not possess any complete set of qualities. i 29. From the list given below, choose the sentences which represent jerent types of sentences according to their structure A veraeion 1g to their structure: a) simple, They read En; ; mn grammar rules every Ee 5. When they ask us we always answer. 6. The stock market is a new in our life. 7. The Queen was one of the word’s riche ‘women. 8. She goes to the club, because she is invited. oe 30. Define types of sentence: di h sentences according to the purpose 4) decaraive sentences, b) interraative. sentence, sentences, d) exclamatory sentences, is spoken as a native language by nearly three hundred mi fou been to London? 3. Op is near the Metro station. 6. How does ©) imperative 12. There aren't fruit trees he drove the car on Ma s 16. My 18. Close the book. y s the train? 20. New York is di ri oti Pani doing acne. perch SEREOOENWIIGS. oe Shakespeare buried? conga 31. Which of the sentences given below are: a) interrogative sperative emotional, <) 1. What was Peter doing when the war broke ou 1g when the war broke out?” said Mary sharp! coke out, Peter was studying medi Ni lowest poss possible Nanny at the lowest possible wage. 7. “A very old-fash mind”. & “What do you mean? Nothing?” demanded Mi imself up and looking as though he hed been insulted. 9. “W “Nothing”, said Michael. 10. “Strawberry i know best, of course From. the (say whether they are comple 1. Nobody can go on living without some be! a party. I heard someone fouse Terrace at Lady Kastellan’s” (W.S. Maugham). 3. The day passed on. Noon, afternoon, evening. Sunset (J. Galsworthy). ‘+ Lucretius knew very little about what was going on in the world. Lived ‘ole in a burrow. Lived on his own fat like a bear in winter ). 5. The same thing applies to Gertrude, and who knows what be at work in her case? A quarrel, per i her ment all the more because of the long id). 7. Garden at the Manor House. The garden an old-fashioned one, full of roses. Time of year, July...(0. Wilde). 8. “Another : said Poirot gravely Perhaps, itis the best way. He has three deaths on vad” (A. Christie). 9. Don't touch me. For God’s sake go. Go away (WS. Maugham). 10. Ob, what nonsense! I told you there was took reasonable precautions (W.S. Maugham). 11. Deeply mother died thisFrom the sentences given below, pick out one:member sentences our choice. Vould Mr. Mont convince him? Tony was sharp! Her head drooped. The unfairness of it all! Some had everything to their hand, like that wife of Mr. Mont’s” (G. Galsworthy). 2. Josephine clearly, that’s all” (G. Greene). 3. “Were you very happy ce” ~ “Yes. I suppose 0. I don’t remember” (G. Greene) ‘Silence there, will yout” says the beadle (Ch. Dickens). 5. “Go on back to the kitchen, nigger. You go with him, bright boy” (E. Hemingway) 6. “Good-bye”, Esme said. —*I hope you retum from the war with your ies Salinger). 34. Point out one-member sentences, define the structural types of the nominal one-member sentences: (1) unextended and (2) extended ~ with odifving elements, (2b) appositive ones, (2c) multicomponent structure. |. Cecilia sank down on her rug powerless and perspiring with dread. That awful voice, so soft, 50 mus Not a human voice yere must be s ! How unspeakably remarkable woman —a dangerous woman. No waiting ~ no is afternoon ~ with him here as witness. The boldness - A woman of lighting rapidity of thought and wealthy patron, the moving spirit of entertainment in that south-coast convalescent camp (J. Galsworthy 4. And Caister could see his own eyes looking at the manager. God! What 8 look! A topping life! A do; ! ~ cadging for work! A I depressions, . 5. “A wondei ce, “and a wonderfull work. I can feel the ing into the heart of a vanished m?” (A. Christie). s, cocktails for my friend, is” (J. Galsworthy). points, (DH. Lawrenc id Simon to himself", the world of action ... the pulse Money, hunger...Reality” (P.H. Lawrence), ness of that return!” he murmured. i awful creepy bodiless voice, with its rusty sort of whisper ofan overtone! 35. Point out adjectival and adverbial one-member sentences, explain cand ms " absurd ereatur and she went out of the library, sack to her bedroom. She went to her writing —room and sat down Meee ” Her heart beat like out of the hole came a si it’s enough for today! God — God! Out of th (ing as a speaking-tube! Impossil Governor — General once. St Where are they stayit too, How very interesting, I 5. How kind of you to let m iness. How romantic! (D. nd of yours. Doubiless, y : "cried Ruby. “Oh, I wish you'd do it to this compai es and explain the but not at that price! lonely, war them,very uneven, sometimes only is usky sort of whisper. he cried, dragging her big chair to the fire, “in chair. Come and get warm. You look so dreadfully cold” 5. To sit among bon vi swirl of concealed music, to look upon the hal d fe and to be looked upon by them — what is a first dane le compared with is? (O. Henry), 17 to gate seven, please. No smoking Indicate the type of the one-member sentences given belo 4) imperative, val, d) expressions of polite address, e) sentences formed by words of affirm f) sentences formed by modal words. 16). 3. “Be frig “To have brought Fl A serf!” (Ch. Dickens). 7. “A stalit Galsworthy). 8. “No! To have his at price” (G. Galsworthy). hut your ip backward as far a surgeon who wants every ‘Exactly. That expresses it” and mo hat. Very good, ma‘am” The strength of it the faith of it, the fine clothes, the handsome zarless. 2. He may go and 3. Beter an egg today than a hen it would be @ good plan to take some Spe a. clerk he named in the sugar company’s office (G. Cozzens). 8. Are we going to be perm ‘Oh, good, you never told me you took in the French Vogue” — told her, in happy, aren't 1? 15. Nobody is fre, are they? ‘He shook a thick finger at the they don’t know what they w that was Mat 4. “Nothing to ada! the table, nobody under the sofa” (Ch. Dickens). 6. “This rascal?” ). 7. “You mean about the tennis” (S. Maugham). 8. “Buy me (S. Maugham). 9. “You old cow" (DH. Lawrence).who was. looking icolm craned his neck to see the said (D.H. Law “Who was she? ber what sport we had over ‘Gofta ~ Grampus"? By Jov lad to see you. Doing anything with yourself? Come and have lunch with me” (J. Galsworthy, 7. “Old chap, if you'll excuse me; engagement at half past two. So aw n— haired”, I said Don’t ask hard ones”, Cat bitter “Very bitter.” I said. “Lots of n and they always drank a bottle ampagne. Pauline two glasses, Ciss two glasses, Robert the rest” H. Lawrence). € wants to write a play for me, One act. One man, Decides to do with her?” cried Philip, “Be frigh sure. Those get more quite st to think for a few seconds before jumping up and down with their feet er for no special reason, excey ike jumping up and down. 43. Identify instances of sit is. Define the way the situational ellipsis contributes to the characterization of the two s, fl em off me Couldn’t resist boasting to hersel 's trouble, Put every lamn thing on those miserable pages, and then read them over and over The younger man kept his face deliberately impassive As a matter of interest, do you know where she kept them? It'll save me ed asthe works of Willy is wallet. “You are a solicitor, you to be honest. That's where I'm staying. Expect to hear from yo in a couple of days or so. Grateful if you'd treat itas a matter of urgency” 4.4. The Utterance as a Unit of Speech Plane 44, Comment on the following terms, Pragmatics, pragmatic competence, situational context, utterance, speech act theory, a locutionary act, an illocutionary aet, a perlocutionary an assertive speech act, a directive speec! sive speech act, fan expressive speech act, a declaration speech act, an indirect speech act. 45, Answer the following questions, 1. What speech counterpart has a sentence as a language unit? 2, What is the main significant feature of an utterance as a of speech plane? areas of interest of Prag way does pragmatic competence help speaker ferstand another speaker's intended meaning? acts can be analysed? 1e central according to John L. Austin'sacts according derlying assum speakers and people spoken are not expected to say anythi lack adequate evidence. By ey are not exy gi or more inform is needed. By not expected to say -Y are expected to be brief and orderly. in P. Grice's acct arise both sand. when’ g) implicatures, the camp” “Extraordinary! es. “Looks like a seizure ~ or — what di ten years more”, “Not yet Pity, Have you know. Can has/have b here is Bi There is a y IV id, my lord? What is the matter, my lord Between who? Slanders, sir have grey beards, it not honest to have it thus set down; for yo ifflike a ex could go backward SeenSeminar 5 A Simple Sentence Outline 5.1. The Principal and Secondary Parts of a 5.2. A Simple Sentence wi 5.3. Word-order in a Simple Sentence Literature Recommended |. Btokh MY. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar. — M.: Butcutax kona, 2000, ~ P, 261-282, 2. Rayevska NM. Modem English Grammar. — K.: Buwa uncon, 1976, ~P. 183-228 3. Morokh p of Theoretical English (Grammar. — K: B Practical assignments ‘The Principal and Secondary Parts of a Simple Sentence tthe Indefinite sublet the introductory aubject, the predicate, the simple verbal predate, she compound verbal modal predicate, the compound verbal aspect. pred c nominal predicate, the compound Answer the following questions. What are the structural and functional peculiarities of the simple sentence? hat are the primary and secondary parts of the sentence? an it be expressed? ? Give some exam can it be expressed? larity has the cog e ways of expressing the attribute? order of prepositve attributes n a variety of the attribute or the object? ition and an attribute? ‘modifier in the sentence? 1) It is a more or less complex structure with the verb or verb phrase at its core ‘ 2) They are syntactic categories constituted by the organic interaction of different units in speech, the sentence whi jected by means of the predicative bond, : 4) They may imply si performs an action, or is affected by action or, say, something involved in an occurrence of some sort; also can refer to something. described, classified or located 1c, c) predicate, d) subject. ahr pec Erat ot list of words and expressions pick out those ll the blanks in the following piece of text n of objects into ... and ... ones applies only to objects expressed by nouns or pronouns. direct object is used after transitive verbs w nected as it denotes a person or thing direct the verb. 3) There is a special kind of attribute called ... which is expressed +h characterizes or explains the word modi ing another nan ence between an adverbial semantic and depends on tt°) apposition, f) » 2). secondary tof 4) A secondary part any other part of spec! an adverb, 6) 3) an object, B) the 4) the adverbi 6. Whic correct? 1. The nucleus Of the stat of the predi meaning. 1) Adverbi 2)Pr 3) Object Not in itself a grammatical classificat simple sentence is represented by the seco b)si ©) process-mo 5. Find the name to which the following migh the least developed section o he sentence which completes or resiticts the meaning of a verb or sometimes an adjective, a word ieory of the secondary parts, c) the direct modifier, e) the classification of the adverbial modifier according to the meaning, f) the attribute 3. The subject denotes the thing whose action or characteris is expressed by the predicate. parts of the sentence nce” is justified by the difference in meaning, Introductory subjects are structural subjects that have sot f the verb is direc! ents, out of those given below, do you consider ipal (main) parts of the sentence are connected by means expressed lexical ibutive phrase can be large in Modern humorous effet. ir functions, the correct order. ) person modifier of the predicate tance modi irs of the subject-pers of a processual part denoting state a noun, a pronoun, or it has a nominal character. 5) A secondary part of the sentence which modifies a verb, an adjective or secondary parts of a processual part of the saker-bound modifier of any or the whole of the sentence of a substantive part Attribute 5) Subject 6) Interjectional enclosure 7) Paret speaker-bound emotional modifier of enclosure sentence 8) Addressing h) modifier of the sentence as a whole enclosure (address) enclosure(substantive modifier of the Gestinat re a 8. Define the types of sentences de a) personal, b) indefinite-persi thought made him happy. 2. Oi 3. Instrument- aking was not an easy life. 4. Is that all they teach you over at that school? 5. Exports are important part of the economy. 6. You never can |. 7, People-smuggling business confers healthy doctor? 9. There are plenty of a. 10. Thousands of workers live in the East Ex Using the Mondex telephone enables you to withdraw money from the main contender for the a language would influence in world iew the current progress of Eng] concem and often with antagonism. 4. There will of the project. 5. One should To read a good book is a real sure. 7. Reading is necessary. 8. Darkness of despair does not abandon . 9. You can send money over the telephone to friends 0, It is always hard to bring out a unanimous verdict. 11. O» ter for a piece