You are on page 1of 11

JY.Ji ~ .,.Jl..

o
i.>L......b _,.,...-11 rPJ l;J~I J l;•i.d~l r#l.} 4-,r-:-:JI .._._JJ..)I -l-~1..... ~~o..(

sdmùbdddjAbu@y3hoo.fi-

r')L.J' ~ ..!11 ~ <~J.:J. •. 1


tA_bt:ndi•bdelhh@y•hoo.tr

.:r ~_,.-..; JJLil.l Js- ..w.. ;~ t..jli, JI '--Jl-1 ~ '.r"WI oi....<ci\11 ~ <J y~1 e!t, t..# <,>_Ali Jlil u-L ..~...; : ~
c}
.4-<-,a; JI ..:-l..j~l '-""cr ~1, "'-Y~ i;b! j>.-i cr "-'~4].1, .1_0ll

~Jlil.l !l.l J' e"J.J' ""_,. Js- ._ç,11 ""_,5::Jü ,....,.!; J ,__.,'--y ._,._.
•.r> J)l.> '"" ._H;J ~ ~ r-« JJLil.ü
<) '-.oi> <,>>l..ci}/1 J_,k:JI y t""L.., i...,s' d-y Jj t..~ Js- t""Jir'!J ;_.,...,_ ..:-~_,r..\ ('+"ü! yl.--Î Jw.:slJ J~}/1 Js- r"flJ

i_;..û t..>s ~ p "-'l-..Jl-1 cr -'!J...li j.u.. <,)JJ.ll ;_;UI Js- .r J i_,bWt, y~ y_)...4-J Jl..>s 'c!r ff '.r"L...o .k.,?

·'-'-''-"~''-""),J'.}JI J,.,_l Js-liil>..oi


'-LyJ i-"""" ..:Jl-..y 'w-:1 r-A"J ~1 <,!WI .J!~ J JL!.:S'I j')'.> cr J--11 Li_,.- l) JWI ~1 JJ, P., la J'J
~ <) Jw~l ~ i)o(, >.J\'Jlil.l '-'"""lü Js- _r.$'_;)1, >.,;}IJLil.l ..,.,_,x Js- b~l ...,_UI ..,_..,..._JI J ~1 C;' ,~...,_. ~JLW'

.LA-"_,Ja; J ~.1,11 ;_.,.u,., .,.,~_,r....U ...__.Y ol.i: ..r.J-J ,z~ ~ j>.-Î .:r ""'~'
.J...JI Li_,.- 'Jl.S:.:,\11, t-'-'1'' ,;_,;)IJLil.l ..,..,_,x ,JWI ~~ <<,>_Ali Jlii u-L : ~1:;411 .;.,ws:Ji
Abstract: Human capital is a very important concept in the developmenl of modern economy. The
growth of enterprise or its remaining small depends on entrepreneur's adoption of a set conditions
and skills ta manage the growth ofhis enterprise and ta be able ta face the crises thal hamper it.
The entrepreneur creates a small business and makesfrom il during a certain period a large
and successful enterprise. The formation based on the implantation of the motives thal drive the
entrepreneurs and encourage them ta innova te and discover the causes for the ir creation new projects
and their insislence on their developmenl ta large enterprises contributes la the economie
developmenl. Especially in contemporary environment which is unexpected, hostile and risky and thal
is based on international competition has made many enterprises fa il because of the inability of their
owners la exploit the opporlunities and confront threats.
Therefore, there appears the rote of higher education in the tabor market through the
discovery and form of outstanding students and prepare them for the management of small and
medium enterprises as creative entrepreneurs, with appropriate education and proper training
depending on the entrepreneurial leaching and focus on the management of business growth in
various specialties in arder ta develop and insti/1 a corporate culture for new creative projects and
developing them.
Key words: human capital, higher education, entrepreneurial teaching, creativity and innovation,
labor market.

.L.], .!.-., 1....,- }1 ._,._,.,Il '.r"lh.J .J.,...i..i; c:-=' 4,_,.-11 .:,-ô <J.-.i.. ~ p.;; ft" \11 i.lA ~~ <.k,<'l <J :O,i;)i .:rj ._,pi .J..iJ

,y d L.S" .i,dl { ..l..,h.:ll cr .>., >' .lj ,_,A:JI <-t.-- tL,;! J _.,.u,., t""_,JI C:' ~WI ~ ~1,--:-- }Il j>.-1 .:,-ô ,t,..J.FJ U_,.ll i.J"ll>
~ ,~1 .:rj _;;l,i JI ~!f..-\11
1
>JJJ.ll , .i_,di J'j _;;l,i JI, >.,;l,)....JI iol,.i)l iol,.i)l :œ.f--' Js- _,A:il ioy y t)-< .;i <$J_tr4ll
.>.J}IJLil.l ~ .,__,:ll _,A:il olZ ..r.f' .;i i}::,il J i-'!..cl,.i "-'~_,_r..i.t, ol..ci}II.J..,.!-i Jj ~JI
U.,., J~ }/ o..>s y J [; 2012 L .;r JJ~I ..,-I..L..ll J~ 687 386 '.h..._,:ll J i_,;.-)1 ..:-l-..Jl-1 o..>s tl< J!;>-l] <,-Jt,
r]WJ 4,)!),-1 '-'-'~ol,.Ji U5:,..l) L.t.. ir=~ ..:Jü_,_ll ttW" _.;, .J!j ,.,_,~ol,.JI _r=- J! }>Jl, 4-,)j J_,..._,ll oi)l 4,r--dl JU...~I .:/""

174
.;.,~oW w~ t.l ,2010 "-- c-: '-';lü %28 i f A ;..lZ ,,~ J 2011 rt.. J~ .:..~ol..<JI ~if% 97 < ;..lZ ~

J! ,1986 .._).;.., ._,l>- .:..ü.ifl tU.. J<- ol..-'<-'~1 i f J_,..._,; ~ l. YJ ," u; % 2.93 < ;..lZ ...Y..:, 4-',.-; ._;.,; .:..ü..ifi?:Jl>-

. i~l .:..ü.UJI Jt.; <J .}WI ..,..WI ..:....-,11 _vh; ~b.-

152.5 Jj 2000 rt.. <J iJ_,l.o 100.8 i f '-,lWI .>.!.? tlAi;l, ~ JWI ~1 .:..l...t> J<- ._......,.;1 ..,...JhJI ol,oj)' ~ J
~~~~b.- J! ~1 W.; ,J# J<- j,S";<)I if •;itbi ....Ab-<; ~1 J<- -'<>' iJIS' lW (WI r.S.f-" J<- 2007 rl&. <J iJ_,l.o
.:..b.-W WJ lv.ol}i J o<:;L......y ..}5:, e:--=-'1 ioüj :W~ J z::::J.I ;,_,. ,J#..,., ~ ..,...JL..i .fi# J~ if , " liv.fiF~ ~1
~1 .;.,~ .. ~, ;.,..,..\; J ;_.,s- J~i J! <:.,.v ;_r; J~ 4-l.y'-J ......,. ._:.,)'Jl.ü ... li! J<- .:,uoü ~.,;-' if J...ll .J_,...l Y#l

R .H .Coase ~....; ...,J...J" ,4jw,.. <,oi..,cil :yw r..l.i, J'-"....,.~ .w.;! J<- ~ ..bt.:.; J~'YI Jt.; <J '.JJLilü
~ ._çll ..:..')l.W~ rl,.ill J! ..,.:; ._çll ..:..L......Jl-1 !.l_,L ,:r j.W (!a théorie de transaction :..:..')l.WI ....&,.~I.S:; ~ oi,_, .~.>-i)

..:..')l.WI .~ r_,;.; i.>f ~ )' ..o..;IS'bj :.}- l. J~ .:r '.JJLill J<- ..bü-j ~ J_;WII..\.o Js- :..,l>.(, ,..;_,..JI <J W;;.. iJ~ iJi

.>.,.J.>.. •..1- ~ ij:o-" <,J...i J ;.u5:, >;I,-\1 i}oj ~ .y:; '.lJLill iJI t..S ."lvi~l .J_,.i> .J.>..f .J!i .J_,...ll Jl ._rlJI 4,1..; <.iJ5:; .Y4
i;_,b ..:..üi.,-J )>i Js- b~l ...,....,. ~ .r.--"J ...,....,. _,. l. J5"" F Js-..,.......;; ...... ..'.).J.ll •.J;.J.>.. <,>}>[, <fOI..,cil J,L:.; )~~
.~ ..:..)I.Joy ..:..!:> ..:..t..r. JI o~i J)> if ,Ivii~b)'l J~'Y1 jli.)'
:'-,181 '-,115:..:.)'1 rf~.;,- Le ü~l J

!J....ll ._;_,... .:;.~ ...1,_1 ..."'iJ\.WI ~\.il r.J'.f- J O!J\.WI ~1 1::.\:JI .;J' ._.lWI ~ ~ ..J.$

;_.,.J..l,l ..:..~4-\~ '.JJLill 0J ~· •JWI ~1.;,....; ._çll .j>-1)1 <J .U ol..~&-)'1 ~ lviii'=')'Jl.ill ~ iJI Jj i;U)'I ~ J
..,_~..UI '-'-'I.J.>._,ll yi J<- -'<.=li ~ L.S' ,.,_;.ill .}>-1)1 <J iolJ" J~')l Jy- >...WI J;WI ~ W.,i ~J ,;_f.,. ir b iJ~

\li, ._çll <,olJI o~l .i:f"J ~ yb.- J! ,:;....lJ,I lJJ <,yl!ll ;J.,.)i <J ~~ ..:..lhhl< <J ...-L..I ~ J~'YI j_,- i;_,....:ll

. ,lix;_,;...,..ll c:'.JL:..l.l <,>_fi .il ..,_.'-'.. ..,_...J..U ~'-'.. .fi# J<- J...l~ ._,.,l,..!.)l
:.;,.,181 .:,.~~yl-1 J<- .J...:.U .._;_,- tr"}l ù.-W J
•..:..L......Jl-1 J ,~:y, r.S..U <)>'Jlill !.l_,Lll -1
·J>'Jlill.)!~l J ~1 ..:..!.;,t -2
:.:.L......jJt J ~l}~t r.SJ.l <F"'iJI.Wt .!l_,I-Jt -1
.:; ~~ up t..S ,.,,i..,ci>'l ~~.:; t..Ji ._~.L .B>i..,ci>'l ~l,ll rü. ~ •t-.,8' r.S..v J<- '.lJLilt, r\..__,.o>'l ;_,k; .J..i.l
~')1 o..U. J5"" •<,>_,..._,li ~ll,t if ~ ..:.-:.ol ._çll ..:..L..~..UI ~l,. JI ,;JJLilt ~1 .:..!_;,t Jy- ..:....-,11 J~ if <,S'_,Lll r_,LJI

J<- ~1 J! ~ ~ •<,>_r.,ll J 1/"1...=>,.)'1 ~1 C": ~1 JUI J <,>>l..,ci)'l ~ll,l<,; .}~ ._çll ~ .}L!.ll ;U.)'I" ~ J>'..U
. ,lx>.:I.J.>. _?i .J)> Jj <,~1 (:.~)'1 .J)> J ~1 .J)>J .:..ü":>\.JI if e:--=-'1 j._,;: til
:<lJI.Wl ~~~...<d'ji <ui.Wt -1-1

The wealth of the :_.,l::S' <J "Smith Adam" .Y! ;ui ~ ol..,ci)'l ~ <J JJLill yi Jl~ 'YI ol..,ci)'l .L.k !.l;ol
iJI.l.,>" JJLill I,pü ,Lo)..•z...)' ~li. )'~i ~ t. .._....,_ JI W- J<- .:f....li ..,_l.WI !.1;.>., '.r.--" _)>;.;.., .;L; ~nation

<J '.JJLill r,..._ ~ L.S' ,;.,..,..~; J~l <..ü[, ~~ <J ..:;~4-- J<- 10 J ol..,ci)'l ~ ..uü <fi (Captain lndustty) ·~~~
ifJ ,_., _piJ J<ü ff J ..lS""y ff J"-' 4-0<_,....; { 4-i,W iol&.J J .:..G.dl .~ ~ .:r _,..,) "Richard Cantillon" o}5:..J ..:..l,l::S'

175
r=-< •iJ.WI ~ ·.r J5' .P. J_,Lil.l frA< 'Jean-Baptiste Say" c;L- ..:.-;4 .;,_,..lxi..ISi:JI r~ J i}>WI r,..... j;.Î Lo

.
~
<.1"\.;l.l ..,LJ. <,>\..cil ~U,l.!.; ;_,h,J # l)l.:l4 J &-JI c_l:::.'f >;~1 ~J .._.,Ul-1 .Uiy-1
.
..? >1)~1 J! i_}zjl ..:.,;\S:.; •0jlf\1 <,_);; >L..ci~l ~ Js- ).,.... ,) <;>L..ci~l j.,WI l) ~Jl.il.l J~! { 19 0_;ll .r'~i l) J
~ ~~.-~, ~~ '>..,5:,.r'~l i..l.>..zll ~t.~_,lll) L.L..:.o14:Ja.., .:.r' <,;~_,Lill, w.d14.JJ~I.:..L.~..ûl.:..;.,._,; ,.;,~ J 0~ ~i

r~ c: J.-l..:lll) "';-" Js- ....A.ô.f' J,Lill 0;4-- .;,i <l:WI i}aJI ._s;; c;..ül 1972-1885 'Frank Knight" .!.11) c;>t...ci~l ._~,
. ..ISi:JI

•fr"< ,._; .Y., J •<;>L..ci~l rl1.JI <,) ~f lli.i .!.>.»; Le " J~l ft"..dl" ~1 oh J' ffJ i-4;.,. J~~ .:..~ J~ .:r <;>L..ci~l
..llÇ ..,LS' <,) 'Mark Casson' !l;t. .!1l-i5' ,_.,;.,. ._.,..t:::.l ~ ~ J~ .:r .._.,t>. ;~~~ J>.i .:r ;.w1 ~ LS ~~ "r
e!-" t.. _,._, .~ü ;>i <A,)>! >;~1 i;l>! <,;15:..! .u Jw~l ..lll) ,J_,...JI l! .Jjlf\1 ,_,.._, r~ .fPI 1982 rt.. "<,,L..cill.J>;- Jw~l
· ~JI~ J.,l~l C: .}l..:l~ <J"_;<li~ J! <;>Y._.,)>, .:..L._,L.ll ~ i;..û Js- .r.S'.fll C: 0jlf\1 ~ J_,...ll
.:..L...J;.;il "ll! , ,pL..ci~l JlWI Js- Ï).; .}1 .:..ip.:ll ._,-_, .!.>;1: >l.,i .:r 0~ <,;~_,Lill .;,i <Sj ..!...,>- ,,;t.;;lo ..._G. '-;-" .:..~ LS

.lxiii L.L.J ~1 ~ <,) ~_,Lill <.i,Ji._, ...,_.;G. J! ,.;.,~~::U c;;l,.:ll ;W:...::U ._,j::UI .:..L,Ildl ;.,.(s'

;.W:U w_,,...,;...;.,., c;..ül ~ ~~ .:..G.t.,:>-::U -,~1 r~ (:).r!-l <,>L..cil ;_?:; ~ c;..ü1 _,. J_,Lil.l 01 LS
~lyo _, •,i i;l>l J J~~l .:r ~) ty'-ll l! ~1 ~ ..j' - 0~ ,._,..~u.s- -~1 Jl-4 ~}- .r=-S'-~1

.lxiv "+'o-1,; .}1 .:..L.j''yi

: ~J\.Wl "-$'_,1.-JI ~J\.i.JI -2-1


·~~ ·~ j:'. L. J5' .~_,Lill loo< ~ .}1 .,._,l~l ._,..:~1 ...;.!:.;<. ...... ~, J~ .:r •>1)~1 Js- 'uLill ...... .?;
.-.I_,Lil.l ~1 ftl.v c_:,,i J! J,..,_,ll -.I_,Lo< .!l):, J ·~l.,.~l ~~L.... J ~lS'_,L

~ McCelland t-i ,~1 rlk y1 œ c;..ül Weber .....; l.,S'_,L.ll r_,L.ll Jl-4 l! .:,p.l,ll ..;.... Loo< rll .}1 .:..L-~..ûl .:r
'-'-.r- ...,_.;G. J! _,kl.-4 _r.-:; ._sll .:..~U-1 JI-<>..:, 10-'>-_,l JSL!.il j>- Js- i_r.Lill •u-<J4 i~>.A: ~ J_,Lil.t.; ,.;.,WI ~ l.J1; Js-
.
lxv '81
~
•G.:J-'
L
· 1

Luduig Von, (1906-1992) Frederick Von Hayek œ>i...ci~l ;\S:.;i ~ ,) :.;;W'/1 !l_,L.ll '-;-"
>~..cil Jk l) ..;i;.;; Hayek t..i •(.;;W! !l_,L) <.!"_;JI ;1...!:...1 Js- J.J>ll >1}~1 .;,i Mises .1...-~ ..!...,>- (1881-1973) Mises
t"' >.,ib >J_rJ.I oh •.,)l5.JI ~4 r~ ~ .._.,l>. >;l,_o ,_,._, . ~ ·~ ~ ._sll .:..L._,L.ll J >J_rJ.I ...,-i' ~ ~ >_;<li .Jü J_,...ll
lxvi
. :.:,... .:..L...=.;_, ._:.:U;J J ....A.ôlyo .J 4#- J~1
JA;-11 J.-..11 _,<-......_;li ,l.!JI J! J_,ll .;,i frA< c;..ül Manfred Kets de Vries vt..... J~ .:r ._...;.JI j.WI '-;-"
JI >1}~4 c;>Y ._,..;W1 •.u ••Jr JS1..:... ...__,.., , (hostile) c;>t.. ~ J:t.. ..~..,? .:; -.l_,.;.hll -'-'- J_,Lil.l ~t.. .}1 Y;G.:Il ~ _,.
·.:t.i"T ,l)i c: '-'-Li:- L! J.-..11, t.. '.hL J,Z.; -,_,...... 4<-" ~ ;_,k;

: ~JI.Wl ~1 Ï..,;\411 -3-1


U. ,;_.,;.,. <-......y .l.!JI ;_,..U; ....;...._,! ~Lill ;U.~I .f.r ll -.I_,Lil.l .}&>- .; Processus~ J' Gartner .!.>~

( •<S?-~1 >t.,~ .}ur_,..... u--:1, _p.:....S' '\!...JI' ..._.., J.->. c;i •r-181 .Process l.,l...JI •>1)~1 •.Ja,.'l :>t.,i ;,.,) ~ c_;_,...JI

176
J~ i-'!JJ,I .;,L.......jll _, ,L!.;)'I ur-- .Ji Jt.,:.>~ ~l,> .J~ <,;\'_,Lill J.F _, ft"' .Ji ,js 1?.) ..!..:> Bygrave et Hofer .!_,LS,i
.txvi\,,,...:JI.:.-1_,}:1~ ~ J_,Lill r_t.; .Ji ,js ;>) ;.,Jlill ,J..- . ~Li::l.l .,:,1_.;.:1.1 i f rl.la; ,:r ~~ J_,h;lll.i..- 'if)l y-

r..LO - Jl ,~_r.. ':11 rl.la; .:; - ~ ..,.Jlk- .,..._,_, i f Jl.i;;\'~ 4-:l'-" .:..;lS' .;11 _, '-"..,. r--L<.. J.v.< 41<>- c:-f :u_,Lilü"

J! j_,.,_,JJ i>t.,; ...,...JJ.:; ~L..:,.I '4>L..cil .:..4~ .:..1; .;,L-b )JJ! J! ,_,.;, ~ [_;_,i JJ ..:.J.i:;l ..!..,> ,:o.J_,Lill ?;:;_,i <) ->.....~>
. "1 xvi ii J,.i.:-ll

:(Entrepreneurship concept) • 4~JI.WI r,..... -4-1


~ Ll,.i>.- ~ ~ c,Ç.ill _,.. J_,Lill _, •.:- tllz> <) .;,-JI .;,.ii .r LS •.:- ..I.L!.; <) ,.!,]1 _,i .!_,l..b.=... \'1 ~ .r "

~ ,;,US:, >JI,\1 i.JbJ J -'!k J~f ~ ,L!.;J Js ~ c,Ç.ill ..I.WI db J~':/1 i.Jb! <) <,;\'_,Lil~ ~ J ,lxix J~ J .)S'
· ~J -'!k _,..~.. JS' Js ..,._,;
Y' J LP~ Wh..,.... tr>}~ ~~ iv_,b ..W ,t_a,f .:.-L.......;.J.l J <>!)~ .lüô ..,-,1....._. :o.J_,Lill ,:,i .J_,l_,.;, .~ !lLo .Ji LS

~ •'--jll J>b <$i <,l>b i>lu ~~ <$"' _, •4l!J..l.o <) .:.-bl..l..:.. \'1 ,J..- ~ J ~ .}1 '--jll ~ "Entrapreneur'
·;J .!y. ':il ~y j)6c if~ J;.;[j. ,:,i w,i J :y~ <,;\'_,tA.. -:.-bl..l..:-1 .:.-b .r"~ ~.Ji 4# <,...JI.dltiJ..l.i., '--Jll J;.d.
:lxx ~ .:..\'b. .!_,')C <)_,:-, '--Jll ,L!.;j .Ji LS

.i-'!k '--y , L!.;J ,:r ..:..,..<A-1~ :o.Jlj.l ,J..- <) ,,_,.~ _,i >.) J)> if '--y ,L!.;J :(la création: ex nihilo, ,L!.;\'1
·'-'..;'--y J_,.,i _, .:.-lkW .)S' _,i .;.r.!....., J~ i f '--y ,L!.;J :(la reprise d'entreprise) '--Jll.!....., i>~!
. .,:,1.,.- <)'--y vtkL!.; t~! ô>~! :(la réactivation d'entreprise) '--y J,.W
: JJ\411 ~ -5-1
: .:,ü ' Schumpeter" .;,1-..,......,.; J_,Lill ~ ._;;_, 4>.) .:,,_......:, ~ J~':l1 >lvi W~

:Y,!).w.J~ >.J..f:< J_,Lill 1J..- .Ji ':Il ·~JI _, cl,...JJ <;>.;JI .:.-~~ ...,....,..,. ·JL<-i)l rUi:.l' .:; .,.-l-i JJ' ..,...,..t, J_,Lill '

.lxxi ",_JI J J\5:.:,\'1 J>L.a- jS' ,WJ .JI=!~ J ,...._,; l: i_,$J1 .:.-L.......jll <) Ô>yr_,l.l

.J_,....., .;JI J~.a':/l.;,.ii Jo.i if J~':/ 1 >lv u; r_,.;, =<,-.,lJ )_,,i ~ " Bolton and Thompson " if jS' r.û..; _,
, lxxii ~!

. .Jy\11..., r_,.;, ~~v_,.. ü~l ~ \'~i .J_,>y.


'J\5:.:, \'1_, ._;U.~ LI_,.:..=;

v .;l',:,~_, .J_,s'A

'J'_;JI JI..!:-\' >...j')(]l >1,\1 Ll.,}y.

'.Jif \Il (;: vt;)WI if .;,~ <J'~ <) LJ.~J~

.w_,:J.I.;;. .!_,l-'> ':11 ~'t' ,js .J.l.l,~.;

•)>Wii.Jb!.J~

,~lS'_r. ,}s i_,h,-J~ LI_,.:..=;

·~L,I_,i >.....Li.. <) ~·'j...s. LJ_,.....,

.~J Llyr\:>; ._çll J't-':/1 ..r.ili .J_,ili;

\' .:1-lA-1 J :i.JLP':/1 ,:,_,..,_; ,~i LJ~ ,:,{ 0 ô~ _,i ~lp-1 .JlS' '""" -'!k •..r- >":J.,- J~ if J\5:.:,\'1 ,js .;.,]_,Lill >~Ü
.:,_,...!;if jS' ~~ ..!..:>lxxiii " ;--4..,. .:..lkL,;) .:; <.c;,.Lill JtS::;':/1 ?::t:;! w,i ~ .!.IJ; .Jü :o.JLP':/1 ,}s ..t,s1; ..,._, ..!..:> _, ·e-"l ..,._,

177
iJÎ )~ ..,..y,&:J! rlliJI J':>\> .y~.);; "G.Dosi" C$jJ> J!.o c,Ç;_,k:ll ;!.,:li tL,;i J" S.Winter" .Pu J "R.Nelson"
..:.A-;.-ll ~ 'JJ J_,..Jt J! t;..b- J>-" ..sJ' ~'--Ji' r--:At Y' J cj'JJlAlt ri.J1J~ J_,...lt .:; ;,_,._,~, ~'--ji' pi rl~ .,;.,;v' rlliJ'
JJlAlt .v> _,.!;, ,) '+-- .y (La théorie du développement économique) ,_JI ~ .y ..w..... ~~ I.U ,;,_,._,11

. lxxiv (c,Ç>4)i.;Ja.:il) .}41

...r'..J-'-'< ~_,..YI ~t...l.J,i ~Î-'! ~ '~ JJ..UI rt..:..l ..u-L.a; '<$>l.a:>'JI ,_JI oJ :UJlA.\1 ;J> l.,.-.WI d .... ~..UI ~_,.~; 0Î->.., J

r~ J! C::'-" -=..t...l.J,I .sr-- ~ "<,;'JJlA.\1" ...r'..J-" ~t.:; ,txxvw.,Î <.yWI .sr-- ~ J ,<.vl.J,i .Sr-' ~ .lW ..r.J "<,;'JJlA.\1"

."'xv\HBS) JwYt O,b~ >}>;t.. ;ys-.:; -'!-<>-=14 JwYI ;,~,:; .,...~,;.;... JJi Myles Mace r..û L..= *1947

' <I~J\.WI ~1 J ~1 ...:.>~ -2


J .,,L..z:>'Jt W'.:; .s;wt, ._,.i..;. ,; c,Çi ~J ...,..,..~ .... 'r~l ~ r-'"" c;..üt ..,..ll1J, ....W' ...,..,Jt..i ~,~'J'<$~' .y
:UJlAlt ;.;U: ..;!> J.>.i .y ..._u;J ,txxviii..,o...a.J! ~L!J.I -"_,hi Ji ...,....t.;J ,cj'JJlA.\1 ..?Y' ;_;-.; Jl ._j-41 u.r-- J':>\> .y ~~'JI
yL,.:JI i..u-L.... Y' j.ùü d.vl=l L. J5' oJ c::WI ~ ~;..û .JJ >!}YI ..s..U ~l, l..i!JI t7'JJ :u...:.JI U.t,l~ JS1..'-ll J>J ;l>::,'J~
.j-.JI <.Îy oJ ,\1...:.; .JlSJL.:...J ~ ~

:~~J \.WI ~ .........,... -1-2

: ..} LS ";.,;'JJt.<. ;.;u: _,j." ""'"' 2006 r~ .:; ;.,~J..u' J...l' w.:...J _,s:...;_,u <5".f-!-o ....;J .:; ";.,;'JJLW.J ~,. . ...;...,..; t
.JJ ,;.,,_;JI~~~-'!~~ ....,_..t,.\1 ;.,J;..;J j!_;-.i .;,)>y- .._,...<.Jt, U!J~ cjl.ÜI_J~..Li:li j!_;-.i J! j.Ji ;.,y) <._,Li.S r~ ~ cj'JJlA.\1 ~ ~

....U..ü ....j)IJI ...,..,JL. YI ..s;.J J"} .y 4.4 L.J L)..UI <,) ~IJ..o C;:'Y <,) ~).li! ..u-L..:.... ._çl~ <>)(.JI .;..); -=-~41-~ r-:'l' .l;., ........;; o.:.>yi
_Ixxvüi ~~ ;W Ja,.lv.;ll, ..a.dl dt J <.,;t..\i.'J~ y_,LJ~ ~~ ~U.Wl rlli.=.-1 ~

i;..û <.,-" c,ÇÎ ,\).~! J ~' J".Jll J! J,...._,.u ;.,j)~ 0,-"ll .,.u..u ._,k.; ._<JI Y;l>..:ll ti,;i c:" .y <,;'JJLW.l ....W' .;A
i>VJ L..,l.; ~ ~ J5' ..r.J .i)>Wt J ;.,IJJ-i~ i;>l,ll ;t;<~ i:!>J ~ ~J ~~ <,) ~~ <,6:..- 'J~ êrl' ~ >!}YI
;.,>_;JI -=..~.ill! i>\:iJ ~1 •'Î! <,) r-"W ..j,_. <,-:5J.1 <.,l.-J! ~~4).1 dt ..}JJ 'J"\J.I -.,LJ. J.o.:.!.<J u.r-- ..!.A C:'""" jr

<,....L.Î ~~~· ._jfiJ ~' ~~4).1 .y~ <,;'JJLWJ ~' .;i J! 2000 ...r;l.. <;,.:.! <,) <}.JJJYI ~' }-:.~ .<J.t,.t~ J.,lopl
lxxix..
o~..l,;o,.

:Jt..ll ~ 1 ...:.>l........j-o ..:.>~.J"'-- ~ J Jy-:11 -2-2


~L. ~ .,,~..J <.vt>.- J! ...:.J_,j. 'J...l' <.Îy <,) ..._;.,!;_,:11 J.>.i .y ~_,>- >'-"'! J! ~ <,..>,l.i:ll <.vl.J,i ...:..;l5" L.->..,

0).>- oJ ...;_,l;._,:ilc;~ ..:..l_,;,;Wlt_, ..:..l.,;,.,-Jic;~ ~_pl0).>-l,.vyÎ ~,j c;..iJI ...,__,:11 Y'J ,J...l! J"} JI>'~ ..:_.u>Ü y)lk 1:::'~

;J..UII.i.>J ,._.,Lill Jt.,>.YI ,l;., <,) )-1 J...ll <>U:J J"} JI>' ePY~ p_;J .JWI ,..,WI <....t.,... p.; <,A>-./ l.o::/ü L.J ..:..L,:.,-.::)1 0Î

J_,....:; .._s-o.il Ll~J ,<,J.WI ;,...._;~1 .y <.vl.J,i ~ lxxx..:..~_,<>...\~ ;~Y~ o.!.>\.>, YI ;1...!:....1 Jy- "-'.1-" J)>J ...,._.L. ;_,.....,:; -'!..Ll,i

.Ji-.'-11 tl>- J! J_,>> oUa,>_,.;~..<_,> J! ~t...;_,l;._,:ll....;J li:_,s" .y ;,....ld,.I ;,4--!J,


:~~J\.WI._,.....;JJ J c)Wi ~1 ...:.>l........y -3-2
JwYI O,b! ~L,JS" <,) ;,.,...~..Ut ~\u-à' c:" ~ y ..:..'JlAt tri~ JwYI ;,~" Jt.; ,:,i (1998) Authers ...,_.........
üi;>-1-'f-!.:..- ~~ J c;>L!-t.;_,.ill.y JJYI ..:..tr--JI ,:,ü ,JwYt .,,,! <,) jlp-'Jl.J} Y'~~ ..J_,.ilt .;lS"t;! ..,;i w.,i _,; J ,._,s::,.,..y,
l} ~y! 0t...Yt, ~ ~i r-"' J! J ,.............~, 0-ll-"_,u ..;l> J! t".Ji- J ..,_,')IJ,Jt ,t..;l J! ..._u; C::'-" J ,JwYt ;,~ Jt.; l} ;iu'V

.lxxxi~\ •.:. A....là.J.\

178
:~\'_,Li.LI ~.:/'~.Ji ~..ll~\0" ~,.-; .!l4>

'"'-'~ J ..:.>~ .!.>Ll..:-l, J4 L...,; ..:..')\,..Lodi J~>->! _,i ..,_Jhll _,;.; = .,_ ~1 ~ ;JJ..ill _, '-i_,}l, <J_,Li.LI _r--=;
.J.>.:f ~~ \'! ·~1 J ~\ :U*' .:/' u; _r--=; \.. J! '-l>- ,_,., U.J\.:.:;1 J t;.,..., .J,!_;; <) ._....,:)! ..,_,..Ji J-l J ,;...,_c,.

_lxxxii;,_,....;, :..JliiliJ..û c: ;t\f4 J\5::,\'1 ~ liJ..û ._...,.;; L...,; ~ <f~ rt..i


.;_.,5Ji ..:JI....... ji! ;_;b'j ~.J.r'>ll ~ .:.r li)>'j ~.J.r'>ll ..:-èMjl.l ....;.l:i ..:...,> <J_,LWJ ~b'jl ..:.>~~\
..:JIS'_rll ~ _r= Ji J_,..UI >l.,cil c.S)'--' ~ ..? LP."Ï_, 4Jli, .,..WI Q\.... ~JJ\ =,:! ..:...,> U..J,!_;; _, <l_,Li.LI y>i

..:J~I .JÎ l.S Jjlj.l .J ;p_.., .:..\'_,LU >...üj .:/'~LI"_,ill~_,:; J! ~,>._,!#!_, d"YL.,;\'1 ;JY ..:......r-Î l.S ,.,;,!....Ji

. ;~..:JI.......y <) ~,.S J--ll ,fr '-l>- J~Î >...üj ~ <) ..:...-"1.... ""'\...:,. \'!_, .,..WI

>\fi ,.l.o C: .}!..:, .JI ..,_Ji.J.Ji "-) ._;,.., ~\'_,Li.LI <.J"".J.x; \..1 •J-' ~ W.,.,. ~lyo U"J.J, J~'j\ ;_;b! <) ~\

J..-.U ;,4-:- ~ J_,..J-1 r J~'j, ;_;~>! <.J""r .:/' J>_..iJL; ,....,~>- J~i ..,~.; 1 .:/' .o..;; w- •LH. J.,!fll 4- ~
_Ixxxiü"'< L.ol>- ":)...s.~ >_,ill J.'Y- .JÎ .:f.<.~i .:.[, J..,S'l!J '-.,ill ~\'_,Li.LI <.J"".J.x; }y.~ _,ill c.s..U ....J;yS

= ~~~~ ~~ -4-2
.~1 <) .b!j.\'1 .:/' ._,l,.!.ll ~ <f~ J.'_;.S ;,4)1 ;.LiS' j!J'" J..u; ~\ ..,..,li.... 'ji ftiü ~ ~\'_,Li.LI ;.;\Z ~

.:/' \'J., ~~ W ;.;J" JG •Wi .:/' \'-1, J--ll <) ~WI ;_;,l,ll ~ ;_;J..ill JG ,;.,LJ! .:/' \'-1, e.J.,\'1 J! .,_~ >1}\'1 .:.i '<7" u.._,
JI'"'-'~\_, ..:JI......._;\1 ~ w.,i ~ •,}.l.<l.l <) ."j,..s." _,i "....J;y" J!.o J_rz:li_, ~~.:/' \'.>., ~_);.; <) ;,4)1 JG ,~1 ._.At (}.Y
.<L'V ~èMy U._v.>., .!.1.l:.ë .:.i 4.l! .Jr-"'J ~ .:._,t....,

,-.il' :os;ws ·~' .,...J'.l •J.,&_,:ll :y,w1 .!lJ; .:; U; .<,.U.J, ;~.,>- ""'~L... .;;.; ")'.l .,.."'..u' l:"u.~.;
~_, ""'~....-;,. \'1

.Ji LS ·~ J-l5:1_, ~!_, r'..U :..J.»...ll ..r>"J ._,l,.!.]l <Z jja< J_,... ul!J)'i_, .,..,=11 ...,_;1.,. J! ~\ .:.4 ~~\ <S""p.:..\1

~L; r"I..:.S" ~.rG ~_, r+-~,_, <,lkll ~ t.. J..>i,=II ~_,:; ~ liJJ..il .,~.....,;. ~ .:.! J>.?< l:"u.' .JJ. ~~ ;='=l'
.lxxxiv~\.)~-'

~t, ~ .:.! ~ ~-' )-1 ,L,.:;\'1 j1; <) ~ ~hl\ .:..~l,il-1 ~ ~ <,lkll ...,.~....., <f.UI J" P' U"J..ùt.; .!l].U_,
~~ .,_~..u' l:"u.' ,,...,1 r .:.i ~ J' a..,UL.\ J~'j' J~ .:; ;,v, ..;,.<.< J--i .:/' ~~ ~ </ •..u._, ,;....:~ ..:-t.._,r.- .:.r
lxxxv4-<,W

.J ù~ _, <pl;)! ..:-l..i.,.a)4 _, .J_,l.:ll ,Jt....;\'1 ..:-~4-o ,~\ '-i_,r .}"'< ,:,{ ;1.:... 'j1 ~ ~ ~\'_,L<ll <.J""..J.x; J--i.:/' ..;{ l.S
_,Î ;J.,..LJ,i .:..l.......jl.l .L!.;j <) :y_.;~ r"l.... ..û .J~ ,:,! _,{ ù~l <) J_,I..W' _,Î .:..1......._;1.1 <) ;_;t=. \'1 J~ <) .,_ <lW :os_;L>... _,i >.,_fi
<,t...:....\'1 ~ ;_;J..ill ••~)1 J~i J,Z ,J,L:li rlj~\'1 ~~w-.:._,....~.=, .....o,s'<,.U.JI ~ _, •.}.> .:/' ;,_,._,.. ..:-t......_;...:....., ;,~s.!

... :..JJJ-il J...-' , ....;.;_,J.I ..,_,.. JSl..!.ll j..- 'v"W,.i J--ll ,.t.,)l >~\'1 •..,..,s'.fl'J J:bdl ,:..,J,Wi _, .Yli:l!_,
;.;L;.)'l, U.ts:::\.1 ~\ ,J.~ <) VL... ,,_,;..,.._li '.;fli J 'JWI .:..l,..c..ill >....")\.. '"J' .J~ ,:,i ..,._...,; i:"W '-,-.d4 t..i
;~.:...'j1 ~ <S".f-!.- ..._., '-!J-tl' ""'~s.u Jo'~> ;_.,..LJ,., J~'j'-' ;.;..,..tl c~:;! c;.f ~ ,~\'1 ..,..;\.,. J! ·~ipll ') ..h-11 ..:-L..JWI J!

-~ ~ ~\ J .;_,.dl ..r~....i ~ >.,:,.- ~ ""*' ..,L..:S1 J-"( <,.U.li_,

.t.llh ù~ li~ ,:,Î .:f.<. Ji_, U: ~\ ;_;bj ~ J .d_,LU ~ _, .L!.;I .GÎ J_,Li.LI 4.--b; J> _, ~~..,..>. 4JS"
~ ,;'_;! ·~\'_,L<ll ~L;_;. ~ .:.fo- .JÎ ~ Ji .r"WI J r ~>~1 ~ ;....:WI }:dl .:..4.--_, <) ~ .!lu .JÎ .k._,l LS

.L:.;~ .,_ J~'jl J~ Jy-> ~4 '-A,WI ..:-I....~..UI ~/ U» <) ,._:.,\S'_r)i :.,5J. ,y i Ji>'_, J\5::,\'1 •yU\ ..:-IS'_r)l •.:..IS'.rJI ._,..,....[;

_Ixxxvi Wü :....1.;... '-i_,l..; _,i J.i.:.... ~ .!1]; .!.>-'> .,_ ,wt.; lS_r .y. } ,;_.,_c,. lS_r

179
~:Y-" ,_y 4.J! .Jy.-b; Ji .:.-t._,J.ll ._,.l.. ~J .:.-~4-\1 ..,_.5 ._,.l.. yi.,.:JI ~L.., ''-~\ J~)rl Ji.;; lJ ;.,;î'JW.I ~
"--_;..ll ,b)rl ~ ..,_;l>.- J! ;.,JIJI L~o <J j..a>l ~l=i ~Y'~\ 0' t_rll llo 0' J>f-11 .;( 1...5' ï ,.Jü ~:Y-" <J t-'_,:li Ji.;,..~-.
.lxxxvii~ 1

:._.l\oll ~\ ..:JI..-..y 0' 1!')\l.ll 4J_,!A.JI ~\.il _r..;) ~ ~~_,..; -5-2


C;,_JJ wJ ~\ j>-1> ;JJW.I ~ jl> <J r-"l.....:i .;i ~JI JWI ~\ .:.-L.......y J! LJ)lJW.I >~! '-+- .-'-'--' .;( .:f..._
: .}- 1...5' {j'il

180
;
, 1 1 \
' ' ......
1--------- J'::::--- .L.------.!---- J----'--..)- ------- :::;_------- 1

1
1
,'1
..,,"' 1
: _;~)Il J ~~ ë.;b! ,-.JJI.il.l _,i ë.;b! ,èJ_,JJI.il.lt.; ~JI ..::..lA.,all J -.JJI.il.l ..::..~.,...,.,..=:-
: • 0. ,~.,LA..JJ
1 1

----------------r--------------------~-----~-------1
/ 1 : \ \
------------------4----------------------~-----~-----------·
1

r:.w_,..l-"a} 1..\.)>.}~l>) J'J-"~A>} 1..\.)>.}~l>} t'"'f'~l>)

.,....u ""''"'
........ ~)
4,1.... un)'""'~'"' r"w r4!1 JU.~I ~UJJ>t:OW
~~~

"''-''li! r\,il'' ..,...1, ""ll,\.WJ


"'""J .:....J.... .}
lJJ\WI
<~'-"·P• lf)l,lU,..
"""'r'~'J ..:..~,IWI

1
l..l- ) ..UI )
i..J..>I
-
WJI
-
..::..LA:lll
-
- 1;,,,
,.--
1 1

-------~r~~~~~~~:~:~~~~:~~~~~:~:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:~~~-\-------

1
1
/ 1 lt
:J~~I 0.)4J J 4;'JJ\WI J~ J ~..1:;!1 .;:J~ ~
1 \
,
\

/ ~tsi) ~.fo-L.) ~l.....,) \


1
1
o...l;.JJ:.I J :..s..J.,l.l .;lS:>':/1 ...,_,(,...pi ...,_,)1.1, ~fo
\
,
,: ----- _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-;_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-----
1 1 \
~

1
/: " :JWI ~I.;:J\.-.oy <.S.f'-' j&- ~~_,5.; J ~ 4.:..P...,. .1-# '
:\
1 \
1 1 \
1 1 \
,' ~..)\.!.... ct.;! ~L<- J! ~t:.. ) t'~~ J! ~..y.1 .;tS:>i ~ \
1 \
1 \
1 \
•.:.èl.il.l . f r JI JSî..!-1.1 j> ,l.h....._,:l.G ë~l ..::..L....._;.JJ ..::..~l.!.::...l (--IZ ,
1

L-----------------------------------------------------
J :...-LJ,i :.JJ> ~ ," -.JJI..il.l <.ôlZ cr.f-J J~~l >\v iJ!~ J JL!,S1l} .JWI ~1-=..L.....y .;J> " 'J~I J..,>- ._..!1... :.;..t.al.l

.17 J' .2011/11/23-22-21 •Jif.-1 ,.,~ .;~ ..,.-4 :.,._~ ~\...:.,.\'~ <,;W)'I r,W~ yb~l <)S" •l.,i>'JLill

p .;; r"'< ~ ..!.-4 y .w.;! u../ J! J.i:d <,..,J.:ll ._y., <.>_,:..-.- .)s- ~ ~ i.;.,; .JÎ ;.,;>',Lill <.;Li!) ~
<$;lS::,l'i ~~ ".:,i ~ ,lxxxviii;.,~~~~ r,W' 'tL.:.,.>'I .-.J.. '~' .-.J.. ,...,w, r,W~ _.,....:)~ <,>'-'>>'1 r,W' j' .w..-i
..._ .r< Le '-".PI..:..l..,a.a;.:ll .Js- ...:._,.:~t....,_,; ..,.Ju.J.J Cil. <$.u' ~· ~ ~~ rU:.JI ~ ..,.Jh::, ;lS::,>'~ t'-'<)'l.}s- ;-lw1

181
éY-' J! 41;_,< .:f..._ i~ J! J_,..._,JI <) r+"' ~1 >l..,~l ,_,_,. t...,W l>-l;.. ..h-Y-J <}~~~ Ja..IJ ,~1 '-!l>-JJ •J-'~1

..,..WI .:.-~1 ~ <) ëi,JI _;.) ~ ~.1,il Jl5:J~i ...,._.; ~ ~L.; y.._,Jp:;J l.#. l.:..PL.- _,_,J.; yly U...r' <) r.J ,,lxxxix ~
.yW _;5'1 4 ..) ~ ._;..,.; ._oll '-',JI if~ j,.-- .:.1-~ ..c., Y,._,l~l J
::WI>'

.:..bl_c! if i_,:... <.,;!;,- ~ )i).-1 ~ l.iJ ,;.,.J.J-1 .:..l,o[..ci;IJ WLlll i_,.il~ ~ij-\11 j.iJ.I ~ i}::,il .:..'}!Jlill _,;..;

!1}-JI if >!)~1 Jy. ~ ..,...f. .!11:0 C: i!ily J ,;.;~1 >\..cil J1 <) li~W:-1 C!y; c.)..u[ .:.-ü_if-1 ..c., L. >\..cil .}.~ .:.-ü_if-1

.J--11 Ct,;! J! p.ll <.>.il ._;l;,yS j...JI if .:.-~1 ~ .._,..;L... J! \,,,.t,;'}/1 !1_,1-JI J! .j'~ ':JI

J ~UI (UI _,>y ~ ,._,; .JJJ_,k.:, c,f.lll ,:,t..)~ ,:,l5:11 ._,.,:~ ,:,_J[:. ,._,; .:._,.,.,...., <$.ill .k-_,11 ~ ë" o!)~l .:,! J~L, J
>_;li c: .lly .:.i .:f.... <.ol>- -=-~.1.&, .:r.r.-='1 ~Jlill i f ._y, ~ L.L.Î ~1 .;_,.lJ-1 >l..ci\11 J1 <) ;-+' >JJLi.\1 ;.;u: .;!>- ~ ~1
<.) <.ol>- ......, JWI ~1 J <,;':JJLill ~ .:..lS'_,LJI "-:»-y <) <.~ ......, ~1 JJ> p .:.1-Î ,..,._w1 i__,)-l, c,.o>y ~.J.; J::l.>- i f r:-'J

~~ <>J'-' ~ i_,rll ..;!> J! <PY- L. y J •-=-~1 ~ <) .rrL Ô J! 4-[,_,t Js- ~~L....J ~.YI Jl5:J~i ._,L....,oi >1~!
.>JJLi.\1 ;.;U: .rJJ ..... L.~I<.~.ill j!-1_~~ ë,.iJ.I.:..l,ot..ci;IJ Wi.lll i_,.i)l J!.é ;JJLi.\1.:,1 J~L,
...... lJ,i J c,fyi!ll ~1 <S)'--' ~ ~1 c-'ipll <) <.,;':JJLi.\1 ~ y,.,;lj-1 Jl>->j j>,-i i f _r.S'Î >_w; J.l, >JJ.ill ~ .!.lJjj
..;_,_.-.Y! W4 .~;...J,I ~ w1 '-'l!.:S1 J--i i f ._;l;,yS r'ri <...;,J J..l' -.h ,.,__~, ~lW' J..s:. .,r .....,; •._ç+i' Jfol' .?~;- J

J <,>t..ci\11 .:.-L.l,--)1 c: •!i~L, J.#' <>.il.' Js- :o.,;':!Jlill ~ "-l,- ct..>! ~ LS ,..,t;~., .dJLV ,t.:..;, i f ....,., L...,; H -J..l'
-~ <...L>- ~1 J! >\..ci':JI >_,A; <,;':JJLV <;Li: .r_j- i f .:f.-.:; ..$>- <.>_,5:)1 yLi!J~ ~~-:,.'}Il

.3<.1"' •2004•yl.).-ll:i.....4- ·~lr_,lc..,-i~L.>fo ,.__:,.JI,I>i..,SU._;J>J~I~I_;...')/1 :•~·~(l)


2
,_;lA U...y..ll J >_;;à.-11 u t -:,.JI..,; ~!Y...YI~~ u\Y-; 4;>~>'1 r_,l.ll..,; ~1.. •fi.>. :I$_,.:..J ~ ...-'1J.l.. < l
.75 '-"" •2005 ~1 ~J!~:i.....4-
wL._,l.-.ll.,r.yJiyo:;:,.JI .~1 J.i_,c _,.,.JJ 4;>~>'14;J\..ill ~ >1>1 ~u.-11..,; ~!Y.,. YI ~14;ll :'-'Y:..~_,; <3 )
.2009 ~ 22-20 •U:Ot.l)l ..:.~IJ 4;<-u.-ll
.36 '-"" •1991•J}1'1 ~~ '~1 ~1 _;1.>.\1 ·~1 J ~1 ..Ji! '*_;WI 6_;\.~•.:ill:~ ..,.-t.. ,..L. (4 )
.57'-"" •2005 ~1 ~1 •oy>WI .~1'-;y--oll_;l.>.ll .4;]~1>_;4-.:;ll J ._,l~l .>l.-:i>}'l..,-i ~1 wU.l..,}'l :~ ..,.-t.. ,..L. (S)
.12 '-"" • 2002 •.)}1'1 ~1 •,J.M;. ·~j~IJ __,.:.ill>y.-11 _;\><....,._;WI>_;4-;;ll :J--ll ~}6)
7
..,-i wi_;WI .1_;:. JI ,~1 .>#- .U...IJ!..., ._..:ill ..:.l_,ü.ll ~JI •'A '-.-WI ..:.::Ll...lll$1 '"'_;ü.ll •Jfll J_,.-4 ~~ ..:.tiliill ( )
-~l ..dS_;:;ll .üi_;:JI 'F' •l;l_,.ll J._.:.:;J ~~JI_,. )li <-~'J).J ..:.\S~ ~~ ..:..ü.Uili..!ILSJ -~ U...IJ! c.;WI
.2J8) David Hénaux: Les mouvements internationaux de capitaux (Comprendre les crises financières), educagri, 2009, p
&>Jean-Marie Grether , Jaime de Melo: Commerce international (Fhéories el applications), De Boeck, 1997, p 371.
support ~~ J.W ~~ JS,.:JI <.s-" ~~ ~_,; . ~~ :ü...J. _;y;.;..Y14;l.oe. ~ ~~ "wlfo"J "Jl-.J" ..Ji! ~_;ill (JO)
•1-»-'JI'<.s-" (eJ.>.!I wlfo) .;1 _».l LoS, EDI ..:.L._,l...ll..,-iJJiSl\11 J,4')1 Jt. <i>l.. .>#-} ,<!l.-JI Jt.: 1$>1.. ufo. .>.! (de paiement)
_.>.WI->.Jc Œi.)JI ~l.i:ill;F- &'..,.;JI eJ.>.ll ~J J.,w..I.U...J..I y)'l ~ _eJ.>.ll ~&.JI
(11)

.440 '-"" •1999 • ~1)1 ~1 •o.JAWI .~l.,r.yJI ~1 .4;JWI>_;b";'l : 1$~ ~IY.I fo. ( )
12

(l3) www.theirm.org/publications/ .. ./RMStandard_Arabic_Final.pdf


141
( octave jokung nguena : management des risques, ellipses,2008, p 71.
(15)
(16)

(17)

182
19
< l jean-paullemiere: op.cit, p 61.
(20) j.Paveau et autres : Exporter (pratique du commerce international), Edition Foucher, 19ème Edition 2005,
p364.
<21 )Samia Oulounis: gestion financière internationale, OPU. 2005 , p 25.
22
< )Jpaveau : op.cit , loc.
(2J)Samia oulouis: op,cit. loc.
<24JJ.paveau: op.cit, p364 .
<25 l Sarnia oulouis: op.cit, p 25.
(26) philippe d'arvisenet et jean pierre petit : économie internationale « la place des banque », dunod,1999, 391.
~ J1.... _, ..-!! ~~ :u...11 0- , _;i_,..ll J;_,..:;l""-J:i!l u..J1 ~_; .)c f i _;;e. \iYy11 .ili,Ji ûfo. ~ JJ_,..:;Ji ~ y.~ <!u...l (27)
'-;)_,JI
28
< ' Sébastien Benat : op.cit.
. ('-Jl_,o_;;e.~) l;l_,o~l <o!ll:i_;;e. ~\~\ u..Ji W."\i 1:0) (29)
2005, p 214. <xxx)Lasary: le commerce international à la portée de tous,
Didier Pierre Monod :moyens et techniques de paiement internationaux ,Edition ESKA, 2ème Edition,1999, (xxxi)
P65.
(xxxüJ J.paveou el autres : op.cit.p376.378

xxx;;; SOHEIL CHENNOUF : femmes entrepreneures, femmes au foyer et femmes salaries : le cas de l'Algérie,
cahier de recherche n°07-35-09 septembre 2007, p 10
htto ://www.gfusa.org •2007 lY'J.. 5 ._,-::l.all <!!Y;}\..,...,.,..;~\ ~..)..:..JI J,__,.., o.;.üli ~y,._ wi.\..-,.Y\ y...-. xxxiv
xxxv PHILIP BERAUD: Qui est. 1'entrepreneur? débat autour du spectre de la théorie économique, P5-8
xxm Op site, pl0-12
"""' Theory economies enterprises: theory de l'entrepreneur Schumpeter,
http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/revuescollections/problemeseconomique/theories/entrprises.html
xxxv;;; ALAIN FAYOLLE : Etrepreneuriat apprendre à entreprendre , ed. Dunod Paris 2004, P 62.
'"""48 ù<' •2000 ô_JAt:il\ ·~1 _,~W.,.YI.!._p.;llcr_,ill_?y~ ~_,'-i_);.l~U..~I _,;\_>Ji :ùi>Jjl.;.....
xl Jonathan H. Westover et order: An Exploration of social Entrepreneurship in the entrepreneurship Ero, Asia
social science vol.6,n.6, June2010, 4-5 .
xli TRACEY ANN POWERS : les obstacles et les solutions des femmes entrepreneures des régions ressourcés du

Québec, 2009, Université du Québec à trois rivières, p13 .


xhi Safi ah Abdrahmane Konuta : caractéristiques de l' entrepreneurship féminin au Mali, université du Québec

Chicoutimi ( UQAC), 1997, piS.


11lll Abdoulaye W ANE: le developpement de l'entrepreneuriat féminin au Senegal obstacles et essays de solution,

sous la direction D.Marième Ndoye, université CHEIKH ANTA DIOP DE DAKAR 200812009, p 125
xliv : Bahija Amrhar, L' entepreneurship féminin essai de conceptualisation, cahier de recherche 2001-04, Ecole

des hautes études commerciales (HEC), Montréal, p21 .

xlv Hassiba Gherbi, carastiques et déterminants de l'emploi informel féminin en Algérie , 2010, uni v paris est
créteil, p3
xl.; Guide d 'appui au développement de l'entrepreneuriat féminin au Maghreb, etude n"23, Association des

femmes chefs d'entreprises du Maroc, 2010, p8


.,.....-JI ..,.yi.JI r) ~'-lll .:.x;.w :~ ..s"' ""''
http://www.maghrebia.cornlcocoonlawi/xhtlml/ar/featureslawi/features/2005/J2123/feature-Ol
J......t 4.f'iJ' 2007 ~1 ~ üi.>.L...... Ù" 4.\...l.;ll ~1.>:.1 xlviii
LJ......t '--:'JJ •2013 ~14.;_;;.>.. ûi.>.L...... Ù" 4.\...l.;ll ~1.>:.1 xlix
1
F- Boneu et al, «le changement managérial »,édition liaison, Paris 1992, p 12.
u Ministère de l'Industrie, de la Petite et Moyenne Entreprise et de la Promotion de l'Investissement,
Direction Générale de la Veille Stratégique, des Etudes Economiques et des Statistiques, bulletin d'information
statistique de la PME N 21 , Algérie, octobre 2012, p06.
Iii Ministère de l'Industrie, de la Petite et Moyenne Entreprise et de la Promotion de l'Investissement,
Direction Générale de la Veille Stratégique, des Etudes Economiques et des Statistiques, bulletin d'information
statistique de la PME N 20, Algérie, mars 2012, p50.

183
J ,J.liJ ~yll ~1 ~'il W;.;.. •".-JWI ~ ~I..:..L;J...-...J '-'.;U.. :2009 rW ..,..WI ~1 _;.._,.li" ·•~ .,S..:.,.U...-.. lili
.8 (.)"' ,:ü\Zll
.72 '-"" •2007 •3.1. •l>'.;'il •eü,:;ll Jy:.;llô~l .;b ,"U.t.:.llô.>~\ ô.;b!" ·~~\S~liv
J4...ll r}i <.;u.., .;_,l;..;.. 0- ..,....WI ~~ _;4;;..1 .~ <s-'4- :O!.:i..'il .!l:lll.l ~ u- ..,....WI ~~ ..,_,... ~" ·~ ~ lv
•2011/05111-10 ·~1 J >~1 _;;;S.ll y .;&..JI~-~ l....L,. ,..:.,I..YiJI ttl.! ..,> U.t.:JI ô.l~l ô)>! :.)y _,i:â. •"..,>_,.....11
.1<.J"'
"" Gérard KOEN, «De Nouvelles Théorie pour Gérer l'entreprise du XXlè siècle)), Ed ECONOMICA,
France, 1999, p 32. ..
.41'-"" •2006 •l>'.;'il •t.h~l .;1> •" .);.o'JIJ~c,r.;liY..,I ~- ôj.!i.-li.:..I.:.Jy:..llô.;bJ" ·~1 <Joo>.C~ "''
1

..,>Loi •" ._;.:>..,..] ..)! ~ Jy ..,> ~~ ..,> .:..1~ [' "J_,l:i.." [' "~" 0- Entrepreneur ~ ~.;ali 4 .fol ..:..J!A.' _,;Jivüi
.Loi.W....I fo'il ....l'J\l.ll- JJI:i..ll .:..Wl......,..; yi fiJI
lJ'JI.>.oll ..,>;.,y)! ~1 J::;.;.. 0- ~)1 CJ)I j;W : ~y:..liJ .>.>.1_,11 ,_;_;ill..,> ô>l;)l'..;\Z _y.:." ,~I.J '-,l.Jolll J.-.ll Ul.. !ix
.21<.J"'' 2010 ·~.;a-11~1 ,..:.,J~-~.;a-11 J_,,l..,>~yll..,.-;l>"tl fo...i_,.\1 ~ •"~pl
.130 '-"" •2007 •l>'.;'il .y:.;JJJ;IJ.;I>•" ..:..~_,..:._,.J~J.:..l;~ : ~~I4W!I" ·~..J&ll.:... ... lx
'->-" ·~)>)'1 ~~.;ali W.WI .:..1.;_,.:.;.. ,• ~_,JI ~YI..)J W l.>llô_JÎ!I: ~'il ô.>\;.; " •ùl_.._j œ.ll\ .~~ lxi
.49 (.)"' •2007
lxii Alain Fayolle,« Introduction à l'entrepreneuriat )), Dunod, Paris, 2005 , p 10. ...
.50'-"" .,_y,;,..;;..~.>' •ùiJD ù:f.ll\ .~ ~ lxm
rW •"_,..;li..:..Lojl.....,_l_,. ..,> JJI:i..ll ~y--JI Uil_,..ll : ~1 <hy ..)! ô.l'i_,ll_<hy u-lJJLWI..,> _,..;llo)>!" ,~ .;~1 ~lxiv
'.;~1 ;_;Ji' e-- ~ ~ ~ l....4- .~1 J >l.>c)'l •.fol•
:Jl..,'il ~ >J.l>.J '-""_,; :.._,>'JLWI J...,. ~~ ;,.1_,11 ~~
.06 '-"" •2012 /04 / 19-18-17 •yi ft-Il- ô.fi...;; LJI+.!)I.._u...liJ
lxv Alain Fayolle, op.cit. p 12.

lxvü Alain Fayolle, op.cit. p 15.


J;,.ll.:..41J.>.. :.)_,\1 ,_.tl.)l •" U...y.ll J ô_#.-li wt...._:,..ll ~u; ~ .J-S .,.i;_,..ull J;,.llll" •.s~ ~~ 'I'+J ~ lxvüi
,_;lft-11-~ ..,Je .Ji 0! ~ l....L,. ,y;.,__,;l Jt,...:. .:..Y.,I.....:ill J W_,.JI ~ ul~l ·~.;ali J_,\1..,> U....y.ll J ôj.!i.-ll.:..t-:,.JI
.676 (.)"' •2006/Ù4/18-17
.._;>\;)1 ~ JJI:i..ll ,_).:. ..;Il-; w; ~\;)1 } ...J\='il i.>\,!.; ~ ~'iJI.WI ,_).:.~..;Il-; •
.47 ,_,.. ..y.:,..;;..~>'·~' <Joo>. c~ lxix
lxx Alain Fayolle, op.cit. p 18.
lxxi Http : www.ladocumentationfrancai se.fr/revues- collections/problèmes- économiques, p 1.
.109 '-"" '~ ~ .>' •ùiJ,tj œ.ll\ .~ ~ lxxü
.179 ,_,.. •2006 ,_;!fiJI ,yl:iS.ll ~yi fiJI •" U....y.ll J ô.;;&-JI u t -_:,.JI~ J ô)>J" •JI_p,. J#llxxili
lxxiv OLIVER Booba- OLGA, L'économie de l'entreprise, Ulustration Bruno, France, 2003, p147 .
.53 (.)"' ..fo ..;;.. ~.>' •ùiJ,tj œ.lll .~ ~ lxxv
. 1945 r~ ..,>•.>' JJ'i ~ ... .;.;i.JII:O. ..;1 (Vesper and Gartner 1997) .;~ •
:.,r..;a-11 ,_.tl.)l ,• ~.;ali i)>)'IJ i.;~l .:..\;li..,> Jl..,';li.;I>J .:..I.;_;L. ..,> y;WI ~1 :~'il>>\;.;~ ~ly" •ùiJ,tj ~ lxxvi
.06 ,_,.. •2003/03/ 13-11 ,~_,..JI ~.;ali~~~ ,yb. ·~.;all.:..t....WI..,> i.;~IJ i)>)'l.:..l;ll.blJJ.,W
.21 '-"" "fi:O ..;;.. ~.>' ,_,s..;._HII.j '-,l.Jolll J.-.ll Ul,. lxxvii
•"(..>--J ,~ U.J... ,...,..;_,:; •0>)'11) ~.;ali J~ILF-lli ..:..t...ly : ~.;ali J_,\1 ..,> i.>\,!)l ~1 • ,~]_, <J~I_;l:..ln-viii
.9 '-"" •20 10 <.1y1 '-'_,..... ' LB/20 1OIED/PU34 fo...i _,.11 y!ü ·4.;ll.l.;~l StratREAL .._,_;..J fo...i _,.\1 0!!.!!Y.:,. tJY:...
.28 (.)"' •011... ~..>" lxxix
.;y r;i'J JJ'il _,.ll._,ll ,_.tl.)l •"yl_?..ll ..,> ~~ '-'-"' .:..L;ll.:i. e-- ..,.....~ ~ '-WI ~WI y__,J.:; ..)! ~WI" ·~..t rJi.. lxxx
•2010/05/20-19 ~Ji·~.;~ t).._j l....L,. .~1 4W!I .:..L...l.l.; '-;SI_,.J ~~ '-'-"" d.;lJ.W ~YI..,> 01ft-lll....4-\1
.343 (..)">
.01 (..)"> . .y.:,..;;..~_;.. •ùiJ,Ü~ lxxxi
~1 r_,lc. ..,> ~Lo >fi:>,. •"~_,J.lll ~1 ..)J ._,...JJI : U...._,:;..JI J >_#-li wt...._;..ll._;.>\-:il'il _,..;li" , ~ .;~1 ~ lxxxü
.225 '-"" •2010-- 2009 •.YIfiJI •J···L~ fo. .,r.ll....4-! ~~ r_,l.liJ ~~J ~l'l r...WI 4;lS ,_...JL= 'iii.;!>!-~
.38 '-"" •2005 •l>'.;'il .y:.;JJ J;IJ .;Ll ,• -;.,y)!~~-;.;;&-JI ...JL= 'il i.;I>J " •..,lo..t'..>i üal Jt..... lxxxiü
.29-28 (.)"',._y,;,..;;..~.>' •.,S..:.JJII.J ~ J.-.l\ Ul,. lxxxiv
ô.>l..i:i.....lllJ'J.;,\1 :J\..<:.'il <..J4-.. ..,> i.>\,!)I..:..IJ->4- J.:.i; i;,L,l :yl_;.. •"J\..<:. 'il <..J4-.. ..,> i.>\;)1 ~ J..l 0- ~l" 'I#.JI.Jolt ri..>. lxxxv
.01 '-"" •2006/11/05 '..>-" - iJ"WI ,..._WI ;,.l~I.:..~Jfoll .fiy ,;_,.l~l YJ~I 0-
.08 (..)">,.y.:,..;;..~.>' •ùiJ,Ü~ lxxxvi
.04 ,_,..,._y,;,..;;.. ~Y r~..o. lxxxvü '"'"'.>lt
:.)y ..,i:â. ,•lJfo..JI UZ lJ'Ji'J ~'il >IJJ ,y..fo J ~1 ..,> .)WI ~1 .:..t......:,.J ~1 .;_,li" , ~ ~1 ~ lxxxviü
.18 '-"" •2011/11/23-22-21 ,_;lft-11 ·~ .;~:,;,.... ..,.,.\; l....4-! :<;c.W,..YIJ ~)'\ f_,J.JIJ ._,b"}I4;)S ·~YJI:i..ll J l....WI
.343 '-"" ..y;,"""' t"'Y ·~..t r..a.. lxxxix

184

You might also like