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ANSI/ISA–75.05.01–2000 (R2005)
ISA–The Instrumentation,
Systems, and
Automation Society
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ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-2000 (R2005)
Control Valve Terminology
ISBN: 1-55617-741-0
Copyright © 2005 by ISA — The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society. All rights reserved.
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ISA
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Preface
This preface, as well as all footnotes and annexes, is included for information purposes and is not part of
ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-2000 (R2005).
This document has been prepared as part of the service of ISA⎯The Instrumentation, Systems, and
Automation Society⎯toward a goal of uniformity in the field of instrumentation. To be of real value, this
document should not be static but should be subject to periodic review. Toward this end, the Society
welcomes all comments and criticisms and asks that they be addressed to the Secretary, Standards and
Practices Board; ISA; 67 Alexander Drive; P. O. Box 12277; Research Triangle Park, NC 27709;
Telephone (919) 549-8411; Fax (919) 549-8288; E-mail: standards@isa.org.
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The following people served as members of ISA Subcommittee SP75.05 and approved
ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-2000:
NAME COMPANY
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The following people served as members of ISA Committee SP75 and approved
ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-2000:
NAME COMPANY
The following ISA Standards and Practices Board members approved ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-2000 for
publication on 30 December 2000.
NAME COMPANY
The following people served as members of ISA Subcommittee SP75.05 and reaffirmed
ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-2000 (R2005):
NAME COMPANY
The following people served as members of ISA Committee SP75 and reaffirmed
ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-2000 (R2005):
NAME COMPANY
ANSI/ISA-75.05.01-2000 (R2005) was reaffirmed by the following ISA Standards and Practices Board on
7 February 2005.
NAME COMPANY
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Contents
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................. 11
2 Purpose .............................................................................................................................................. 11
3 Definitions........................................................................................................................................... 11
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1 Scope
This document contains terminology for control valves.
2 Purpose
To provide a glossary of definitions commonly used in the control valve industry.
3 Definitions
3.1 accuracy:
the degree of conformity of an indicated value to a recognized accepted standard value or ideal value.
3.2 accessories:
devices usually attached to the actuator for various control functions such as positioners, relays, solenoid
valves, airsets, handwheels, and limit switches.
3.3 actuator:
a pneumatic, hydraulic, or electrically powered device that supplies force and motion to position a valve’s
closure member at or between the open or closed position.
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3.10 ball:
a spherically shaped closure member.
3.14 body:
the main pressure boundary of the valve that also provides the pipe connecting ends and the fluid flow
passageway, and supports the valve trim.
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3.16 bonnet:
the portion of the valve that contains the packing box and stem seal and may guide the stem. It provides
the principal opening to the body cavity for assembly of internal parts or it may be an integral part of the
valve body. It may also provide for the attachment of the actuator to the valve body. Typical bonnets are
bolted, threaded, welded, pressure-sealed, or integral with the body.
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a means of fastening the bonnet to the body. It may consist of studs with nuts for a flanged bonnet joint,
studs threaded into the bonnet neck of the body, or bolts through the bonnet flange.
3.21 boss:
a localized projection on a valve or actuator surface provided for various purposes, such as drain
connections, auxiliary connections, yoke connection, or other attachments.
3.24 bushing:
a device that supports and/or guides moving parts such as valve stems or shafts.
3.28 capacity:
the rate of flow through a valve usually stated in terms of CV or KV.
3.29 cavitation:
a two-stage phenomenon of liquid flow. The first stage is the formation of vapor bubbles within the liquid
system due to static pressure of fluid falling below the fluid vapor pressure; the second stage is the
collapse or implosion of these cavities back into an all-liquid state as the fluid decelerates and static
pressure is recovered.
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3.33 class:
a convenient round number used to designate allowable pressure/temperature ratings for valves and pipe
fittings using arbitrary class numbers from tables developed by ASME and ISO for a variety of materials.
3.36.1 characterized:
closure member with contoured surface, such as the "vee plug," to provide desired flow characteristics.
3.36.2 cylindrical:
a cylindrical closure member with a flow passage through it (or a partial cylinder).
3.36.5 linear:
a closure member that moves in a line perpendicular to the seating plane.
3.36.6 rotary:
a closure member that is rotated into or away from a seat to modulate flow.
3.36.7 tapered:
closure member is tapered and may be lifted from seating surface before rotating to close or open.
3.38 compressor:
the device, in a weir-type or sleeve (pinch) valve, that the valve stem forces against the backside of the
diaphragm or sleeve to cause the diaphragm or sleeve to move and seal against the internal flow
passageway of the valve body.
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3.44 CWP:
see “cold working pressure.”
3.45 dashpot:
a less preferred term. See "snubber."
3.51 disk:
a circular shaped closure member used to modify the flow rate with either linear or rotary motion.
body.
3.54 drift:
an undesired change in the output/input relationship over a period of time.
3.59.1 flanged:
valve end connections incorporating flanges that mate with corresponding flanges on the piping.
3.59.3 threaded:
valve end connections incorporating threads, either male or female.
3.59.4 welded:
valve end connections that have been prepared for welding to the line pipe or other fittings. May be butt
weld (BWE), or socket weld (SWE).
3.61 environment:
ambient conditions (including temperature, pressure, humidity, radioactivity, and corrosiveness of the
atmosphere) surrounding the valve and actuator. Also, the mechanical and seismic vibration transmitted
through the piping or heat radiated toward the actuator from the valve body.
3.66.1 fail-closed:
a condition wherein the valve closure member moves to a closed position when the actuating energy
source fails.
3.66.2 fail-in-place:
a condition wherein the valve closure member stays in its last position when the actuating energy source
fails.
3.66.3 fail-open:
a condition wherein the valve closure member moves to an open position when the actuating energy
source fails.
3.66.4 fail-safe:
a characteristic of a particular valve and its actuator that upon loss of actuating energy supply will cause
a valve closure member to be fully closed, fully open, or remain in the last position, whichever position is
defined as necessary to protect the process. Fail-safe action may involve the use of auxiliary controls
connected to the actuator.
3.73 handwheel:
a mechanical manual override device, using a rotary wheel, to stroke a valve or to limit its travel.
3.76 hysteresis:
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the maximum difference in output value for any single input value during a calibration cycle, excluding
errors due to dead band. This difference is sometimes called hysteretic error. See ANSI/ISA-51.1-1979
(R1993), Process Instrumentation Terminology.
3.84 lapping:
a process of mating contact surfaces by grinding and/or polishing.
3.87 lift:
a nonstandard term. See "travel."
3.89 linearity:
the closeness to which a curve relating to two variables approximates a straight line.
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3.91 liquid pressure recovery factor (FL):
the square root of the ratio of the actual pressure differential across the valve to the pressure differential
to the vena contracta under nonvaporizing conditions without attached fittings. It is used to predict choked
flow of liquids. See ANSI/ISA-75.01.01-2002 (IEC 60534-2-1 Mod), Flow Equations for Sizing Control
Valves, and ANSI/ISA-75.02-1996, Control Valve Capacity Test Procedures.
3.97 modulation:
the action of a control valve to regulate fluid flow by varying the position of the closure member.
3.100 nameplate:
a plate attached to a control valve bearing the name of the manufacturer and a listing of valve
specifications.
a numerical designation relating to pressure that is a convenient round number for reference purposes.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) uses the term "nominal pressure" the same way
that ANSI uses the term "class" in identifying piping component pressure rating. ISO uses the initials PN
as an abbreviation for the term with the letters PN followed by a numerical value designating pressure
rating. All equipment of the same nominal diameter and nominal pressure rating shall have the same
mating dimensions appropriate to the type of end connections.
3.106 packing:
a sealing system consisting of deformable material contained in a packing box that usually has an
adjustable compression means to obtain or maintain an effective seal.
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3.117 plug:
a term frequently used to refer to the closure member.
3.120 port:
(1) the flow control orifice of a control valve, and (2) the opening of a valve's inlet or outlet passageways.
3.122 positioner:
a position controller that is mechanically connected to a moving part of a final control element or its
actuator, and automatically adjusts its output to the actuator in order to maintain a desired position of the
closure member in proportion to the input signal.
3.127 precision:
a nonstandard term. See "repeatability."
3.129 rangeability:
the ratio of the largest flow coefficient (Cv or Kv) to the smallest controllable flow coefficient (Cv or Kv)
within which the deviation from the specified flow characteristic does not exceed the stated limits.
3.134 repeatability:
the closeness of agreement among a number of consecutive measurements of the output for the same
value of input under the same operating conditions, approaching from the same direction, for full range
traverses. It does not include hysteresis.
3.135 reproducibility:
the closeness of agreement among repeated measurements of the output for the same value of input
made under the same operating conditions over a period of time, approaching from both directions. It
includes hysteresis, dead band, drift, and repeatability.
3.136 resolution:
the least interval between two adjacent discrete details that can be distinguished one from the other.
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3.145 sensitivity:
the ratio of the change in output magnitude to the change of the input that causes it, after steady-state
has been reached.
3.146 shaft:
the mechanical member used to support and move a rotary closure member.
3.150 snubber:
a device that is used to damp the motion of the valve stem.
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3.160 stem seals:
see "bellows stem seal" and "packing."
3.161 stroke:
a nonstandard term, see "travel."
3.166 topworks:
a nonstandard term for "actuator."
3.167 transducer:
a device that is actuated by power from one system and transmits power in another form to a second
system, such as a pressure transducer that sends a signal proportional to the measured pressure.
3.168 travel:
the movement of the closure member from the closed position to an intermediate or rated full open
position.
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3.172 trim:
the internal components of a valve that modulate the flow of the controlled fluid.
3.173 trunnion:
shaft extension(s) on a rotary closure member used to locate and support it with bearings within the valve
body.
3.174 turndown:
see "rangeability."
3.177 valve:
a device used for the control of fluid flow, consisting of a fluid retaining assembly, one or more ports
between end openings, and a movable closure member that opens, restricts, or closes the port(s).
3.181 yoke:
the structure that rigidly connects the actuator power unit to the valve.
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ISBN: 1-55617-741-0