Histogram(組織圖), Frequency

Polygon(頻數多邊形) and
Let’s have a Math Chat

Frequency Curve (頻數曲線)

Frequency Distribution Table (頻數分佈表) for Continuous
Data

Histogram

Frequency Polygon and Frequency Curve

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Frequency Distribution Table for Continuous Data

How do we
organize(組織) the
continuous data?

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Frequency Distribution Table for Continuous Data

We can group (分組) continuous data into

classes and construct a frequency
distribution table (頻數分佈表) to organize
the data.

Some useful information should be included

in the frequency distribution table.
Let’s discuss some of the terms.

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Frequency Distribution Table for Continuous Data
Term Explanation

(1) Class interval 組區間 The range 範圍 of each class.

(2) Class limits組限 The end values 兩個末端的值 of each class

interval, including lower class limit下組限
and upper class limit上組限.
(3) Class mark 組中點 The mid-value 中 間 的 值 of each class
interval.

(4) Lower class boundary The lowest value 最小值of a class interval.
下組界 It is the mid-value of the lower class limit
and the upper class limit of the previous class.

(5) Upper class boundary The highest value 最大值 of a class interval.
上組界 It is the mid-value of the upper class limit
and the lower class limit of the next class.

The difference差 between the upper and the

(6) Class width 組距 lower class boundaries of a class interval. 4
Histogram

What is a histogram
組織圖?

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Histogram
A histogram is a graphical representation 圖像方式
表示 of continuous data. If all the class widths are
equal 組距相等, then the frequency 頻數of each
class interval is represented by the height 高度of the
corresponding bar 對應長方形棒條.

Here are the steps for drawing a histogram.

Step 1 Construct a suitable frequency distribution table.

Step 2 Properly label the horizontal and the vertical axes

on a graph paper, then set their scales.

Step 3 Draw 繪畫 the bars of the corresponding classes

with heights高 equal to 等於 the frequencies頻數.

Step 4 Give a title 標題 to the histogram.

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Histogram

Example 1

The heights (in m) of a class of students are listed below.

1.62 1.70 1.73 1.66 1.40
1.47 1.60 1.79 1.71 1.41
1.67 1.56 1.53 1.54 1.73
1.78 1.50 1.62 1.76 1.64
(a) Construct a frequency distribution table for the above data.
Use 1.40 m – 1.49 m as the first class interval, 1.50 m – 1.59 m
as the second class interval and so on.
(b) Draw a histogram to present the frequency distribution.

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Histogram

Example 1
The heights (in m) of a class of students are listed below.
1.62 1.70 1.73 1.66 1.40
1.47 1.60 1.79 1.71 1.41
1.67 1.56 1.53 1.54 1.73
1.78 1.50 1.62 1.76 1.64

Class Class
(a) Height (m) Tally Frequency
boundaries (m) mark (m)
1.40 – 1.49 1.395 – 1.495 1.445 3
1.50 – 1.59 1.495 – 1.595 1.545 4

1.60 – 1.69 1.595 – 1.695 1.645 6

1.70 – 1.79 1.695 – 1.795 1.745 7

Total 20
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Histogram

Example 1

(b) Heights of a class of students

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Frequency

0
1.445 1.545 1.645 1.745

Height (m)
Label the class marks 組中點on the horizontal
axis.
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Frequency Polygon and Frequency Curve

What are frequency polygon

頻數多邊形
and frequency curve
頻數曲線?

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Frequency Polygon and Frequency Curve

A frequency polygon 頻 數 多 邊 形 is also a

graphical representation 圖 像 方 式 表 示 of
continuous data. It is constructed as joining the
points 連接相鄰的點 with line segments 線段.

Here are the steps for drawing a frequency polygon.

Step 1 Construct a suitable frequency distribution table

where the frequencies of the first and the last class
marks are 0 第一個組中點和最後一個組中點的頻數
為零.
Step 2 Properly label the horizontal and the vertical axes
on a graph paper, then set their scales.
Step 3 Plot frequencies against class marks標出頻數對組
中點的點. Join the adjacent points with line
segments 把相鄰的點用線段連接.
Step 4 Give a title to the frequency polygon. 11
Frequency Polygon and Frequency Curve

Let’s discuss the data in Example 1 again.

For drawing a frequency polygon or a frequency
curve, two additional class marks with frequencies
zero must be added to the original leftmost and
rightmost class marks.

Height (m) Class mark (m) Frequency

1.30 – 1.39 1.345 0
1.40 – 1.49 1.445 3
1.50 – 1.59 1.545 4
1.60 – 1.69 1.645 6
1.70 – 1.79 1.745 7
1.80 – 1.89 1.845 0
Total 20
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Frequency Polygon and Frequency Curve

Plot the points (class mark, frequency) of each class

interval on the graph.
Then join the adjacent points with line segments and we
obtain a frequency polygon.

Heights of a class of students

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Frequency

0
1.345 1.445 1.545 1.645 1.745 1.845

Height (m)
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Frequency Polygon and Frequency Curve

By smoothing 平滑 the frequency polygon, we

obtain a frequency curve 頻數曲線.

Heights of a class of students

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Note:
A frequency curve may not 不一定
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pass through 通過 all vertices 所有頂
Frequency

4 點 of its corresponding frequency

3 polygon.
2

0
1.345 1.445 1.545 1.645 1.745 1.845

Height (m)
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Frequency Polygon and Frequency Curve

Example 2
The data below show the weights of gold nuggets (measured in g)
collected by a gold miner on a certain day:
0.53 0.46 0.52 0.56 0.51 0.41 0.52
0.55 0.48 0.50 0.55 0.55 0.57 0.50
0.47 0.55 0.51 0.50 0.42 0.49 0.46
0.43 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.55 0.47 0.41
(a) Construct a frequency distribution table for the above data.
Use 0.41 g – 0.45 g as the first class interval, 0.46 g – 0.50 g
as the second class interval and so on.
(b) Draw a frequency polygon to present the frequency
distribution.
(c) Draw a frequency curve to present the frequency
distribution.
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Frequency Polygon and Frequency Curve
Example 2
The data below show the weights of gold nuggets (measured in g)
collected by a gold miner on a certain day:
0.53 0.46 0.52 0.56 0.51 0.41 0.52
0.55 0.48 0.50 0.55 0.55 0.57 0.50
0.47 0.55 0.51 0.50 0.42 0.49 0.46
0.43 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.55 0.47 0.41
Class Class
(a) Weight (g) Tally Frequency
boundaries (g) mark (g)
0.41 – 0.45 0.405 – 0.455 0.43 4

0.46 – 0.50 0.455 – 0.505 0.48 10

0.51 – 0.55 0.505 – 0.555 0.53 12

0.56 – 0.60 0.555 – 0.605 0.58 2
Total 28 16
Frequency Polygon and Frequency Curve

Example 2

(b)
Weights of gold nuggets
(c)
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Frequency

10

0
0.38 0.43 0.48 0.53 0.58 0.63

Weight (g)

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