Vocabulary

1. Agrarian
● Relating to the land, especially the use of land for farming

Ex: This is prime agrarian land

● An agrarian place or country makes its money from faring rather than industry

Ex: This part of the country is mainly agrarian.

2. Poetic License
● The act by a writer of poet of changing facts or rules to make a story or poem more
interesting or effective

Ex: She used a fair amount of poetic license when describing her life in rural France.

3. Munch
● (n)food

Ex: Shall we get some munch, then?

● (v) to eat something, especially noisily

Ex: He was munching on an apple.

: We watched her munch her way through two packets of peanuts.

4. Titbit (US-tidbit)
● (n) a small piece of interesting information, or a small dish of pleasant-tasting food

Ex.: Our guide gave us some interesting titbit about the history of the castle.

: The magazine is full of juicy titbits (=small pieces of interesting information, especially about
other people’s private lives)

: Grandma always has a few titbits for the children if they’re visiting at lunchtime.

5. Cornerstone
● (n) something of great importance that everything else depends on

Ex: In most countries, the family unit is still the cornerstone of society.

● A stone in a corner of a building, especially one with the date when the building was made
or other writing on it.
 6. Middle-of-the-road
● Used to describe a person, organization, opinion, or type of entertainment that is not
extreme and is acceptable to or liked by most people.

Ex: middle-of-the-road pop music

: They adopted a sensible, middle-of-the-road policy on defence spending.

7. Outperform
● To do well in a particular job or activity compared to others of a similar type

Ex: The Peugeot engine has consistently outperformed its rivals this season.

8. Sport
● (v) to wear or be decorated with something

Ex: Back in the 1960s he sported platform heels and hair down past his shoulders

: The front of the car sported a German flag.

9. Satellite
● (satellite state) A country controlled by or depending on a more powerful country

10. Client State

● A country that gets support and protection from another larger and more powerful country

11. Quiescent
● (adj) temporarily quiet and not active

Ex: The political situation was now relatively quiescent.

12. Dip
(v)
● To put something into a liquid for a short time

Ex: Dip the fish in the batter, then drop it into the hot oil.

She dipped her toe into the pool to see how cold it was.

● To put sheep for a short time into a container of liquid containing chemicals that kill harmful
insects on the sheep’s bodies.
● To go down to a lower level

Ex: As you turn the corner, the road dips suddenly.

: The sun dipped below the horizon.

 : House prices dipped in the first three months of the year

● To make the beam from the lights at the front of a vehicle point down

Ex: You’ll dazzle oncoming drivers if you don’t dip your headlights.

(n)

● A cold, thick sauce that you eat by dippng pieces of uncooked vegetable or biscuits, etc. into
it
● A quick swim
● A special liquid used for cleaning, etc.

Ex: a silver dip

: sheep dip

● A part of something that is at a lower level or a movement to a lower level

Ex: a dip in the road

: a sudden dip in temperature

● A short time spent considering a subject

Ex: we begin our d:ip into local history by examining the town’s origins.

13. Dip a/your toe in (the water)

● To start very carefully to do or become involved in something that you are not experienced
at

14. Forth
● (adv) (from a place) out or away, or (from a point in time) forward

Ex: They set forth on their travels in early June

: From that day forth he never drank again

15. Havoc
● (n) confusion and lack of order, especially causing damage or trouble

Ex: The storm wreaked (=caused) havoc in the garden, uprooting trees and blowing a fence down.

: The delay played (=caused) havoc with their travel arrangements.

16. Wreak
● To cause something to happen in a violent and often uncontrolled way
Ex: The recent storms have wreaked havoc on crops.

: She was determined to wreak revenge/ vengeance on both him and his family.

17. Cross over

(v)
● To change from one activity or style to another

Ex: Charles crossed over from blues to gospel.

● To become popular with a new group of people

Ex: Bhangra music has crossed over and become huge in America

● To start to affect a new group of people, animals, or things

Ex: Scientists will try to determine whether the virus has crossed over to any other species.

18. Definitive
(adj)
● Not able to be changed or improved

Ex: There are no definitive answers/ solutions to this problem.

The police have no definitive proof of her guilt.

● Considered to be the best of its type

Ex: He’s written the definitive guide to Thailand.

19. Stage
● (v)
● To arrange and perform a play or show

Ex: The local drama group is staging a production of the musical “Grease”

● To organize an event

Ex: London staged the Olympic Games in 2012.

20. Cinderella
● (n)
● A girl in a traditional story who was badly treated by her sisters but who met and married a
prince
● Someone or something that is given little attention or care, especially less than they deserve

Ex: Mental health has long been considered the Cinderella of the health service.

● Someone or something, especially a sports team, that achieves success when people think
they are very unlikely to
Ex: The Colts, with their “poor” defense, may prove to be the Cinderella team of the playoffs.

21. Playoff
● (n) an extra game in a competition played between teams or competitors who have both got
the same number of points, in order to decide who wins the competition.

22. Knick-knack
● A small, decorative object, especially in a house

Ex: The shelves were covered with ornaments and useless knick-knacks.

23. Wedge
(n)
● A piece of metal, wood, rubber, etc. with a pointed edge at one end and a wide edge at the
other, either pushed between two objects to keep them still or forced into something to
break pieces off it
● A piece of something, especially food, in the shape of a triangle.

24. Flip
● (v)
● If you flip something, you turn it over quickly one or more times, and if something flips, it
turns over quickly one or more times, and if something flips, it turns over quickly.

Ex: I flipped the book (over) to look at the back cover.

: I lost my place in my book when the pages flipped over in the wind.

: You turn the machine on by flipping (=operating) the switch on the side.

: The captains flipped a coin into the air (=made it turn over in the air to see which side it landed

on) to decide which side would bat first.

● To cook something by turning it over several times over heat

● To buy a house, improve it a little, then sell it quickly for more money.

25. Recede
● (v) to move further away into the distance, or to become less clear or less bright.

Ex: As the boat picked up speed, the coastline receded into the distance until finally it became

invisible.

: The painful memories gradually receded in her mind.

26. Plank
 ● (n)
● A long, narrow, flat piece of wood or similar material, of the type used for making floors

Ex: oak/concrete planks

: a plank of wood

: We used a plank to cross the ditch.

● An important principle on which the activities of a group, especially a political group, are
based

Ex: Educational reform was one of the main planks of their election campaign.

: The party’s policy is based on five central planks.

27. Pierce
● To go into or through something, making a hole in it using a sharp point

Ex: The needle pierces the fabric four times a second.

: I couldn’t wear these earrings because my ears aren’t pierced.

: The gun fires a shell capable of piercing the armour of an enemy tank.

: The hole they drilled pierces six kilometres into the Earth’s crust.

● (of a light, sound, etc.) to suddenly be seen or heard, despite darkness, noise, etc.

Ex: A few rays of sunlight pierced the smoke

28. Unorthodox
● Different from what is usual or expected in behaviour, ideas, methods, etc.

Ex: Steiner was recognized as an original if unorthodox thinker.

29. Backtrack
● (v)
● To go back along a path that you have just followed

Ex: We went the wrong way and had to backtrack till we got to the right turning.

● To say that you did not mena something you said earlier or say that you have changed your
opinion

Ex: “All right,” he backtracked, “It’s possible that I was mistaken.”

: The officers were forced backtrack on their statement

: She refused to backtrack from her criticisms of the proposal.

30. Tangible
● Real and not imaginary; able to be shown, touched, or experienced
Ex: We need tangible evidence if we’re going to take legal action.

: Other tangible benefits include an increase in salary and shorter working hours.

31. Ail
● To cause difficulty and problems for someone or something

Ex: The government seems to have no understanding of what ails the country.

● To be ill, or to cause to be ill

Ex: She had been ailing for years before she died.

32. Trajectory
● The curved path that an oject follows after it has been thrown or shot into the air

Ex: the trajectory of a bullet/ missile

33. Tumble

(v)

● To fall quickly and without control

Ex: I lost my footing and tumbled down the stairs.

: At any moment the whole building could tumble down

: He lost his balance and tumbled over

● To fall a lot in value in a short time

Ex: Share prices tumbled yesterday

● To move in an uncontrolled way, as if falling or likely to fall

Ex: An excited group of children tumbled out of school/ the bus

● (n) a sudden fall

Ex: She had a nasty tumble on her way to work and grazed her arm.

34. Tumble to sth

● (phrasal verb) to suddenly understand something

Ex: I think he’s tumbled to our plan.

35. Graze
● To break the surface of the skin by rubbing against something rough
Ex: He fell down and grazed his knee

: He was lucky, the bullet just grazed his leg

● If an object grazes something, it touches its surface lightly when it passes it

Ex: The aircraft’s landing gear grazed the treetops as it landed.

36. Busted
● Broken

Ex: here’s how to get help with a busted phone

37. Darn
● To repair a hole or a piece of clothing with long stitches across the hole and other stitches
across them

Ex: She still darns the hole in her socks.

38. Fare
● To succeed or be treated in the stated way

Ex: How did you fare in your exams?

: Low-paid workers will fare badly/well under this government.

39. Fraught
● (adj) fraught with-full of unpleasant hings such as problems or dangers

Ex: The negotiations have been fraught with difficulties/ problems right from the start.

: From beginning to end, the airlift was fraught with risks.

● Causing or having extreme worry or anxiety

Ex: This is one of the most fraught weekends of the year for the security forces.

: The atmosphere in the office is rather fraught.

40. Leeway
● Freedom to act within particular limits

Ex: Local councils will be given some leeway as to how they implement the legislation.

● An amount or period of time that has been lost or wasted

Ex: There is a lot of leeway to make up after the holiday period.

41. Lookback period

 ● The timeframe used to determine whether a company is paying employment taxes on the
correct depositing schedule. The lookback period begins on July 1 and ends on June 30 of the
following year. Based on the total amount of taxes paid during this time period, a company
is to determine whether it should pay taxes on semiweekly or monthy basis.

42. Inter-
● Between or among

Ex: international

: an interdepartmental meeting

43. Intra-
● Within

Ex: an intranet

44. Hover
● To stay up in the air but without moving anywhere

Ex: a helicopter hovered overhead.

● If you hover, you stand and wait near someone or something

Ex: a waiter hovered at the table ready to take our order.

45. Sliver
● A thin piece of something that has come off a larger piece

Ex: slivers of glass

46. Gerontology
● The study of old age and of the problems and diseases of old people

47. Blip
● A small, temporary, and usually negative change from what usually happens

Ex: The rise in unemployment may just be a blip

● A small spot of light on an electronic screen, sometimes with a short, high sound

48. Apathy
● When someone is not interested in anything or willing to change things

49. The firmament

● The sky
Ex: She is one of the rising stars in the political firmament.

50. Averse
Not be averse to sth
● To be happy or willing to do or have something

Ex: She’s not averse to the occasional glass of champagne.

Be averse to sth
● To strongly dislike something

51. Celibate
● (adj) someone who is celibate does not have sex.

52. Celibacy
● (n) when you do not have sex

53. Admixture
● Something that is added to something else

Ex: Platinum combines with phosphorus and arsenic and is seldom found without an admixture of
related metals.

54. Mince

55. Appraisal

● When you examine someone or something and judge how good or successful they are

Ex: a critical appraisal

● A meeting where the manger of an employee talks to them about the quality of their work

Ex: an appraisal scheme

56. Aisle
● A passage between the lines of seats or goods in a plane, church, supermarket, etc

57. Dismal
(adj)
● Very bad or unpleasant and making you feel unhappy
Ex: What dismal weather

: That was a dismal performance

58. Adverse
Adverse conditions/effects/impact
● Things that cause problems or danger

Ex: adverse weather conditions

: Pollution levels like these will certainly have an adverse effect on health.

Adverse comment/ publicity/reaction, etc.

● Something negative that is said or written about someone or something.

59. Hover
In air
● To stay up in the air but without moving anywhere

Ex: A helicopter hovered overhead

wait
● If you hover, you stand and wait near someone or something

Ex: A waiter hovered at the table ready to take our order

60. Uncover
DISCOVER
● To discover something that had been secret or hidden

Ex: The inspectors uncovered evidence of corruption.

REMOVE COVER

● To remove a cover from something

61. Bounce sth off sb

● If you bounce something off someone, you tell someone about an idea or plan in order to
find out what they think of it

Ex: Can I bounce a couple of ideas off you?

62. downturn
● when a business or economy becomes less successful

Ex: There has been a sharp downturn in sales.

63. Ferrule
● A metal ring or cap placed around a pole or shaft for reinforcement or to prevent splitting
● A bushing used to secure a pipe joint.
 64. Pharmacokinetics
● The process by shich a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the
body
● The study of this process
65. Psychrometrics
● Or hygrometry are terms used to describe the field of engineering concerned with the
determination of physical and thermodynamic properties of gas-vapor mixtures
66. Aperture
● A small hole, especially one that allows light into a camera

67. Bushing
● (Electricity) an insulating lining for an aperture through which a conductor passes.
● A fixed or removable cylindrical metal lining used to constrain, guide, or reduce friction
● An adapter threaded to permit joining of pipes with different diameters.

68. Hath
● In the past, the third person singular form of the present tense of “have”

69. Fowl
● A bird that is kept for its eggs and meat, especially a chicken.

70. Winged
● With wings

71. Harrowing
● Making you feel extremely fightened or upset

Ex: a harrowing experience

72. Hammer away at sth

● To work without stopping and with a lot of effort

73. Fill
● as much of something as you want or need

Ex: I’ve had my fill of living in the city

● someone’s fill is as much as they want or can deal with

Ex: He took only a few minutes to eat/drink his fill

I’d had my fill of his rude remarks.

74. plummet
● to fall very quickly in amount or value

Ex: Temperatures plummeted to minus 20.

75. Runoff
 ● Water that flows away from high areas to low areas

Ex: Houses and subdivisions can disturb spring water runoff from the mountains

● Runoff is also chemicals and animal excrement that flow into rivers and lakes and pollute the
environment

Ex: Stormwater runoff is a major source of water pollution.

76. Parity
● Equality, usually relating to the money people earn or their position

Ex: The union has also asked for wage parity with similar public-sector workers.

77. Glacier
● A large mass of ice that moves very slowly ,usually down a slope or valley

78. Tidewater glacier

● Tidewater glaciers are valley glaciers that flow all the way down to the ocean. They often
calve numerous small icebergs, which can sometimes pose problems for shipping lanes. Taku
Glacier winds through the coastal mountains of southeastern Alaska.

79. Terminate
● To occur at or form the end of: conclude or finish

Ex: a display of fireworks that terminated the festivities.

80. Retreat
● The process of receding from a position or of becoming smaller

Ex: glaciers in retreat from positions of advancement.

81. Fjord
● A long strip of sea between steep hills, found especially in Norway.

82. Metaphysics
● The part of philosophy that is about understanding existence and knowledge

83. Ontology
● (philosophy) the branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature of being
● (logic) the set of entities presupposed by a theory
 84. Contempt
● A strong feeling that you do not respect someone or something

Contempt of court

85. Rung
86. Intercessor
● A person who intervenes on behalf of another, especially by prayer

87. Inwardly

● In your mind without anyone else seeing or knowing

88. Mundane
● Ordinary, or not interesting
89. Frown
● To make your face show that you are annoyed or worried by moving your eyebrows (=lines
of hair above our eyes)
90. Ecumenical
● Of or relating to the worldwide Christian church
● Concerned with establishing or promoting unity among churches or religions
● Of worldwide scope or applicability

91. Ecumenical
● Encouraging different types of Christian churches to unite

92. Discretionary
● Decided by official and not fixed by rule

93. Sprawl
(v)
● PERSON (also sprawl out) to sit or lie in a relaxed, untidy position with your arms and legs
stretched out

Ex: He sprawled out on the sofa

● BUILDINGS to cover a large area, often in a way which is not tidy or not planned

Ex: sprawling suburbs

94. Amok
 ● (run amok) to be out of control and act in a wild or dangerous manner

Ex: The soldiers ran amok after one of their senior officers was killed.

:The two dogs ran amok in a school playground

95. Alfalfa
● A plant grown as food, especially for farm animals, or used in salads before it is completely
developed

96. Lacklustre
97. Sorghum
● a type of grain grown in hot countries

98. tidbit

99. agonizing

● causing you a lot of pain or worry

100. Drip irrigation (also known as trickle irrigation)

● Is an irrigation method that saves water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the
roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network
of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters.

101. the Levant

● The countries and islands of the eastern Mediterranean
102. Hail
● Small, hard pieces of frozen rain that fall from the sky
A hail of bullets/ stones/bottles, etc
● A lot of bullets/ stones/bottles, etc that are fired or thrown at the same time
103. Knot
(n)
Fastening
● A place where pieces of string, rope, etc have been tied together
Unit of measurement
● A unit for measuring the speed of the wind, ships, or aircraft

(v)
● To tie knots in pieces of string, rope, etc.

104. Bleep
● A short, high electronic noise

105. Trickle
(v)
 Trickle down/ from/ out of, etc.
● If liquid trickles somewhere, it flows slowly and in a thin line

Ex: She could feel the sweat trickling down her back.

Trickle in/ into/out, etc.

● To go somewhere slowly in small numbers

Ex: People began to trickle into the classroom

106. Parlor trick

● Cheap magician trick

107. Topology
● The way the parts of something are organized or connected

Ex: Globalization and the rise of information technology have changed the topology of the
corporation.

108. Phosphorescent
(adj)
● Giving off light after radiation has it

109. Huff
Huff and puff
● To breathe loudly, especially because you have been exercising

110. Capricious
● Likely to suddenly change your ideas or behaviour

111. Crank
person
● Someone with strange ideas or behaviour
handle
● A handle that you turn to make a machine workdf

112. Obscure
● Not known by many people
● Difficult to understand
113. Pinnacle
● The most successful or admired part of a system or achievement

Ex: By the age of 32 she had reached the pinnacle of her career.

● A small pointed tower on top of a building, or the top part of a mountain

Ex: The pinnacles of the Himalayas were visible above the clouds

114. Reckon
● (v)
● To think or believe
● To consider or have the opinion that something is as stated
● To calculate an amount

115. To be reckoned with

116. Level off/out
● To stop rising or falling and stay at the same level

Ex: Road deaths have levelled off since the speed limit was lowered.

117. Trickle
● Trickle down/from/out of, etc

Ex: She could feel the sweat trickling down her back

● Trickle in/ into/ out, etc.

Ex: People began to trickle into the classroom

118. Bloop

Bloop was an ultra-low-frequency and extremely powerful underwater sound detected by the U.S.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in 1997.

119. Naysayer
● Someone who says something is not possible, is not good, or will fail

Ex: He ignored the naysayers and perservered.

120. Run off

● To leave somewhere unexpectedly

Ex: He ran off with all my money

121. Steer
(v)
● (vehicle) to control the direction of a vehicle

Ex: I tried to steer the boat away from the bank

 ● (situation) to influence the way a situation develops

Ex: I managed to steer the conversation away from my exam results

Steer sb into/ out of/ towards, etc.

● To guide someone somewhere, especially by putting your hand on their back

Ex: He steered me towards the door

122. Streptococcus (pl-streptococci)

A bacterium, many types of which cause disease

Ex: Tonsillitis is normally caused by infection with streptococci.

Streptococcal--adjective

123. Tonsillitis
● A painful infection of the tonsils
124. Tonsil
● One of two small, soft organs at the back of the mouth
● Any tissue in the body of a similar shape to the tonsil in the throat

125. Whine
● Complain
● To complain in an annoying way
● Cry
● To make a long, high, sad sound

126. Waterway
● A river or canal (=river made by people, not nature) which people can use to travel along

127. Locomotive

The part of a train that makes it move

128. Go hand in hand with sth

● If something goes hand in hand with something else, it is closely related to it and happens at
the same time as it or as a result of it

Ex: Prosperity goes hand in hand with investment

129. Lax

Not careful enough or not well controlled

130. Histology

The scientific study of the structure of tissue from plants, animals, and other living things

131. Sublime

To change a substance directly from a solid to a gas, or to change in this way

132. Amenity

A building, piece of equipment, or service that is provided for people’s comfort or enjoyment

Ex: The campsite’s amenities include a pool and three restaurants.

133. Watershed
● An area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or seas.
● An important event after which a situation completely changes

Ex: the discovery marked a watershed in the history of medicine.

134. Ridge

Land

● A long, narrow piece of high land, especially along the top of a mountain

Ex: a mountain ridge

Line

● A narrow, raised line on a flat surface

135. Palatable

FOOD

● If food of drink is palatable, It has a pleasant taste.

Ex: a palatable local wine

IDEA

● If an idea or plan is palatable, it is acceptable.

Ex: They need to make the project more palatable to local people.

136. Sap

To gradually make something weak

Ex: Ten years of war had sapped the country’s strength.

137. Gargle
To move liquid or medicine around in your throat without swallowing, especially to clean it or stop it
feeling painful.

138. Protozoan

Any of various type of very small animals with one cell

Ex: Amoebas are protozoans.

139. Amoeba

A very small, simple organism consisting of only one cell

140. Gravel

Small pieces of stone used to make paths and road surfaces

141. Placebo
● A substance given to someone who is told that it is a particular medicine, either to make that
person feel as if they are getting better or to compare the effect of the particular medicine
when given to others.

Ex: She was only given a placebo, but she claimed she got better-that’s the placebo effect

● Something that is given to try to satisfy a person who has not been given the thing they
really want

Ex: These small concessions have been made as a placebo to stop the workers making further
demands

142. Concession
Agreement
● Something that you agree to do or give to someone in order to end an argument

Ex: Both sides will have to make concessions.

Business
● A special right to use buildings or land or to sell a product in a particular area, or the place
where that business take place

Ex: a concession to develop oil fields in the north

Low price
● A reduction in the price of a ticket for a particular group of people such as students, people
without a job, or old people

143. Clay
A type of heavy soil that becomes hard when dry, used for making things such as bricks and
containers

Ex: a clay pot

144. Colloid

A mixture in which particles of one substance are held inside another substance

145. Per se
● By or of itself

Ex: Research shows that it is not divorce per se that harms children, but the continuing conflict
between parents

146. Obviate
● To remove a difficulty, especially so that action to deal with it becomes unnecessary

Ex: A peaceful solution would obviate the need to send a UN military force

147. Dam sth up

● To build a dam across a river in order to store water
● If you dam up your feelings, especially anger or sadness, you do not allow yourself to express
or show your feelings in a healthy way

148. Point of use

The place where or the time when a product or service is used

Ex: The National Health Service remains free at the point of use for anyone who is resident in the
UK.

149. Sequester
● Take

To take temporary possession of someone’s property until they have paid back the money that is
owed or until they have obeyed a court order

● Keep

To keep a jury together in a place so that the members of the jury cannot discuss the case with other
people or read or read or hear news reports about it

150. Vulcanized

Vulcanized rubber has been made stronger by a chemical process

151. Espionage

The discovering of secrets, especially political or military information of another country or the
industrial information of a business
Ex: military/ industrial espionage

152. Lofty

(adj)

● High

Ex: a lofty ceiling/ mountain/ wall

● Lofty ideas, etc. are of a high moral standard

Ex: lofty sentiment/ ideals

● If you have a lofty way of behaving or talking, etc., you act as if you think you are better than
other people

Ex: a lofty attitude/ air/ tone

153. Particulate

(n)

An extremely small piece of dirt, especially one produced by road vehicles, that causes pollution

(adj)

Health risks posed by particulate matter

154. Disseminate
155. Staff
156. Posterity
157. Conceive
158. Decorum
159. Liaison
160. Proceedings
● A series of events that happen in a planned and controlled way

Ex: Millions of people watched the proceedings on television

:The Chairperson opened the proceedings with a short speech.

● A complete written record of what is said or done during a meeting

● Legal action

Ex: allegations of sexual harassment have led to disciplinary proceedings being taken against three
naval officers

: I started legal proceedings to try to have him taken away from his parents permanently.

161. Prominent
● Very well known and important

Ex: a prominent Democrat

A prominent member of the Saudi royal family
The government should be playing a more prominent role in promoting human rights.
 ● Sticking out from a surface

Ex: She has a prominent chin/nose

● Something that is in a prominent position can easily be seen

Ex: New books are displayed in a prominent position on tables at the front of the store

162. Continuum

163. Be treading water

● To not be advance in anyway

Ex: I think she feels that she’s just treading water in that job.

164. Grain
165. Go against the grain
● If something goes against the grain, you would not usually do it because it would be unusual

Ex: These days it goes against the grain to show too much respect for authority.

166. Satire
167. Lax
168. Propaganda
169. Hack
170. Innocuous
● Completely harmless(=causing no harm)

Ex: Some mushrooms look innocuous but are in fact poisonous.

171. Egregious
● Extremely bad in a way that is very noticeable

Ex: It was an egregious error for a statesman to show such ignorance.

172. Impinge on/ upon sb/sth

● To have an effect on something, often causing problems by limiting it in some way

Ex: The government’s spending limits will seriously impinge on the education budget.

173. Negate
 ● To cause something to have no effect.

Ex: The increase in our profits have been negated by the rising costs of running the business.

174. Complement
● To make something else seem better or more attractive when combining with it

Ex: Strawberries and cream complement each other perfectly.

: The music complements her voice perfectly.

175. Heuristics
● A way of solving problems by discovering things yourself and learning from your own
experiences.

176. Discretionary
● decided by officials and not fixed by rules

Ex: a discretionary grant

: Judges have great discretionary powers.

177. Eloquent
● Giving a clear, strong message

Ex: She made an eloquent appeal for action

: The pictures were an eloquent reminder of the power of the volcano.

178. Paradigm
● A model of something, or a very clear and typical example of something

Ex: Some of these educators are hoping to produce a change in the current cultural paradigm.

179. Fraught
Fraught with
● Full of unpleasant things such as problems or dangers

Ex: The negotiations have been fraught with difficulties/ problems right from the start

: From beginning to end, the airlift was fraught with risks

180. Throttle
(n)
● A valve which allows more or less fuel to go into an engine and so changes the power with
which the engine operates

(v)

● To press someone’s throat very tightly so that they cannot breathe

 ● To prevent something from succeeding

Ex: The reduction in funds is throttling the development of new programmes

181. Drift
Movement
● A pile of snow or something similar, formed by the wind

Ex: The snow lay in deep drifts

● A general development or change in a situation

Ex: The downward drift in copper prices looks like it will continue.

182. Vet
(v)
To examine something or someone carefully to make certain that they are acceptable or
suitable

Ex: During the war, the government vetted all news reports before they were published.

: The bank carefully vets everyone who applies for an account

183. Colloquium
● A meeting in which a lot of people discuss something formally

Ex: colloquium on sth She attended a colloquium on climate change in Greenland.

184. Ramification
● The possible results of an action

Ex: Have you considered all the ramifications of your suggestion?

185. Garner
(v)
To collect something, usually after much work or with difficulty

Ex: Coppola garnered several Oscar awards for “The Godfather”

186. Deft
(adj)
Skilful, clever or quick

Ex: Her movements were deft and quick

: She answered the journalist’s questions with a deft touch.

 : He’s very deft at handling awkward situations.

187. Abysmal
(adj)
Very bad

Ex: abysmal working conditions

: The food was abysmal.

: The standard of the students’ work is abysmal.

188. Infamous
Famous for something considered bad

Ex: The list included the infamous George Drake, a double murderer.

: He’s infamous for his bigoted sense of humour

189. Debacle
(n)
a complete failure, especially because of bad planning and organization.

Ex: The collapse of the company was described as the greatest financial debacle in US history

190. Fluke
● Something good that has happened that is the result of chance instead of skill or planning

Ex: The first goal was just a fluke.

191. Indictment
● A sign that a policy, system, society, etc. is bad or wrong.

Ex: This seems to me to be a damning indictment of the government’s education policy.

● A formal statement of accusing someone

Ex: The charges on the indictment include murder and attempted murder

192. Frail
● Weak or unhealthy, or easily damaged, broken, or harmed

Ex: a frail old lady

: I last saw him just last week and thought how old and frail he looked

: the country’s frail economy

193. Quirky
● Unusual in an attractive and interesting way

Ex: He was tall and had a quirky off-beat sense of humour

194. Damnation
● The act of sending someone to hell or the state of being in hell

Ex: He believed that he would be condemned to eternal damnation for what he had done.

195. Trite
● Expressed too often to be interesting or seem sincere

Ex: His lyrics about love and peace are too trite for me to take them seriously.

: I know it will sound trite, but I’ve loved being part of this club.

196. Sprinkle
● To drop a few pieces or drops of something over a surface

Ex: Sprinkle a few herbs on the pizza./ Sprinkle the pizza with a few herbs.

: (fig) The speech was liberally sprinkled with (=contained many) jokes about the incident.

197. Fiction
● A false report or statement that you pretend is true

Ex: At work she kept up the fiction that she had a university degree

: When hes telling you something, you never know what’s fact and what’s fiction

198. Rhyme

Words that rhyme have the same last sound

Ex: Blue and flew rhyme.

199. Fixate
● To think about something too much and find it difficult to stop

Ex: High acievers sometimes fixate on their own flaws.

200. Stymie
● To prevent something from happening or someone from achieving a purpose

Ex: In our search for evidence, we were stymied by the absence of any recent documents.

201. Crank
A device that creates movement between parts of a machine or that changes backward and forward
movement into circular movement

Ex: A crank handle

202. Choppy

(of sea, lakes, or rivers) with a lot of small, rough waves caused by the wind

203. Sloppy
● (of a substance) more liquid than it should be, often in a way that is unpleasant

Ex: The batter was a bit sloppy so I added some more flour.

Lacking care
● Not taking care or making an effort

Ex: Spelling mistakes always look sloppy in a formal letter.

: Another sloppy pass like that might lose them the whole game.

● Sloppy clothes are large, loose, and do not look neat

Ex: At home I tend to wear big sloppy sweaters and jeans

● Expressing feelings of love in a way that is silly or embarrassing

Ex: a sloppy love song

204. Offset
● To balance one influence against an opposing influence, so that there is no great difference
as a result

Ex: The extra cost of travelling to work is offset by the lower price of houses here.

: He keeps his petrol receipts because petrol is one of the expenses that he can offset against tax

(=can show to the government as being a business cost, and so not pay tax)

● To pay for things that will reduce carbon dioxide in order to reduce the damage caused by
carbon dioxide that you produce

Ex: We offset all our long-haul flights

205. Buy limit

● Order to buy the market at a price below the current price

206. Buy stop

● Order to buy the market at a price above the current price

207. Sell limit

● Order to sell the market at a price above the current price
208. Sell stop
● Order to sell the market at a price below the current price.

209. Precipice
● A dangerous situation that could lead to harm or failure

Ex: This latest tax increase may push many small companies over the financial precipice

● A very steep side of a cliff or a mountain

Ex: The film opens with a shot of a climber dangling from a precipice.

210. Repugnant
● If behaviour or beliefs, etc. are repugnant, they are very unpleasant, causing a feeling of
disgust

Ex: a repugnant smell

: I find your attitude towards these women quite repugnant.

: The idea of cheating in an exam is morally repugnant to me.

211. Deregulation
● The process of removing government controls or rules from a business or other activity

Ex: The final deregulation of the market gave electricity consumers the freedom to shop around for
suppliers.

212. Clatter
● To make continuous loud noises by hitting hard objects against each other, or to cause
objects to do this

Ex: Don’t clatter the dishes-you’ll wake the baby up

: He was clattering away at his keyboard

213. Blow over

● When an argument blow over, it becomes gradually less important until it ends and is
forgotten

Ex: I thought that after a few days the argument would blow over

214. Cavitation
● The forming of gas bubbles in a liquid, caused by changes in pressure

Ex: Cavitation can occur at the trailing edge of ship propellers, and in liquids subject to powerful
sound waves

215. Confluence
● The place where two rivers flow together and become one larger river.

216. Tracking
(n)
● The act of putting students with similar abilities in a group and teaching them together
Ex: Some people object to tracking because it gives an unfair advantage to intelligent children

217. Haunt
● To cause repeated suffering or anxiety

Ex: Fighting in Vietnam was an experience that would haunt him for the rest of his life

: 30 years after the fire he is still haunted by images of death and destruction

218. Exhaustion
● The state of being extremely tired

Ex: She felt ill with/from exhaustion

219. Tail off

● To reduce in amount or become lower in level

220. Foray
● A short period of time being involved in an activity that is different from and outside the
range of a usual set of activities

Ex: She made a brief foray into acting before becoming a teacher

221. Bare bone

● The most important facts about something, to which more detail might be added later

Ex: the bare bones of the story

: I don’t need all the details-just give me the bare bones

222. Nemesis
● Someone’s nemesis is a person or thing that is very difficult for them to defeat
● (a cause of) punishment or defeat that is deserved and cannot be avoided

Ex: The tax increases proved to be the president’s political nemesis

223. Protégé
A young person who is helped and taught by an older and usually famous person

Ex: The young composer regarded himself as Berg’s protégé.

224. Power vacuum

A condition that exists when someone has lost control of something and no one has replaced
them
Ex: She was quick to fill the power vacuum that was left by the sudden death of the managing
director

225. Trigger-happy (adj)

● Someone who is trigger-happy often uses his or her gun, shooting with very little reason

Ex: Some have accused the police of being trigger-happy

● Ready to use violence or force immediately, without careful thought

Ex: He deplored the behaviour of his trigger-happy, hot-headed son

226. Hermetically sealed

● A hermetically sealed container or space is so tightly closed that no air can leave or enter it
● Separated and protected from very different conditions outside, in an unnatural way

Ex: We drove past a row of squalid shacks on the way to our hotel, where we slept in air-
conditioned, hermetically sealed room

227. Quintessential

Being the most typical example or most important part of something

Ex; Sheep’s milk cheese is the quintessential Corsican cheese

228. Raucous
● Loud and unpleasant

Ex: I heard the raucous call of the crows.

: Raucous laughter came from the next room

: The party was becoming rather raucous.

229. Deplorable

Very bad

Ex: I thought his behaviour was absolutely deplorable.

: They are forced to live in deplorable conditions.

230. Portmanteau

(n) A large case for carrying clothes while travelling, especially one that pens out into two parts

(adj) consisting of a wide range of things that are considered as a single things

Ex: The Official Secrets Act was described as a piece of portmanteau legislation covering everything
from nuclear weapons to army boots.
231. Glitch
● A small problem or fault that prevents something from being successful or working as well as
it should

Ex: We’d expected a few glitches, but everything’s gone remarkably smoothly

: The system has been plagued with glitches ever since its launch.

● A sudden unexpected increase in electrical power, especially one that causes a fault in an
electronic system

Ex: The computer failure was due to a glitch caused by lightning.

232. Deductible

A deductible amount can be taken away from a total

Ex: Expenses like office phone bills are tax-deductible (=you do not have to pay tax on them)

233. Slump

(of prices, values, or sales) to fall suddenly

Ex: The value of property has slumped.

: Car sales have slumped dramatically over the past year.

234. Topography

The physical appearance of the natural features of an area of land, especially the shape of its surface

235. Inertia

Lack of activity or interest, or unwillingness to make an effort to do anything

Ex: The organization is stifled by bureaucratic inertia

236. Transient

Lasting for only a short time; temporary

Ex: A glass of whisky has only a transient warming effect.

: The city has a large transient population (=many people who are living in it only temporarily)

237. Cursory

Quick and probably not detailed

Ex: a cursory glance/look

: a cursory examination

238. Command and control (n)

A situation in which managers tell employees everything that they should do, rather than allowing
them to decide some things for themselves

Ex: He’s much more conciliatory than the typical command-and-control boss

239. Pervasive

Present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place

Ex: The influence of Freud is pervasive in her books.

: a pervasive smell of diesel

: Reforms are being undermined by the all-pervasive corruption in the country

240. Safe harbour

A safe harbour is a provision of a statute or a regulation that specifies that certain conduct will be
deemed not to violate a given rule.

241. Innumerable

Too many to be counted

Ex: The project has been delayed by innumerable problems.

242. Radon

A chemical element that is a radioactive gas formed when radium decays and found naturally in rock
and soil

Ex: Test showed high radon levels

243. Squander

To waste money or supplies, or to waste opportunities by not using them to your advantage

Ex: They’ll quite happily squander a whole year’s savings on two weeks in the sun.

: Ireland squandered several chances, including a penalty that cost them the game

244. Whiz
A person with a very high level of skill or knowledge in a particular area

Ex: Everyone knows at least one computer whiz.

: Jo was one of those whiz kids who are millionaires by the time they’re 25.

245. Undercut

To charge less than a competitor

Ex: Big supermarkets can undercut all rivals, especially small family-owned shops

: They claim to undercut their competitors by at least five percent.

246. Burgeoning

Developing quickly

Ex: The company hoped to profit from the burgeoning communications industry

247. Scorched-earth policy

The act of an army destroying everything in an area such as food, buildings, or equipment that could
be useful to an enemy

248. Profiteering

The activity of taking unfair advantage of a situation to make a large profit, often by selling goods
that are difficult to get at a very high price

Ex: The Competition Commission is investigating supermarket prices and accusations of profiteering.

249. Eavestrough

A gutter fixed beneath the edge of a roof

250. Eaves

The edge of a roof that sticks out over the wall

251. Gutter
● The edge of a road where rain flows away
● An open pipe, usually at the lower edge of a roof, that collects and carries away rain

252. Enactment
The making of a law, or a particular act of making a law

Ex: Supporters were pleased with the enactment of the bill

253. Promulgate

To spread beliefs or ideas among a lot of people

254. Malfeasance

An example of dishonest and illegal behaviour, especially by a person in authority

Ex: Several cases of malpractice and malfeasance in the financial world are currently being
investigated.

255. Clipped (adj)

● With words pronounced quickly and clearly, sometimes with parts missing, or in a very short
and unfriendly way

Ex: I heard the clipped tones of his secretary saying “I have Mr. Watson for you.”

● Cut short and tidy

Ex: a clipped beard/ moustache

256. Septic

Infected by bacteria that produce pus

Ex: I had my ears pierced and one of them went septic

257. Malodorous

Having an unpleasant smell

Ex: The town is built on a malodorous swamp

258. Tick-tack-toe

A game in which two players take turn putting O’s or X’’s in a pattern of nine squares, trying to get
three O’s or X’s in a straight line

259. Shore sth up

● to stop a wall or building from

260. emolument
a payment in money or some other form that is made for work that has been done

261. contention

the disagreement that results from opposing arguments

Ex: There’s a lot of contention about that issue-for every person firmly in favour, there’s someone
fiercely against it

: The issue has been settled-it’s no longer in contention.

262. Underwrite
● If a bank or other organization underwrites an activity, it gives it financial support and takes
responsibility for paying any costs if it fails
● If a company underwrites an insurance policy, someone’s property, etc., that company has
an agreement to pay out money in cases of damage or loss.

263. Lateral
● Relating to the sides of an object or plant or to sideways movement

Ex: lateral movement

: Trim the lateral shoots of the flower (=the ones that grow sideways from the main stem of a
plant)

●
264. Commensurate

In a correct and suitable amount compared to something else

Ex: a salary that is commensurate with skills and experience.

265. Impervious

Not allowing liquid to go through

Ex: How does glue bond with impervious substances like glass and metal?

266. Pasture

Grass or similar plants suitable for animals such as cows and sheep to eat, or an area of land covered
in this

Ex: The sheep were grazing

267. Phosphorescent

Giving off light after radiation has hit it

268. Nominal

In name or thought but not in fact or not as things really are

Ex: She’s the nominal head of our college-the real work is done by her deputy

269. Innuendo

(the making of) a remark or remarks that suggest something sexual or something unpleasant but do
not refer to it directly

Ex: There’s always an element of sexual innuendo in our conversation

270. Blitz
● A fast violent attack on a town, city, tec., usually with bombs dropped from aircraft
● (in American football) an occasion when players run directly at the opposing quarterback in
order to try to stop him throwing the ball

271. Pander to someone/something

To please other people by doing or saying what you think they want you to do or say

Ex: She accused the other candidate of pandering to radical environmental groups

272. Felon

A person who is guilty of a serious crime

273. Gridlock
● A situation where roads in a town become so blocked by cars that is impossible for any
traffic to move

Ex: A car breaking down at rush hour could cause gridlock across half the city

● A situation in which no progress can be made

274. Amp sb up

To get someone excited

Ex: She amped up the crowd

275. Mother lode

● a place that has very large supplies of a mineral or other natural resource

Ex: The Pacific Northwest has been the motherlode of the nation’s aluminium output for 60 years

: Cairn Energy recently struck the motherlode of oil fields in India

 ● something that supplies a very large amount of a thing, quality, etc. that you want

Ex: The flight data recorder had documented about 200 pieces of information, a motherlode for

crash investigators.

: With this market, vintage clothes shopper have hit the motherlode

276. conflict of interest

A situation in which someone’s private interests are opposed to that person’s responsibilities to
other people

Ex: Council members should avoid any potential conflict of interest

277. unhinged

Mentally ill

Ex: I sometimes think that your mother is a little unhinged.

278. Passage

The official approval of something, especially a new law

Ex: He again urged passage of a constitutional amendment outlawing abortion.

279. Incumbent

Officially having the named position

Ex: The incumbent president faces problems which began many years before he took office.

280. Stardom

The quality of being famous, especially for being a singer, actor, etc..

281. Juggle
● To make changes to (something) in order to achieve a desired result
● To do (several things) at the same time
● To keep several objects in motion in the air at the same time by repeatedly throwing and
catching them

282. Innumerable

Too many to be counted

Ex: The project has been delayed by innumerable problems

283. Causation

The process of causing something to happen or exist

284. Hurtle

To move very fast, especially in a way that seems dangerous

285. Unsung

Not noticed or praised for hard work, courage, or great achievements

286. Far-off
● A time that is far-off, is a long time before or after the present
● A far-off place is a great distance away

287. Per capita

If you express an amount per capita, you mean that amount for each person

288. Litigious

Too often taking arguments to a court of law for a decision

Ex: The US is the most litigious society in the world

289. Innocuous

Completely harmless (=causing no harm)

290. Contemplate

To spend time considering a possible future action, or to consider one particular thing for a long time
in a serious and quiet way

Ex: I’m contemplating going abroad for a year

: They were contemplating a move to California.

: It’s too awful/ horrific/dangerous to contemplate

291. Defray

(especially of an organization) to pay the cost of something

Ex: The company will defray all your expenses, including car rental
292. Excruciating
● Extremely painful
● Extremely boring or embarrassing

293. Gloss over sth

To avoid considering something, such as an embarrassing mistake, to make it seem not important,
and to quickly continue talking about something else

Ex: She glossed over the company’s declining profits.

The documentary glossed over some important issues

294. Stigma

A strong feeling of disapproval that most people in a society have about something, especially when
this is unfair

Ex: There is no longer any stigma to being divorced

: Being an unmarried mother no longer carries the social stigma that it used to.

295. Knockoff

A cheaper copy of an expensive an popular product

Ex: She bought a knockoff of a designer suit

296. Inchoate

Only recently or partly formed, or not completely developed or clear

Ex: She had a child’s inchoate awareness of language

297. Underpinning

Something that provides support for something, or that is the starting point from which something
can develop

Ex: A strong opening on Wall Street provided a firm underpinning for the FTSE 100

298. Sentiment
● Gentle feelings such as sympathy, love, etc., especially when considered to be silly or not
suitable

Ex: The film is flawed by cloying sentiment

● A thought, opinion, or idea based on a feeling about a situation, or a way of thinking about
something

Ex: Nationalist sentiment has increased in the area since the bombing.

299. Inchoate

Only recently or partly formed, or not completely developed or clear

Ex: She had a child’s inchoate awareness of language

300. Baffle

To cause someone to be completely unable to understand or explain something

Ex: She was completely baffled by his strange behaviour.

301. Avert

To prevent something bad from happening

Ex: to avert a crisis/ conflict/ strike/ famine

: to avert disaster/ economic collapse

302. Underpinning

Something that provides support for something, or that is the starting point from which something
can develop

Ex: A strong opening on Wall Street provided a firm underpinning for the FTSE 100..

303. Impound

If the police impound something that belongs to you, they take it away because you have broken the
law

Ex: The police impounded cars and other personal property belonging to the drug dealers

: The vehicle was impounded by customs

304. Carnage

The violent killing of large numbers of people, especially in war

Ex: The Battle of the Somme was a scene of dreadful carnage.

305. Cheat sheet

A piece of paper bearing written notes intended to aid ones memory, typically one used
surreptitiously in an examination.

306. Nonpartisan

Not a member of or connected with a group or political party

Ex: a nonpartisan organization/ voter/ watchdog group

307. Bipartisan

Supported by or consisting of two political parties

Ex: a bipartisan committee

308. Maverick
A person who thinks and acts in an independent way, often behaving differently from expected or
usual way

Ex: a political maverick

: He was considered as something of a maverick in the publishing world

309. Deadlock

A situation in which agreement in an argument cannot be reached because neither side will change
its demand or accept any of the demands of the other side

Ex: Somebody will have to compromise if we are to break (=end) the deadlock between the two
warring factions.

310. Gloat

To feel or express great pleasure or satisfaction because of your own success or good luck, or
someone else’s failure or bad luck

Ex: She’s continually gloating over/about her new job

: I know I shouldn’t gloat, but it really serves him right.

:His enemies were quick to gloat at his humiliation.

:This is our fourth victory in a row,” he gloated.

311. Sequential

Following a particular order

Ex: The publishers claim that the book constitutes “the first sequential exposition of events and thus
of the history of the revolution

312. Exposition

A clear and full explanation of an idea or theory

Ex: It purports to be an exposition of Catholic social teaching.

313. Purport

To pretend to be or to do something, especially in a way that is not easy to believe

Ex: They purport to represent the wishes of the majority of parents at the school

: The study purports to show an increase in the incidence of the disease.

: The tape recording purports to be of a conversation between the princess and a secret admirer

314. Quip
A humorous and clever remark

Ex: It was Oscar Wilde who made the famous quip about life mimicking art.

315. Exfoliate

To remove dead skin cells from the surface of the skin, in order to improve its appearance.

316. Exfoliant

A substance with which you exfoliate

317. Flea market

A market, usually taking place outside, where old or used goods are sold cheaply.

318. Metrology

The scientific study of measurement

319. Barrister

A type of lawyer in the UK, Australia, and some other countries who can give specialized legal advice
and can argue a case I both higher and lower courts.

320. Little (or nothing) short of

Almost ( or equal to); little (or nothing) less than

Ex: he regarded the cost of living as little short of scandalous

321. Travesty

Something that fails to represent the values and qualities that it is intended to represent, in a way
that is shocking or offensive

322. Backwardation

A situation in which the spot or cash price of a commodity is higher than the forward price

323. Cotango
The normal situation in which the spot or cash price of a commodity is lower than the forward
price

324. Insolvency
A situation in which a person or company does not have enough money topay debts buy goods,
etc.
Ex: The company warned that it may have to seek insolvency proceedings, which would see creditors
recover only a small amount of their liabilities.

:The building owners agreed to contribute to the union’s health plan to rescue it from insolvency.

325. aggregator

a person or organization that collects information from the internet pages of other business and puts
it on a single website

326. carbonaceous

consisting of, containing, relating to, or yielding carbon

327. ebullient
● cheerful and full of energy
● (of liquid or matter) boiling or agitated as if boiling

328. Hierarchical

Arranged in an order from the most to the least important

329. Render
● to cause someone or something to be in a particular state

Ex: His rudeness rendered me speechless

New technology has rendered my old computer obsolete

● to change words into a different language or form

Ex: She is rendering the book into English from French

330. impound

If the police impound something that belongs to you, they take it away because you have broken the
law

Ex: The police impounded cars and others personal property belonging to drug dealers

: The vehicle was impounded by customs

331. lignin

a substance found in the edges of some plant cells that makes the plant hard like wood

332. delignification

removal of lignin from woody tissue (as by natural enzymatic or industrial chemical processes)

333. dearth
an amount or supply that is not large enough

334. plaid

a pattern of squares and lines on cloth, or cloth with this pattern

335. deliberation
● considering or discussing something

Ex: After much deliberation, she decided to accept their offer

: After five days of deliberations, the jury decided on a verdict

336. far—flung

used to refer to places that are a great distance away, or something that is spread over a very large
area.

Ex: She has travelled to the most far-flung corners of the world.

337. Fractal

A complicated pattern in mathematics built from simple repeated shapes that are reduced I size
every time they are repeated

Ex: The way that the trunk of a tree divides into smaller and smaller branches and twigs is an
approximate fractal pattern.

338. Twig

A small, thin branch of a tree or bush, especially one removed from the tree or bush and without any
leaves.

Ex: We collected dry twigs to start the fire.

339. Cybernetics

The scientific study of how information is communicated in machines and electronic devices,
comparing this with how information is communicated in the brain and nervous system

340. Arsenal

A building where weapons and military equipment are stored

Ex The army planned to attack enemy arsenals.

341. Musk

A substance with a strong sweet smell, used in making perfumes

342. Custodian
 ● A person with responsibility for protecting or taking care of something or keeping something
in good condition
● Someone who tries to protect particular ideas or principles
● (UK caretaker) a person employed to take care of a large building, such as a school, and who
deals with the cleaning, repairs, etc
343. Renal

Relating to the kidneys (body organs)

Ex: a renal unit

: renal dialysis

344. Keep one’s powder dry

Remain cautious and ready for a possible emergency.

345. Powder your nose

A polite or humorous way of saying that you are going to go to the toilet

Ex: would you get me another drink while I go and powder my nose?

346. Unfettered

Not limited by rules or any other controlling influence

Ex: Poets are unfettered by the normal rules of sentence structure.

347. Attenuate

To make something smaller, thinner, or weaker

348. Go off the rails

To start behaving in a way that is not generally acceptable, especially dishonestly or illegally

349. Organoleptic

(adj) acting on, involving the use of, the sense organ

350. Foment

To cause trouble to develop

Ex: The song was banned on the grounds that it might foment racial tension

351. Pristine
New or almost new, and in very good condition

352. Adjournment

The temporary ending of a meeting or trial, or the period of time during which it is temporarily
ended
Ex: the trial has a history of delays and repeated adjournments

The judge granted the request for an adjournment.

The Senate passed the bill, but the House didn’t vote on it before adjournment

353. Arrears

Money that is owed and should already have been paid

354. In arrears
● Owing money that should have been paid already
● If someone is paid in arrears, they are paid at the end of the period of time during which the
money was earned

355. Quayside

The edge of a quay, near the water

Ex: The animals were unloaded on/at the quayside.

356. Oncoming

Moving towards you or coming nearer

Ex: The car veered onto the wrong side of the road and hit an oncoming truck

357. Demarcate

To show the limits of something

Ex: Parking spaces are demarcated by white lines.

: Responsibility within the department are clearly demarcated.

358. Privy

Be privy to sth

● To be told information that is not told to many people

Ex: I was never privy to conversations between top management.

359. Stride

To walk somewhere quickly with long steps

Ex: She strode purposefully up to the desk and demanded to speak to the manager.

:He strode across/ into/ out of the room.

360. Intermission
● A short period between the parts of a play, film, concert, etc.
● A period between parts of a game when the players rest and people watching can leave their
seats
361. Tenor

A male singer with a high voice, or (especially in combinations) a musical instrument that has the
same range of notes as the tenor singing voice

362. Soprano
● A woman or girl with a voice that can sing the highest notes
● US-(UK treble) a boy with a voice that sings the highest notes

363. Cynic

A person who believes that people are only interested in themselves and are not sincere

Ex: I’m too much of a cynic to believe that he’ll keep his promise

:A cynic might say that the government has only taken this measure because it is concerned about
its declining popularity

364. Anchovy

A small fish with a strong, salty taste

Ex: Decorate the top of the pizza with anchovies/ strips of anchovy

365. Grump

Someone who is easily annoyed and complains a lot

Ex: Hes only an old grump – don’t listen to him

366. Weed sth/sb out

To get rid of unwanted things or people from a group

Ex: The first round of interviews only really serves to weed out the very weakest o applicants.

367. Cystitis

A disease, especially of women, in which the bladder becomes infected and there is pain when
urinating

368. Allusion

Something that is said or written that is intended to make you think of a particular thing or person

369. Leprosy

370. Poised
 ● If an object or a part of your body is poised, it is completely still but ready to move at any
moment

Ex: My pencil was poised over the page, ready to take down her words

● Ready to do a particular thing at any moment

Ex: The company is poised to launch its new advertising campaign

The military forces are poised for attack

371. Fling

To throw something or someone suddenly and with a lot of force

Ex: He crumpled up the letter and flung it into the fire.

372. Abscissa

A number on an X-axis that shows the coordinate of a point

373. Ordinate

The second number in a pair; a number on a Y-axis that shows the coordinate (=the place along that
line) of a point

374. Isothermal

No change in temperature

375. Adiabatic

No heat transfer

376. Cynic

A person who believe that people are only interested in themselves and are not sincere

377. Holistic

dealing with or treating the whole of something or someone and not just a part

Ex: My doctor takes a holistic approach to disease.

: Ecological problems usually require holistic solutions.

378. give sb the benefit of the doubt

to believe something good about someone, rather than something bad, when you have the
possibility of doing either

Ex: I didn’t know whether his story was true or not, but I decided to give him the benefit of the
doubt.

379. cognizant (adj)

understanding or realizing something

Ex: We should be cognizant of the fact that every complaint is not a justified complaint

380. hepatitis

a serious disease of the liver. There are three main types of hepatitis: hepatitis A, B and C

381. jaundice (caused by bilirubin)

a serious disease in which substances not usually in the blood cause your skin and the white part of
your eyes to turn yellow

382. epidemiology

the scientific study of diseases and how they are found, spread, and controlled in groups of people.

383. etiology

the scientific study of the cause of diseases

384. epidemiologist

someone who studies diseases and how they are found, spread, and controlled in groups of people

385. amass

to get a large amount of something, especially money or information, by collecting it over a long
period

Ex: She has amassed a huge fortune from her novels.

: Some of his colleagues envy the enormous wealth that he has amassed.

386. Varsity

used to describe sports teams at schools or colleges that are the most skilled level of play

Ex: He was a member of the varsity baseball team

387. dermatitis

a disease in which the skin is red and painful

388. slither

(of bodies) to move easily and quickly across a surface while twisting or curving

Ex: She watched the snake slither away.

389. slovenly

messy and dirty

Ex: a slovenly appearance

: I’ll have to improve my slovenly habits-my mother’s coming to stay

390. slug

a small, usually black or brown creature with a long, soft body and no arms or legs, like a snail but
with no shell
391. slum

a very poor and crowded area, especially of a city

Ex: an inner-city slum

: She was brought up in the slums of Lima

392. on the horizon

likely to happen or exist soon

Ex: There is no new drug on the horizon that will make this disease easier to treat.

393. unequivocally

in a way that is total, or expressed very clearly with no doubt

Ex: She unequivocally denied the allegations

:He unequivocally ruled out the possibility of military intervention.

394. equivocal

not clear and seeming to have two opposing meanings, or confusing and able to be understood in
two different ways

Ex: His words to the press were deliberately equivocal-he didn’t deny the reports but neither did he
confirm them.

395. accrue

to increase in number or amount over a period of time

Ex: Interest will accrue on the account at a rate of seven percent.

:Little benefit will accrue to the city (=it will receive little benefit) from the new transportation

links.

396. accrued benefits

the money that an employer owes to an employee as a pension, which is based on the amount of
time the employee has worked for the employer

Ex: When the company converted to the new plan, it hurt every employee over the age of 40,
because it reduced their accrued benefits.

397. imposition

● A situation in which someone expects another person to do something that they do not
want to do or that is not convenient

Ex: Would it be too much of an imposition to ask you to pick my parents up from the airport?

● the introduction of a new law or system

398. entail

to make something necessary, or to involve something

Ex: Such a large investment inevitably entails some risk

:Repairing the roof will entail spending a lot of money

399. curtail

(v)

to stop something before it is finished, or to reduce or limit something

Ex: to curtail your vacation/spending

:With all the snow, our daily walks have been severely curtailed.

400. admirable

deserving respect or approval

Ex: I think you showed admirable tact/restraint/self-control in your answer.

:The police did an admirable job in keeping the fans calm

401. sway

(v)

● to move slowly from side to side

Ex: The trees were swaying in the wind

:The movement of the ship caused the mast to sway from side to side/ back and forth.

:A drunk was standing in the middle of the street, swaying uncertainly and trying hard to stay

upright.

● to persuade someone to believe or do one thing rather than another

Ex: Her speech failed to sway her colleagues into supporting the plan.

(n)

● control or influence
Ex: In the 1980s, the organization came under the sway of (=became strongly influenced by)
Christian

fundamentalism

:Her parents no longer seem to have much sway over her.

:The small group of representatives could hold sway (=have an important influence) on some

crucial votes.

402. in effect

in fact, or in practice

Ex: So in effect the government has lowered taxes for the rich and raised them for the poor

403. expedient

(adj)

helpful or useful in a particular situation, but sometimes not morally acceptable

Ex: It might be expedient not to pay him until the work is finished.

:The management has taken a series of expedient measures to improve the company’s financial

situation.

(n)

an action that is expedient

Ex: The company can save money by the simple expedient of cutting investment and hiring

404. sag

(v)

● to drop down to a lower level in the middle

Ex: The shelf sagged under the weight of the heavy books.

:a sagging roof/floor/bed

● to become weaker

Ex: The dollar held up well this morning but the pound sagged.

(n)

● a movement or position in which something has dropped down to a lower level

Ex: The shelf sagged under the weight of the heavy books.

● a reduction in something

Ex: a sag in sales.

405. inexpedient

not suitable or convenient

Ex: It was inexpedient for him to be seen to approve of the decision.

406. sanction

(v)

to formally give permission for something

Ex: The administration was reluctant to sanction intervention in the crisis.

(n)

● an official order, such as the stopping of trade, that is taken against a country in order to
make it obey international law

Ex: Many nations have imposed sanctions on the country because of its attacks on its own people.

:Trade/economic sanctions will only be lifted (=stopped) when the aggressor nation withdraws its

troops

● a strong action taken in order to make people obey a law or rule, or a punishment given
when they do not obey

Ex: Without realistic sanctions, some teachers have difficulty keeping order in the classroom.

● approval or permission, especially formal or legal

Ex: They tried to get official sanction for the plans.

407. err

to make a mistake or to do something wrong

Ex: He erred in agreeing to her appointment to the position.

408. err on the side of caution

to be especially careful rather than taking a risk or making a mistake

Ex: 25 people have replied to the invitation, but I’ve erred on the side of caution and put out 30
chairs

409. lagoon

● a shallow pond where sunlight, bacterial action, and oxygen work to purify wastewater; also
used for storage of wastewater or spent nuclear fuel rods.
● shallow body of water, often separated from the sea by coral reefs or sandbars.

410. unlined lagoon

a pit or excavation designed or used to receive wastewater, septage, or sludge, that has no barrier to
prohibit the downward or lateral flow of the deposited waste, its constituents or leachate.

411. minimony

a small wedding ceremony that is held instead of, or before, a bigger celebration

412. outlay

(n)

an amount of money spent for a particular purpose, especially as a first investment in something

Ex: For an initial outlay of $ 2000 to buy the equipment, you can earn up to $ 500 a month if the
product sells well.

:Few are able to afford the cash outlay

:It’s low cost, with no significant cash outlay at the outset.

:He will invest another $65 million, bringing his total outlay to $315 million.

:This technology will require an initial outlay, but it will produce long-term savings.

(v)

to spend an amount of money for a particular purpose, especially as a first investment in something

Ex: In the first year we outlaid thousands of dollars on computers

:Employees are not required to outlay any of their own money

413. the outset

the beginning

Ex: I told him at/from the outset I wasn’t interested.

414. daunting

making you feel slightly frightened or worried about your ability to achieve something

Ex: The country was faced with the daunting prospect of overcoming four decades of division.

415. set about sth

to start to do or deal with something

Ex: I have no idea how to set about changing a tire on a car.

:I tried to apologize, but I think I set about it the wrong way.

416. order of magnitude

● the approximate size of something, especially a number

Ex: The country’s debt this year will be of the same order of magnitude as it was last year.

● a level in a system used for measuring something in which each level is ten times larger than
the one before

Ex: These processor speeds have recently increased by two orders of magnitude (=by a hundred

times).

417. unwarranted

not having a good reason and therefore annoying or unfair

Ex: People need to be protected against such unwarranted intrusions into their private lives by
journalists.

418. buffet

● (of wind, rain,etc.) to hit something repeatedly and with great force

Ex: The little boat was buffeted mercilessly by the waves.

● to hit something or someone repeatedly and, usually, hard

Ex: Many fierce storms had buffeted the coast before, but this one was worse than usual.
 :Buffeted by such adverse reaction, the USEPA abandoned the health-based approach and
adopted Phelps-type expediency standards that define two types of sludge, one (ClassB) that has
been treated by such means as anaerobic digestion and the other (Class A) that has been disinfected.

419. pasture

grass or similar plants suitable for animals such as cows and sheep to eat, or an area of land covered
in this

Ex: The sheep were grazing on the lush green pastures.

: Some fields are planted with crops for several years, and then returned to pasture for the cattle.

420. affidavit

a written statement made by someone who has officially promised to tell the truth, and which might
be used in a court of law

Ex: He admitted he was one of a number of people stealing from the company, according to the
affidavit filed by the district attorney’s office.

421. downfall

(something that causes) the usually sudden destruction of a person, organization, or government
and their loss of power, money, or health

Ex: Rampant corruption brought about the downfall of the government

:In the end, it was the continual drinking that was his downfall

422. saddle sb with sth

to give someone responsibility or problem that they do not want and that will cause them a lot of
work or difficulty

Ex: The company is saddled with debt.

423. vat

a large container used for mixing or storing liquid substances, especially in a factory

Ex: a vat of wine/oil

424. thereby

as a result of this action

Ex: Diets that are high in saturated fat clog up our arteries, thereby reducing the blood flow to our
hearts and brains
425. cordon

a line of police, soldiers, vehicles, etc. positioned around a particular area in order to prevent people
from entering it.

Ex: There was a police cordon around the building

426. inadvertently

in a way that is not intentional

Ex: He inadvertently deleted the file

:I inadvertently ended up on the wrong street

427. winch

a machine that lifts heavy objects by turning a chain or rope around a tube-shaped device

Ex: Winches powered by electric motors launched the gliders into the air

:This old steam winch was used to pull things up on shore in days gone by.

428. days gone by

days/times in the past

429. go by

to move past in space or time

Ex: You can watch the trains going by from this window

:You can’t let an opportunity like that go by-it’s too good to miss

:Hardly a day goes by when I don’t think about her

430. recessed

built in a space in a wall

Ex: recessed light

431. splice

to join two pieces of rope, film, etc. together at their ends in order to form one long piece

Ex: Scientists have discovered how to splice pieces of DNA.

432. do justice to someone/something

to be accurate or fair by representing someone or something as that person or thing truly is

Ex: Just calling the movie “fun” doesn’t do it justice(=it is better than just “fun”)

:This is the only picture I have that does full justice to her beauty (=shows her to be as beautiful as

she is)

433. sloppy

● very wet or liquid, often in a way that is unpleasant

Ex: The batter was a bit sloppy so I added some more flour.

：She covered his face with sloppy kisses.

● not taking care or making an effort

Ex: Spelling mistakes always look sloppy in a formal letter

：Another sloppy pass like that might lose them the whole game.

● (of ground, especially a track for racing) very wet and soft

Ex: In the show-jumping, accuracy was difficult on the rain-soaked, sloppy ground.

：Maybe it will rain and the track will be sloppy.

434. expulsion

(the act of) focusing someone, or being forced, to leave a school, organization, or country

Ex: They threatened him with expulsion from school

: This is the second expulsion of a club member this year.

435. adamant

impossible to persuade, or unwilling to change an opinion or decision

Ex: I have told her she should stay at home and rest but she’s adamant that she’s coming

436. ajar

if a door is ajar, it is slightly open

Ex: We left the door ajar so that we could hear what they were saying

437. misogynist

a man who hates women or believes that men are much better than women.

438. trivialize

to make something seem less important than it really is

Ex: I don’t want to trivialize the problem but I do think there are more important matters to discuss

439. do away with sb

to murder someone

440. innocuous

completely harmless (=causing no harm)

Ex: Some mushrooms look innocuous but are in fact poisonous

441. subservient

willing to do what other people want or considering your wishes as less important than those of
other people

Ex: Women were expected to adopt a subservient role/position

:His other interests were subservient to his compelling passion for art

442. consent

permission or agreement

443. affluence

the state of having a lot of money and possessions

Ex: This period saw the increase of real wages and affluence in British society

444. trivialize

to make something seem less important than it really is

Ex: I don’t want to trivialize the problem, but I do think there are more important matters to discuss.

445. biota

The animals and plants living in a particular place time or habitat (=one type of natural environment)

446. all but

almost

Ex: The game was all but over by the time we arrived

: I’d all but given up on you

447. transient

someone who lives only temporarily in a place

Ex: It’s an organization set up to provide money and help for transients

448. die out

to become less common and finally stop existing

Ex: Dinosaurs died out millions of years ago

: It’s a custom that is beginning to die out

449. tributary

a river or stream that flows into a larger river or a lake

Ex: the Indre, a lesser tributary of the Loire

450. potent

very powerful, forceful, or effective

Ex: Surprise remains the terrorists’ most potent weapon

: The Berlin Wall was a potent symbol of the Cold War

: This is a very potent drug and can have unpleasant side-effects.

451. dysentery

a disease of the bowels that causes the contents to be passed out of the body much more often and
in a more liquid form than usual. It is caused by an infection that is spread by dirty water or food

452. Guinea

a country in west Africa

453. gastroenteritis

an illness that causes the stomach and bowels to become swollen and painful

454. septicemia

a serious illness in which an infection spreads through the blood

455. runoff

● Water that flows away from high areas to low areas

Ex: Houses and subdivisions can disturb spring water runoff from the mountains.

● Runoff is also chemicals and animal excrement that flow into rivers and lakes and pollute the
environment

Ex: Stormwater runoff is a major source of water pollution.

456. trophozoite

a growing stage in the life cycle of some sporozoan parasites, when they are absorbing nutrients
from the host

457. gypsum

a white, hard substance that is used in making plaster of Paris

458. treacle (also black treacle, US molasses) source: refining sugar cane or sugar beet

a sweet thick, dark liquid that is used in cooking sweet dishes and sweets
459. malodorous

having an unpleasant smell

Ex: The swamp is built on a malodorous swamp

460. refractive

causing, caused by, or connected with light or sound changing direction or separating when it travels
through water, glass, etc

461. to the tune of

in the approximate amount mentioned

Ex: We’re in debt to the tune of $50,000.

462. refractory

● not affected by a treatment, change, or process

Ex: This is a chronic and disabling condition that is refractory to treatment

● difficult to control; unwilling to obey

Ex: a refractory child

463. amenable

willing to accept or be influenced by a suggestion

Ex: She might be more amenable to the idea if you explained how much money it would save

: Do you think the new manager will prove more amenable to our proposals

464. predicament

an unpleasant situation that is difficult to get out of

Ex: She is hoping to get a loan from her bank to help her out of her financial predicament.

: I’m in a bit of a predicament because I’ve accidentally accepted two invitations to dinner on the

same night.

465. prohibitive

if the cost of something is prohibitive, it is too expensive for most people

Ex: Hotel prices in the major cities are high but not prohibitive
466. imperative

extremely important or urgent

Ex: The president said it was imperative that the release of all hostages be secured

: It’s imperative to act now before the problem gets really serious.

467. ascribe sth to sb/sth

to consider something to be caused, created, or owned by someone or something

Ex: To what do you ascribe the enormous success of your latest book?

:People like to ascribe human feelings to animals (=believe animals have have human feelings)

468. diurnal

● being active or happening during the day rather than at night

Ex: The Ethiopian wolf is mostly diurnal, but becomes nocturnal in areas where it is persecuted.

● happening over a period of a day

Ex: the diurnal rotation of the earth

:diurnal activity

469. nocturnal

Being active or happening at night rather than during the day

Ex: Most bats are nocturnal

:nocturnal wanderings

470. freeboard

● the height above the recorded high-water mark of a structure (such as a dam) associated
with the water
● the distance between the waterline and the main deck or weather deck of a ship or between
the level of the water and the upper edge of the side of a small boat

471. invariably

always

Ex: The train is invariably late

472. slake

to satisfy a need to drink or a desire for something

Ex: Two new natural-gas plants should help slake the country’s demand for power.
473. grain

● a very small piece of hard substance

Ex: grains of sand

● a very small amount of a particular quality

Ex: There wasn’t a grain of truth in anything she said

: Anyone with a grain of common sense would have known what to do

474. oblong

an object or shape that is longer than it is wide

475. sparging

also known as gas flushing in metallurgy, is a technique in which a gas is bubbled through a liquid in
order to remove other dissolved gases and/or dissolved volatile liquid from that liquid

476. gelatinous

thick and like jelly

Ex: The liquid solidifies into a gelatinous mass

477. incivility

rudeness

478. whitewater

water in a river that flows fast and strongly in an especially narrow channel

479. calcine

to reduce, oxidize, or desiccate by roasting or exposing to strong heat

Ex: We calcine the medine so that we may better dissolve it

480. chelate

a chemical compound in which a substance is joined to a metal atom by two or more bonds
(=attachments)

Ex: magnesium chelate

481. capillary

a very thin tube, especially one of the smaller tubes that carry blood around the body
482. myriad

a very large number of something

Ex: a myriad of choices

and now myriads of bars and hotels are opening up along the coast

483. vogue

a fashion or general liking, especially one that is temporary

484. promulgate

● to announce something publicly, especially a new law

Ex: The new law was finally promulgated in the autumn of last year

● to spread beliefs or ideas among a lot of people

485. auspice

under the auspices of sb/sth

with the protection or support of someone or something, especially an organization

Ex: Financial aid is being provided to the country under the auspices of the International Monetary
Fund

486. preeminent

more important or powerful than all others

Ex: He was the preeminent scientist of his day

487. psychosis

any of a number of the more severe mental diseases that make someone believe things that are not
real

Ex: She fell into a drug-induced psychosis

488. ignorance

lack of knowledge, understanding, or information about something

Ex: Public ignorance about the disease is still a cause for concern.

: Patients, it is claimed, were kept/left in ignorance of what was wrong with them
489. obscure

to prevent something from being seen or heard

Ex: Two new skyscrapers had sprung up, obscuring the view from her window

: The sun was obscured by clouds

to make something difficult to discover and understand

Ex: Managers deliberately obscured the real situation from federal investigators.

490. sinister

making you feel that something bad or evil might happen

Ex: The ruined house had a sinister appearance

: A sinister-looking man sat in the corner of the room

491. insidious

(of something unpleasant or dangerous) gradually and secretly causing harm

Ex: High blood pressure is an insidious condition which has few symptoms

492. felt

a type of thick, soft cloth made from a pressed mass of wool and hair

Ex: a felt hat

493. pernicious

having a very harmful effect or influence

Ex: The cuts in government funding have had a pernicious effect on local health services

494. lace

to add alcohol or drugs to food or drink, often secretly

495. prenatal

relating to the medical care given to pregnant women before their babies are born

Ex: prenatal care/ classes

496. riveting

extremely interesting

Ex: It was a riveting story

497. afflict

If a problem or illness afflicts a person or thing, they suffer from it

Ex: It is an illness that afflicts women more than men

:a country afflicted by civil war

498. fumigant

a chemical that produces fumes used to disinfect or purify an area

499. necrosis

death of cell tissues

500. incandescence

the act of producing a bright light from a heated part

Ex: Meteors and comets entering the earth’s atmosphere compress the air and heat it to
incandescence.

: The association seeks to reduce light pollution, the incandescence caused by outdoor night
lighting

501. stupor

a state in which a person is almost unconscious and their thoughts are not clear

Ex: He was lying under the table in a drunken stupor

502. dermatitis

a disease in which the skin is red and painful

503. subcutaneous

existing under the skin

Ex: subcutaneous fat/ muscle

504. unfathomable

impossible to understand

Ex: For some unfathomable reason, they built the toilet next to the kitchen

505. attenuation

the process of making something less or weaker

506. facultative

● of or relating to the grant of permission, authority, or privilege

● taking place under some conditions but not under others
● exhibiting an indicated lifestyle under some environmental conditions but not under others

507. facultative anaerobe

a facultative anaerobe is an organism which can survive in the presence of oxygen, can use oxygen in
aerobic respiration, but can also survive without oxygen via fermentation or anaerobic respiration.

508. methanogenesis

methanogenesis is an anaerobic respiration that generates methane as the final product of

metabolism

509. methanogens

methanogens are those bacteria, which produce large quantities of methane during the
decomposition of organic matter.

510. pristine

new or almost new, and in very good condition

511. dielectric

insulating material or a very poor conductor of electric current. When dielectrics are placed in an
electric field, practically no current flows in them

512. till
to prepare and use land for growing crops

Ex: This piece of land has been tilled for hundreds of years

513. windrow

a row of hay raked up to dry before being baled or stored

514. ordnance

military supplies, especially weapons and bombs

515. labile

● Changing often or easily

Ex: emotionally labile characters

: a labile pulse

516. unabated

without becoming weaker in strength or force

Ex: The fighting continued unabated throughout the night

517. congruent

similar to or in agreement with something, so that the two things can both exist or can be combined
without problems

Ex: Our goals are congruent, there is no conflict

:We need the freedom to direct funds in a way that is in congruent with local priorities

518. taxonomic

relating to a system for naming and organizing things, especially plants and animals, into groups that
have similar qualities

519. uncover

to discover something secret or hidden or remove something covering something else

520. taxon (pl taxa)

a taxonomic group of any rank, such as a species, family or class

521. phylogenetically

in a way that relates to the evolutionary development and diversification of a species or group of
organisms

522. microfluidic

the behaviour, precise control, manipulation of fluids that are geometrically constrained to a small
scale (typically sub-millimeter) at which surface forces dominate volumetric forces.

523. vector

something physical such as force that has size and direction

524. divest

to sell something, especially a business or a part of a business

525. payload

the amount of goods or people that a vehicle, such as a truck or aircraft, can carry

526. abattoir

a place where animals were killed for their meat

527. manure

solid wastes from animals, especially horses, that is spread on the land in order to make plants grow
well

528. stanchion

a fixed vertical bar or pole used as a support for something

529. discernible

able to be seen or understood

Ex: The influence of Rodin is discernible in younger artist

: There is no discernible reason why this should be the case

530. gusty

with sudden, strong wind

531. billow

to spread over a large area, or (especially of things made of cloth) to become filled with air and
appear to be larger

Ex: Smoke billow (out) from burning building

: The sheets/shirts hanging on the line billowed in the breeze

:We watched the boats with their billowing sails

532. surf

the top of waves on the sea when they are near to the coast or hit against rocks

533. pestilential

relating to or tending to cause infectious diseases

534. hie

to go quickly or to hurry

Ex: I must hie me to the sales before all the bargains are gone

535. topography

the physical appearance of the natural features of an area of land, especially the shape of its surface

536. climatology

the scientific study of climate (=general or long-term weather conditions)

537. trilogy

a series of three books, plays, etc. written about the same situation or characters, forming a
continuous story

538. hamper

to prevent someone doing something easily

Ex: Fierce storms have been hampering rescue efforts and there is now little chance of finding more
survivors

539. abate

to become less strong

Ex: The storm/wind/rain has started to abate

: The fighting in the area shows no sign of abating

540. promulgate

to spread beliefs or ideas among a lot of people

541. oversight

responsibility for a job or activity and for making sure it is being done correctly

542. precursor

something that comes before another and may lead to it or influence its development

Ex: Opponents fear this would be a precursor to development of the entire canyon.

543. cumbersome

● awkward because of being large, heavy, or not effective

Ex: cumbersome equipment

: cumbersome bureaucracy

● difficult to do or manage and taking a lot of time and effort

Ex: Critics say that the process for amending the Constitution is cumbersome, but others defend it.

544. litigation

the process of taking a case to court of law so that a judgment can be made

Ex: The company has consistently denied responsibility, but it agreed to the settlement to avoid the
expense of lengthy litigation.

545. plaintiff

someone who makes a legal complaint against someone else in court

546. defendant

a person in a law case who is accused of having done something illegal

547. pursuant to something

according to something

pursuant to sth The committee will issue a decision within 15 days pursuant to rule 182

548. allot
to give something, especially a share of something available, for a particular purpose

Ex: They allotted everyone a separate desk.

549. spurious

false and not what it appears to be, or (of reasons and judgments) based on something that has not
been correctly understood and therefore false

Ex: Some of the arguments in favor of shutting the factory are questionable and others downright
spurious.

550. locate

to move to a place to do business

Ex: The company hopes to locate in its new offices by June.

551. preclude

to prevent something or make it impossible, or prevent someone from doing something

Ex: His contract precludes him from discussing his work with anyone outside the company

:The fact that your application was not successful this time does not preclude the possibility of you

applying again next time

552. offset

to pay for things that will reduce carbon dioxide in order to reduce the damage caused by carbon
dioxide that you produce

Ex: We offset all our long-haul flights

553. grandfathered

an activity, person, group, etc that is grandfathered is not covered by a new law because of
grandfather clause

Ex: Current investor will be grandfathered

554. tailpipe

the pipe at the back of a vehicle through which waste gas escapes from the engine
555. phase in

to introduce or implement (someone or something) gradually to some new function, condition, or

situation, especially in distinct phases or stages

Ex: We’ve been phasing in a new company-wide policy to help deal with cyber security threats

:The program was phased in over a period of seven years, with the final implementation going live

today

:They said they would phase me in slowly when they first offered the job to me, but that hasn’t

been the case at all

556. substantiate

to show something to be true, or to support a claim with fact

Ex: We have evidence to substantiate the allegations against him

:Reports that children had been hurt have not been substantiated.

557. stillbirth

the birth of a dead baby

558. brunt

the brunt of sth

the main force of something unpleasant

Ex: The infantry has taken/borne the brunt of the missile attacks

:Small companies are facing the full brunt of the recession

559. selfsame

exactly the same

Ex: His father had suffered from the selfsame disease

560. gooey

Soft and sticky

Ex: a gooey cake

561. fissure

a deep, narrow crack, especially in rock or the earth

562. be/get bogged down

to be/ become so involved in something complicated or difficult that you cannot do anything else

Ex: Let’s not get bogged down with individual complaints

:Try not to get too bogged down in the details

563. snap back

to quickly return to a previous condition

Ex: snap back from sth the market snapped back last week from its free-fall

564. meandering

moving slowly in no particular direction or with no clear purpose

Ex: a meandering river

: a long meandering speech

565. otherwise

● (adv) differently or in another way

Ex: Under the Bill of Rights, a person is presumed innocent until proved otherwise (=guilty)

: I can’t meet you on Tuesday-I’m otherwise engaged/ occupied (=doing something else).

● except for what has just been referred to

Ex: The bike needs a new wheel, but otherwise it’s in good condition.

: The poor sound quality ruined an otherwise beautiful film

566. aloft

in the air or in a higher position

567. morass

something that is extremely complicated and difficult to deal with and makes any progress almost
impossible

Ex: The morass of rules and regulations is delaying the start of the project

568. prairie

a wide area of flat land without trees in Canada and the northern US.

569. tundra

(part of) the very large area of land in North Asia, North America, and northern Europe where,
because it is cold, trees do not grow and ground below the surface is permanently frozen.

Ex: Reindeer roam the tundra in large herds.

: Few plants grow in tundra regions.

570. heather

a low, spreading bush, usually with small pink, purple, or white flowers, that grows wild, especially
on hills

571. hedgerow

a line of different types of bushes and small trees growing very close together, especially between
fields or along the sides of roads in the countryside.

572. vineyard

a piece of land on which vines are grown

573. clump

a group, especially of trees or flowers

Ex: a clump of grass/ daffodils

574. gust

a sudden strong wind

Ex: A sudden gust of wind blew his umbrella inside out

: She could hear gusts of laughter (=sudden, loud laughter) from within the room.

575. sparse

small in numbers or amount, often spread over a large area

Ex: a sparse poplulation/ audience

: sparse vegetation/ woodland

: a sparse beard

576. fore

to public attention or into a noticeable position

Ex: Various ecological issues have come to the fore of since the discovery of the hole in the earth’s
ozone layer

:The prime minister has deliberately brought to the fore those ministers with a more caring image

577. commensurate

in a correct and suitable amount compared to something else

Ex: a salary that is commensurate with skills and experience

578. quiescent
temporarily quiet and not active

Ex: The political situation was now relatively quiescent.

579. deleterious

harmful

Ex: These drugs have a proven deleterious effect on the nervous system

580. addendum

is an addition required to be made to a document by its reader subsequent to its printing or

publication.

581. corrigendum

a revision of a printed or published document

a mistake in a printed text that needs to be corrected

582. indemnify

to pay or promise to pay someone an amount of money if they suffer damage or loss

Ex: In return for a premium, the underwriter agrees to indemnify the insured against losses covered
by the insurance.

:The farm bill contained provisions enabling the secretary of agriculture to indemnify farmers from
certain losses

:The seller promised to indemnify the buyer for cleanup costs associated with pollution on the
parcel of land.

● to protect someone against legal responsibility for their actions:

Ex: He cannot sue, because the government had indemnified the company

:The state is required to indemnify employees against civil claims relating to actions taken in the
course of their official duties.

583. notwithstanding

despite the fact or thing mentioned

Ex: Notwithstanding some members’ objections, I think we must go ahead with the plan.

:Injuries notwithstanding, the team won the semifinal.

584. gutter

● the edge of a road where rain flows away

● an open pipe, usually at the lower edge of a roof, that collects and carries away rain

585. emulate
to copy something achieved by someone else and try to do it as well as they have

Ex: They hope to emulate the success of other software companies.

:Fitzgerald is eager to emulate Martin’s record of three successive world titles

586. offtake

the removal of oil from a reservoir or supply

587. lend itself to something

to be good for a particular use

Ex: The book really lends itself to being turned into a film.

588. obfuscate

to make something less clear and harder to understand, especially intentionally

Ex: To make something less clear and harder to understand, especially intentionally

Ex: She was criticized for using arguments that obfuscated the main issue.

:Companies deliberately obfuscate figures in complicated annual reports

:Instead of concealing or obfuscating, the doctors involved admitted their faults and launched an

investigation

589. malfeasance

An example of dishonest and illegal behavior, especially by a person in authority

Ex: Several cases of malpractice and malfeasance in the financial world are currently being
investigated.

590. obfuscate

to make something less clear and harder to understand, especially intentionally

Ex: She was criticized for using arguments that obfuscated the real issue

: Companies deliberately obfuscate figures in complicated annual reports.

:Instead of concealing or obfuscating, the doctors involved admitted their fault and launched an

investigation

591. muddy the waters

to make a situation more confused and less easy to understand or deal with

592. crescendo
a gradual increase in loudness, or the moment when a noise or piece of music is at its loudest

Ex: The music reached its crescendo

593. endogenous

found or coming from within something, for example a system or a person’s body or mind

Ex: Endogenous insulin levels decrease overtime in people with type 2 diabetes

594. exogenous

found or coming from outside something

595. appurtenance

a possession or piece of property that is considered to be a typical feature of a particular way of

living.

Ex: Books and laptops are among the appurtenances of student life

596. masquerade

• behaviour that is intended to prevent the truth about something unpleasant or not wanted
from becoming known.

Ex: They kept up the masquerade of being happily married for over 30 years.

• To pretend or appear to be

Ex: In this business, there are a lot of unqualified people masquerading as experts.

597. Immunity debt

The situation where people have been avoiding exposure to the Covid-19 virus and have therefore
not developed immunity to other viruses, causing larger, more serious outbreaks of illness later.

598. Entrained gas

The gas present in the fluids of a wellbore circulatory system. Many well-intervention operations are
conducted with the well live or held on balance. Fluids circulated within the wellbore under these
conditions are likely to pick up reservoir fluid and gas.

The entrained gas and fluid require special handling and processing before the base fluid can be
safely recirculated in the wellbore or prepared for disposal.

599. Seed sludge

In wastewater treatment, seed, seed culture, or seed sludge refer to a mass of sludge that contains
population of microorganisms. When a seed sludge is mixed with wastewater or sludge being
treated, the process of biological decomposition takes place more rapidly.
The term “seed” refers to microorganisms that consume the biodegradable organic matter in
samples for measurement of BOD.

600. Flame trap

A device (as a wire gauze across a nozzle inlet) for preventing the flame of burning gas from backing
up into the supply pipe and causing an explosion.

601. Drip trap

Collect and remove condensate from biogas, which is necessary for protecting piping and equipment
from potential damage from corrosion.

602. Condensate and sediment trap

Remove liquids and solids from wet, dirty biogas, which helps protect downstream equipment from
corrosion, clogging, or water hammer

603. Conundrum

 A problem that is difficult to deal with

Ex: Arranging childcare over the school holidays can be a real conundrum for working parents

 A question that is a trick, often involving a humorous use of words that have two meanings

604. Churn

The number of customers who decide to stop using a service offered by one company and to use
another company, usually because it offers a better service or price

Ex: Internet and cable television companies suffer from a high churn rate

605. Anomaly

A person or thing that is different from what is usual, or not in agreement with something else and
therefore not satisfactory

Ex: Statistical anomalies can make it difficult to compare economic data from one year to the next

: The anomaly of the social security system is that you sometimes have more money without a job

606. Berm

A flat strip of land, raised bank, or terrace bordering a river or canal.

607. Plough (US-plow)

A large farming tool with blades that digs the soil in fields so that seeds can be planted

608. Succulent

Succulent food is pleasantly juicy

Ex: a succulent peach

: a big piece of succulent steak

609. Ambrosia

 The food eaten by Greek and Roman gods

 A very pleasant food

Ex: The chocolate mousse she makes is sheer ambrosia (=tastes extremely good)

610. Paunch manure

Partially digested material taken from an animal at the time of slaughter

611. Cannery

A factory where food is sput into metal containers

612. Rig

 A structure used to support machinery and equipment for a particular purpose

Ex: an oil rig

: a camera/plow rig

 A large truck consisting of at least two sections, including an engine to drive it and another
part to hold a load

Ex: a huge rig, a sixteen-wheeler, rolling downhill, flew right by me.

613. Collimated

(of rays of light or particles) made accurately parallel

614. Acclimate

To acclimatize (to cause to change to suit different conditions of life, weather, etc.)

Ex: Apparently the zoo animals had become acclimated to the crowd noise and were no longer
startled by it

615. Insidious

(of something unpleasant or dangerous) gradually and secretly causing harm

Ex: High blood pressure is an insidious condition which has few symptoms.

616. Excursion

 A short trip usually made for pleasure, often by a group of people

 A deviation from a regular activity or course
617. Discredit

(v)

To cause people to stop respecting someone or believing in an idea or person

Ex: Evidence of links with drug dealers has discredited the mayor

:discredited theories

(n)

Loss of respect for or belief in someone or something

Ex: The stupid behaviour of one student has brought discredit on the whole school

:To her discredit, she never admitted her role in the scandal

618. Complement

To make something else seem better or more attractive when combining with it

Ex: Strawberries and cream complement each other perfectly.

:The music complements her voice perfectly.

619. Amorphous

Without a clearly defined shape or form

620. Ductility is the ability of a solid material to undergo tensile stress without damage

621. Malleability is the ability of solid materials to undergo compressive stress without damage

622. Naphtha is the more volatile forms of petroleum. It is a flammable liquid containing a
mixture of hydrocarbons.

623. Oxygenated gasoline is a form of fuel that has ethanol as an additive to increase the oxygen
content of fuel. Other way to oxygenate other than ethanol such as alcohols like methanol,
isopropyl alcohol, etc. and ethers like methyl tert-butyl ether

We add this component to gasoline mainly because it is a cheap way to increase the octane
rating- increased octane ratings reduce knocking effect. Primary role is reducing the exhaust
emissions.

624. Non-oxygenated gasoline

Non-oxygenated gasoline is a form of gasoline that has no additives, which increase the oxygen
content of the fuel. It reduces the corrosion problems of the engine. This makes it a good choice for
vehicles that we store for a long time in off-seasons.

625. Chelate

A chemical compound in which a substance is joined to a metal atom by two or more bonds
(=attachments).
626. Adjuvant

A substance that strengthens the body’s immune response (=ability to fight harmful substances,
disease, etc)

627. Contend with something/someone

To try to deal with a difficult situation or person

Ex: At the age of nine he had to contend with the death of both parents.

628. Tannery

A tannery is the place where the skins are processed.

629. Synchronous

Happening or done at the same time or speed

Ex: The dancers perform a sequence of wonderfully synchronous movements.

630. Sorbed

To take up and hold, as by absorption or adsorption

631. Temperate

(of weather coditions) neither very hot nor very cold

632. Phenotype

 The physical characteristics of something living, especially those characteristic that can be
seen
 All the characteristics of a living thing, especially the quality that you can see, for example
the color of the hair and eyes, the weight, etc.

633. Dab

To touch something with quick light touches, or to put a substance on something with quick light
touches

Ex: She dabbed at her eyes with a tissue.

:She dabbed a little perfume behind her ears.

634. Smear

To spread a liquid or a thick substance over a surface

Ex: The children had smeared peanut butter all over the sofa

: Can you explain why the front of your car is smeared with blood?

635. Incumbent

Officially having the named position

Ex: The incumbent president faces problems which began many years before he took office.

636. Pain in the arse/ backside

Someone or something that is very annoying

Ex: The kids were a real pain in the arse

637. Umbrella

Something that includes or represents a group or range of similar things

Ex: They provide an umbrella of work force development services

: An awful lot of damage is done under the umbrella of ecotourism.

638. Umbrella species

Umbrella species are species selected for making conservation-related decisions, typically because
protecting these species indirectly protect the many other species that make up the ecological
community of its habitat.

639. Accord

(v) to treat someone specially, usually by showing respect

Ex: The massed crowds of supporters accorded him a hero’s welcome

: Certainly in our society teachers don’t enjoy the respect that is accorded to doctors and lawyers.

640. Of your own accord

If you do something of your own accord, you do it without being asked to do it

Ex: She came of her own accord. No one asked her to come
641. With one accord

If people do something with one accord, they do it together and in complete agreement

Ex: With one accord, the delegates walked out of the conference

642. Sequela

A result or condition that follows from a disease or illness

Ex: neurological sequelae

: Mild cognitive impairment is a sequela of having multiple concussions while playing football.

643. Concussion

Temporary damage to the brain caused by a fall or hit on the head or by violent shaking

644. Caudal

Relating to the bottom end of the body, that is the bottom of the feet, or to the bottom end o the
spinal cord

Ex: caudal anaesthesia

: caudal artery

645. Ingenuity

Someone’s ability to think of clever new ways of doing something

Ex: I was impressed by the ingenuity and energy of the contestants.

: It took some time and a little ingenuity, but we were able to rescue the animals.

646. Bottom line

 The final line in the accounts of a company or organization, stating the total profit or loss
that has been made

Ex: How will the rise in interest rates affect our bottom line?

 The bottom line

The most important fact in a situation

Ex: The bottom line is that we need another ten thousand dollars to complete the project

647. Bifurcation

 The fact that something is divided into two parts or the act of dividing something into two
parts
 Either of the two parts into which something divides
648. Save-all

(n)

 Any of various devices for preventing waste, damage, or loss

 A receptacle for catching the waste products of a process for further use in manufacture.

649. Hide (n)

 The strong, thick skin of an animal, used for making leather.

 A place where people can watch wild animals or birds without being noticed by them.

650. Vat

A large container used for mixing or storing liquid substances, especially in a factory

Ex: a vat of wine/oil

651. Drip pan

A pan for collecting liquid waste

Ex: put a drip pan under the crankcase

652. Facile

A facile remark or theory is too simple and has not been thought about enough

Ex: a facile explanation

:We must avoid facile recriminations about who was to blame.

653. Recrimination

Arguments between people who are blaming each other

Ex: The peace talks broke down and ended in bitter mutual recrimination

654. Knock-down-drag-out

A knock-down-drag-out fight or argument is very serious and continues for a long time

Ex: Look, I don’t want to get into a knock-down-drag-out fight with you over this, so let’s forget it.

655. Substitution of something for something

The substitution of English for French as the world’s common language

656. Vigilance

More careful attention, especially in order to notice possible danger

Ex: The police said that it was thanks to the vigilance of a neighbour that the fire was discovered
before it could spread.

657. Cradle-to-grave

Extending throughout one’s life, from birth to death

Ex: a cradle-to-grave system of healthcare.

658. Cradle to cradle

Offer a framework in which the effective, regenerative cycles of nature provide models for wholly
positive human designs.

Within this framework, we can create economies that purify air, land, and water, that rely on

659. Conscientious (=painstaking)

Putting a lot of effort into your work

Ex: A conscientious student

660. Level off /out

 To stop going up or down and continue at the same height

 To stop rising or falling and become steady
 Level (sth) off out: To make something flat and smooth

661. Trickle

(v)

Trickle down, from, out of, etc. sth

If liquid tricles somewhere, it flows slowly and without force in a thin line

Ex: Blood trickled out of the corner of his mouth

:Oil was trickling from a tiny hole in the tank

(n)

A very small number of people or things arriving or leaving somewhere

Ex: We usually only get a trickle of customers in the mornings.

662. De jure

Having a right or existence as stated by law

Ex: The country has de facto independence now, and it will soon be recognized de jure by the
world’s governments.

:The president aims to create a de jure one-party state

663. De facto

Existing in fact, although perhaps not intended, legal, or accepted

Ex: The city is rapidly becoming the de facto centre of the financial world.

:He’s her de facto husband though they’re not actually married.

:English is de facto the common language of much of the world today.

:If it is on British soil then it is de facto British.

664. Hydrofoil

A hydrofoil is a lifting surface, or foil, that operates in water. They are similar in appearance and
purpose to aerofoils used by aeroplanes

665. In respect of sth (also with respect to sth)

In connection with something

Ex: I am writing with respect to your letter of 15 June

666. Hauler

A business or a person involved in a business that transports goods by road

667. Vault

(v)

 To jump over something

Eg: He vaulted (over) the gate

 To vault is also to move someone suddenly to a much higher or more important position

Eg: The speech vaulted him into the national spotlight.

(n)

A room with thick walls and a strong door, which is used to safely store money, valuable things, etc

668. Accretion

A gradual increase or growth by the addition of new layers or parts

Ex: The fund was increased by the accretion of new shareholders.

 : The room hadn’t been cleaned for years and showed several accretions of dirt and dust

669. Commensurate

(Adj)

 In a correct and suitable amount compared to something else

Ex: a salary that is commensurate with skills and experience.

 Suitable in amount or quality compared to somet

Ex: a salary that is commensurate with skills and experience.

670. Innumerable

Too many to be counted

Ex: The project has been delayed by innumerable problems

671. Chime in

To interrupt or speak in a conversation, usually to agree with what has been said

Ex: “It’s very difficult,” I said. “Impossible,” she chimed in.

:Andy chimed in with his view of the situation.

672. Sole

The bottom part of the foot that touches the ground when you stand or walk, or the bottom part of
a shoe that touches the ground, usually not including the heel

673.

● Order to sell the market at a price below the current price.

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