Tutorial 2

(Corresponding to Lecture 11-15)

August 5, 2016

1. Consider a mobile station is moving at the speed of 100 km/hr and operating at a carrier
frequency of 2.4 GHz. Assume the wireless system is using BPSK modulation of 100
kbps.

• Find 50% coherence time of the channel.

• Comment on the state of the channel over various time scale.
EL
• Find whether the channel experienced by the mobile user is slow or fast fading

Solution:
PT

V = 100km/hr. = 100 × 1000/3600m/s

fc = 2.4GHz = 2.4 × 109 Hz
Vf 100 × 1000 × 2.4 × 109
Doppler shift in frequencies (fd ) = = Hz
N

c 3600 × 3 × 108
9
50%Coherence time (tc ) =
16πfd
9 × 3 × 108 × 3600
=
16π × 100 × 1000 × 2.4 × 109
= 8.057 × 10−4 sec = 80.57millisec
The channel becomes uncorrelated between one coherence time duration (evident from
decrease in channel correlation). So, in order to perfectly measure the state of the chan-
nel it is mandatory to take measurement atleast once in one coherence time interval i.e.
80.57 millisecond.

1
 Bit rate for BPSK (rb ) = 100kbps
1
So,symbol duration (Ts ) =
rb
1
=
100 × 103
= 1 × 10−5 sec = 10µsecond
Coherence time of the channel (Tc ) = 80.57millisec
= 80.57 × 10−3 sec
So, Ts  Tc
So,user is experiencing slow fading.
2

2. For a Rayleigh faded channel consider the Doppler frequency (fm ) = 100Hz and thresh-
old level (ρ) = 0.75. Calculate the approximate level crossing rate (LCR) and average
fade duration (AFD) for the channel
Solution:
Using the relationship of LCR(Lz ) with doppler frequency (fm ) and threshold level(ρ)
√
EL 2
Lz = 2πfm .ρe−ρ
√ 2
= 2π × 100 × 0.75 × e−0.75
PT

≈ 118crossing/sec.

Using the relationship of average fade duration (tz ) with maximum Doppler frequency
(fm ) and threshold level(ρ)
N

2
eρ − 1
tz = √
ρfm 2π
2
e.75 − 1
= √
0.75 × 100 × 2π
= 4ms

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