EE-110L Circuit Analysis & Design

Name Hamad Shahid , M. Abdullah , M. Tayyab Nawaz

Reg. No 2022-EE-363 , 2022-EE-397 , 2022-EE-399
Marks / Grade

EXPERIMENT No. 6
Objective:
Demonstrate frequency response of a series RLC network and phasors on hardware and software.
Apparatus:

o Signal generator
o Inductor
o Capacitor
o Resistor
o Multimeter
Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
Resonance in RLC circuit:
Resonance means to be in step with. When the applied voltage and the current in an a.c. network are in
step with i.e. phase angle between voltage and current is zero or pf = 1, the circuit is said to be in resonance.
An a.c circuit containing reactive element (L and C) is said to be in resonance when the net reactance is
zero.
When a series R-L-C is in resonance, it possesses minimum impedance Z = R. Hence, circuit current is
maximum, it being limited by value of R alone. The current I0 =V/R and is in phase with V. Since circuit
current is maximum, it produces large voltage drops across L and C. But these drops being equal and
opposite, cancel out each other. Taken together, L and C from part of a circuit across which no voltage
develops however, large the current flowing. If it were for the presence of R, such a resonant Circuit would
act like a short circuit to currents of the frequency to which it is often referred to as voltage resonance.
 EE-110L Circuit Analysis & Design

The frequency at which the net reactance of the series circuit is zero is called the resonant frequency. Its
value can be found as under:

𝐗𝐋 = 𝐗𝐂

𝛚𝐋 = 𝟏/𝛚𝐂

𝛚𝟐 = 𝟏/𝐋𝐂
𝟏
𝐟=
𝟐𝛑√𝐋𝐂

Procedure:
o For the given resistor, inductor and capacitor, calculate the resonant frequency and connect the
circuit as shown in circuit diagram on breadboard and Multisim.
o Apply sinusoidal signal from the signal generator to the network and vary the frequency step by
step.
o Increase the frequency of the signal and for each frequency measure I, VL and VC with the help
of a multimeter while maintaining the applied voltage.

Observations & Calculations:

Resistance: ____2.7kΩ_____
Inductance: ____10mH_____
Capacitance: ___1.2µF
Resonant frequency: 1453.6Hz___
Calculated Values:
Frequency 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔L 𝑋c = 1/𝜔C Z 𝐼 = 𝑉/𝑍 𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐶
(Hz) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (mA) (V) (V)
20 1.256 6634.81 7161.98∠-67.8 0.7 0.879 4.64
50 3.14 2653.92 3783.73∠-44.5 1.32 4.149mV 3.5
100 6.28 1326.96 3005.69∠-26.1 1.6635 0.0104 2.20
500 31.4 265.39 2710∠-4.95 1.845 0.0579 0.4896
1453.61 91.2867 91.2867 2700∠0 1.85185 0.1690 0.1691
5000 314 26.5392 2715.26∠6.07 1.841 0.5782 0.0489
10000 628 13.2696 2769.096∠12.82 1.8056 1.134 0.0239
20000 1256 6.64 2975.05∠24.83 1.6806 2.111 0.011159
30000 1884 4.42 3289.80∠34.84 1.5198 2.86339 6.72 mV
50000 3140 2.65 4139.2∠49.28 1.21 3.793 3.21 mV
 EE-110L Circuit Analysis & Design

Measured Values:

Frequency 𝐼 𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐶
20Hz 700.359µA 882.935µV 4.629V

50Hz 1.324mA 4.172mV 3.5V

100Hz 1.665mA 10.493mV 2.201V

500Hz 1.845mA 58.149mV 487.825mV

1453.61Hz 1.852mA 169.679mV 168.42mV

5000Hz 1.841mA 580.34mV 48.686mV

10000Hz 1.805mA 1.138V 23.866mV

20000Hz 1.68mA 2.117V 11.102mV

30000Hz 1.518mA 2.871V 6.689mV

50000Hz 1.205mA 3.799V 3.187mV

Tasks:
• Attach the simulation results performed on Multisim.
• Perform calculations on separate pages.
• Draw graphs between frequency & current and frequency & impedance.

Conclusion: Comments including the effect of increase in frequency on different parameters

(impedance, current).
In conclusion, an increase in frequency in a series RLC circuit has a profound impact on
impedance and current behavior. The impedance consists of three components: the
resistance (R), inductor (L), and capacitor (C). As frequency rises, the inductive impedance
increases while the capacitive impedance decreases. This dynamic interaction results in a
total impedance that varies with frequency. Current, governed by Ohm's Law, responds by
exhibiting phase shifts in relation to the applied voltage. At the resonant frequency where
inductive and capacitive impedance cancel each other out, current and voltage are in phase,
leading to maximum current flow. Experimental measurements of impedance and current
variation with frequency help illustrate these effects, providing valuable insights into the
behavior of series RLC circuits and their applications in electrical engineering and
electronics.
EE-110L Circuit Analysis & Design
EE-110L Circuit Analysis & Design
EE-110L Circuit Analysis & Design
EE-110L Circuit Analysis & Design
EE-110L Circuit Analysis & Design
 EE-110L Circuit Analysis & Design

Graph between Frequency and Impedance:

Frequency vs Impedance
8000

7000

6000
Impedance(ohm)

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
20 50 100 500 1453.61 5000 10000 20000 30000 50000
Frequency(Hz)

Graph between Frequency and Circuit Current:

Frequency vs Current
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
Current(mA)

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
20 50 100 500 1453.61 5000 10000 20000 30000 50000
Frequency(Hz)