FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

EEB 333: ELECTRICAL MEASURMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION

LAB 1: OSCILLOSCOPE AND FUNCTION GENERATOR

NAME: MOTHAELWA TEBOGO

STUDENT ID: 202006156

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Objectives -------------------------------------------------------1

Equipment list --------------------------------------------------1

Introduction ----------------------------------------------------2

Theory ------------------------------------------------------------4

Procedure -------------------------------------------------------5

Results -----------------------------------------------------------6

Analysis of Results---------------------------------------------12

Discussion -------------------------------------------------------12

Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------12

References -------------------------------------------------------13
OBJECTIVES

 To understand the operation of the Oscilloscope.

 To understand the operation of the function/signal generator.
 To verify the input-output relation of a first order element.
.
EQUIPMENT

 Breadboard
 Wires
 Oscilloscope
 Function generator
 1kΩ resistor
 0.47 µF capacitor
 BNC to 2 alligator clips cables

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INTORDUCTION

The lab as stipulated on the objectives section was arranged with the aim of learning about two
of the most important components of measurements, the function generator and the
oscilloscope.

OSCILLOSCOPE
An oscilloscope is a device used to visualize a signal's waveform. This can be done by displaying
the signal's voltage (or voltage level) over time, or by displaying the signal's frequency (or
frequency level) over time. The waveform's characteristics were measured, including its
amplitude, frequency, and phase. The oscilloscope is a multifunctional instrument having many
function controls with specific use eg,

 Time/Division: specifies the horizontal time dimension's scale. Only when the variable
(time) control was fully calibrated clockwise was this scale accurate.
 Volts/Division: determines the voltage dimensions' scale. Only when the variable
(voltage) control was fully clockwise in the calibrated position was this scale precise
 AC-GND-DC: identify the section of the input signal that the oscilloscope analyzes. Both
the DC and AC signal components were accessible in the DC position. The waveform of a
signal is centered at 0 volts because the AC connection blocks the DC component from
being displayed.
 Vertical position: controlled the vertical position of the trace on the screen.
 Variable (voltage): varied the voltage dimension established by the volts/div setting.
 Horizontal position: shifts the trace horizontally on the screen.
 Variable (time): varies the time dimension established by the time/div setting.
 CH1-DUAL-CH2: selects which channels were displayed on the screen.

Figure 1: interface of Oscilloscope

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 FUNCTION GENERATOR
A device that can generate different voltage waveforms at varying frequencies and amplitudes.
A typical use is testing how circuits react to a known input signal. You can produce sine, square,
or triangle AC function signals using the majority of function generators. It has controls for
choosing the function generator's operating frequency. The frequency control knob and
frequency multiplier selection button are comprised of this. By coupling the signal generator
with an oscilloscope using a BNC-Banana adapter, you can see the signals generated.

Figure 1(a): Interface of a Function generator

The function generator receives a signal input then works in it and present or output in many
forms desired by the user. The following are forms or ways the function generator may output
a signal to be displayed on the oscilloscope.

Figure 1(b): wave forms of function generator

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THEORY

With the aid of a first order circuit (circuits that can be described by a first order differential
equation, they only consist of single energy storage component capacitor or inductor).

An RC circuit (figure 1) was fed a step input that the output showed an RC charging curve that
approached the limiting voltages exponentially with a time constant RC. If the initial voltage
across the capacitor was positive voltage and then the input drops to zero volts, the
capacitor voltage decayed according to:
⁄

If the input was not a step or a low frequency square wave but a sine wave, the ratio of the
output amplitude to the input amplitude would depend on the frequency f according to:

The RC constant can be obtained by two methods.

By Measuring:

 The half-life of the decay

 The frequency at when the output amplitude drops by a specific amount

It should be noted that when:

AC circuit theory also predicts that at this frequency there should be a phase shift between the
input and the output of 45˚

4
PROCEDURE

Using the two channels of the oscilloscope, the input and output voltage was measured across
the capacitor using the circuit linked as indicated in figure 2. The frequency range served by the
function generator was from 34 to 34 000 Hz. An oscilloscope was used to display the output
signal on channel 2 and a sinusoidal input with amplitude of 5V peak to peak on channel 1. The
frequency of the input signal was varied and the output changes were observed. Phase
difference between the input and output signals was also recorded. The results were presented
in the form of a table for the given frequency values. The circuit in figure 2 below was used as a
guide for circuit connection which was later verified by the lab instructor after observing for
false connections and to check if the circuits components were connected properly to ensure
they do not get damaged once the power is introduced into circuit.

Figure 2: RC first order circuit

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RESULTS

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

F ω V0/VI V0/VI Phase shift

(Hz) (rad/s) (dB) (dB) (˚)
34 213.63 0.9949 -0.0435 -5.7
68 427.26 0.9804 -0.1716 -11.4
102 640.88 0.9575 -0.3771 -16.8
136 854.51 0.9279 -0.6494 -21.9
170 1068.14 0.8937 -0.9761 -26.7
204 1281.77 0.8565 -1.3447 -31.0
238 1495.40 0.8181 -1.7434 -35.1
272 1709.03 0.7796 -2.1621 -38.8
306 1922.65 0.7419 -2.5925 -42.1
340 2136.28 0.7056 -3.0279 -45.0
680 4272.57 0.4457 -7.0178 -63.5
1020 6408.85 0.3150 -10.031 -71.6
1360 8545.13 0.2416 -12.337 -78.7
1700 10681.42 0.1953 -14.183 -80.6
2040 12817.70 0.1637 -15.716 -81.9
2380 14953.98 0.1408 -17.024 -82.9
2720 17090.26 0.1235 -18.163 -83.7
3060 19226.55 0.1099 -19.172 -84.3
3400 21362.83 0.0991 -20.078 -87.1
6800 42725.66 0.0497 -26.066 -84.3
13600 85451.32 0.0248 -32.079 -88.57
20400 128176.98 0.0016 -55.599 -89.0
27200 170902.64 0.0124 -38.097 -89.3
34000 213628.30 0.0099 -40.035 -89.4
Table 1: experimental results

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SAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

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 PHASE SHIFT AGAINST FREQUENCY
0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000

-10

-20

-30

-40
PHASE SHIFT

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

-100
FREQUENCY (Hz)

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 THEORITICAL RESULTS
F ɷ VI V0 V0/VI V0/VI (dB) Ѳ (degrees)
(Hz) (rad/s) (V) (V) (V)
34 213.63 5 4.80 0.96 -0.3546 -6.29
68 427.26 5 4.70 0.94 -0.5374 -10
102 640.88 5 4.50 0.90 -0.9151 -15
136 854.51 5 4.40 0.88 -1.1103 -20
170 1068.14 5 4.20 0.84 -1.5144 -24.83
204 1281.77 5 4.00 0.80 -1.9382 -29.39
238 1495.40 5 3.90 0.78 -2.1581 -34.29
272 1709.03 5 3.70 0.74 -2.6154 -40
306 1922.65 5 3.70 0.74 -2.6154 -45
340 2136.28 5 3.50 0.70 -3.0980 -24.83
680 4272.57 5 1.70 0.340 -9.3704 -34.52
1020 6408.85 5 0.86 0.172 -15.289 -102.86
1360 8545.13 5 1.28 0.256 -11.835 -77.84
1700 10681.42 5 1.14 0.228 -12.841 -49.66
2040 12817.70 5 0.92 0.184 -14.704 -88.16
2380 14953.98 5 0.40 0.08 -21.938 -46.59
2720 17090.26 5 0.68 0.136 -17.329 -95
3060 19226.55 5 0.59 0.118 -18.562 -88.62
3400 21362.83 5 0.52 0.104 -19.659 -93.10
6800 42725.66 5 0.24 0.048 -26.375 -69.04
13600 85451.32 5 0.124 0.0248 -32.111 -83.08
20400 128176.98 5 0..08 0.016 -35.918 -88.16
27200 170902.64 5 0.060 0.012 -38.416 -88.77
34000 213628.30 5 0.048 0.0096 -40.355 -91.53
Table 1b: Theoretical results

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SAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR THEORITICAL RESULTS

10
 PHASE SHIFT AGAINST FREQUENCY
10

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000

-10

-30
PHASE SHIFT

-50

-70

-90

-110
FREQUENCY (Hz)

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ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

The transfer function, G(s) (Vo / Vi), falls as the frequency rises, demonstrating the inverse
relationship between the two. This was anticipated since Vo / Vi = Xc / (Xc + R1) suggests that
when Vi is maintained constant and the capacitance and resistance of the capacitor and
resistor, respectively, remain fixed, the only variable that can change is the output voltage.
When frequency rises, Xc declines; as a result, Vo declines as well, which causes the transfer
function to drop.

Xc =1/jwC   2 f

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The experimental and theoretical approaches yielded different outcome. Measured values for
the resistors and capacitors were not accurate. The results can be understood clearly based on
the transfer function notion.

Theoretical and measured findings are linear, and pre-lab calculations produced values that are
quite close to actual values. The graphs show that the value of Vo/Vi falls as the value of
angular frequency increases, indicating that their relationship is inverse. A phase shift was
visible between the input voltage on channel 1 and the output voltage on channel 2 on the
oscilloscope's screen display. Table B above shows how the phase angle changed between the
input and the output.

To lower the resistance of the wires and obtain more accurate findings, it is recommended that
students use shorter connecting wires throughout the experiment rather than longer wires.

CONCLUSION
According to the experiment's findings, the output voltage to input voltage ratio fluctuates
depending on the frequency. This was observed through means of experimental procedure
which was also able to meet the objectives as the experiment's aims have been satisfied. The
oscilloscope's controls and operation, as well as that of the function generator, have been
understood and assimilated as intended and also learnt about how the instruments can be used
either than only in small lab circuits but also out there in big productions to increase
productivity on the particular field or industry.

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REFERENCES

https://www.tek.com/document/online/primer/xyzs-scopes/ch5/setting-and-using-
oscilloscope

https://www.google.com/search?q=hughes+electrical+and+electronic+technology&rlz=1C1CHB
F_enUS805US805&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=RSoDm-:

https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Circuit_Theory/First_Order_Circuits

http://www.egr.unlv.edu/~eebag/Chapter14.pdf

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