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1.1 Introduction
In the pursuit of designing a power quality monitoring system aligned with the stringent
EN50160 standard, a meticulous methodology has been devised. This section expounds upon the
systematic approach employed to integrate the ZMPT101b and ACS-712 (5A) sensors, ensuring
precision, reliability, and compliance with industry benchmarks.
The calibration process commenced with the utilization of an auto transformer, a versatile tool
capable of varying the input voltage applied to the ZMPT101B sensor. To guarantee safety, the
output of the auto transformer was directed through a Voltage Dependent Resistor (VDR) circuit
consisting of carefully selected 51.5k and 100k ohms power resistors. This configuration ensured
that the voltage levels were within a safe range during calibration.
Subsequently, the VDR-attenuated output was connected to the input of the ZMPT101B sensor.
This transformative step resulted in an AC signal offset by approximately 2.5 volts, effectively
adapting the signal to a range of 0 to 5 volts. However, the output signal was not directly
compatible with the ESP32 microcontroller, which is designed to accept signals with peaks up to
3.3 volts. To bridge this disparity, another VDR circuit was employed at the output of the
ZMPT101B sensor. This circuit, meticulously constructed with 50k and 100k ohms resistors,
ensured that the ESP32 could effectively interface with the adjusted signal.
To validate the calibration's effectiveness and precision, a diverse set of input voltages were
applied to the ZMPT101B sensor using the auto transformer. The responses of the sensor were
meticulously recorded and scrutinized using an oscilloscope. The resulting data was carefully
analyzed, and calibration tables were constructed for the different phases of the kit.
This meticulous calibration procedure lays the foundation for acquiring dependable and accurate
measurements of AC voltages, a cornerstone of the successful implementation of the kit's
functionality.
The tables containing the values of different input voltages and output voltages for all the three
ZMPT101B employed for three phase measurement along with their respective regression
equations are shown below.
Sensor# 1
Slope= 0.003726
Intercept= 0.014767
Equation= 0.014767+0.003726X
Graph:
Sensor# 2
Slope= 0.00379
Intercept= 0.012904
Equation= 0.012904+0.00379X
Graph:
Sensor# 3
Slope= 0.003498
Intercept= 0.039836
Equation= 0.039836+0.003498X
Graph:
The calibration process for the ACS-712(5A) current sensor was an essential endeavor to ensure
the accuracy and reliability of current measurements. This meticulous procedure was undertaken
following a systematic approach that guaranteed a precise correspondence between input current
variations and the resultant output signal. The calibration of the ACS-712(5A) was a critical step
to achieve accurate measurements of alternating current (AC) currents.
The calibration process began with the utilization of an auto transformer, which facilitated the
controlled variation of input voltages applied to the ACS-712(5A) sensor. This voltage alteration
was meticulously performed while adhering to the required safety precautions. The output of the
auto transformer was then seamlessly directed to the ACS-712(5A), where it was transformed
into a signal offset by approximately 2.5 volts. This transformed signal featured values ranging
between 0 and 5 volts, effectively adapting it for subsequent processing.
To facilitate seamless interaction with the ESP32 microcontroller, another crucial step was
introduced. A Voltage Dependent Resistor (VDR) circuit was strategically integrated at the
output of the ACS-712(5A) sensor. This circuit was thoughtfully assembled, utilizing 51.5k and
100k ohms resistors, to ensure compatibility with the ESP32's input range. This configuration
was pivotal in enabling the ESP32 to effectively engage with the signal output from the VDR
circuit at the ACS-712(5A) output, preventing signal degradation or loss.
To validate the effectiveness and precision of the calibration, a comprehensive series of tests
were conducted. A 200W bulb was employed as a load within the experimental setup to simulate
varying current scenarios. Diverse input voltages were applied to the ACS-712(5A) sensor using
the auto transformer, and the sensor's responses were meticulously observed and recorded using
an oscilloscope. The resulting data was then methodically analyzed, leading to the creation of
calibration tables for different phases of the kit.
This meticulous calibration procedure lays the foundation for acquiring dependable and accurate
measurements of AC voltages, a cornerstone of the successful implementation of the kit's
functionality. The tables containing the values of different input voltages and output voltages for
all the three ZMPT101B employed for three phase measurement along with their respective
regression equations are shown below.
Acquiring data from sensors such as the ACS-712(5A) and ZMPT101B voltage sensors was
executed with precision and attention to detail. The ESP32, acting as the central hub of data
collection, interfaced seamlessly with these sensors, capturing their outputs and channeling them
into the designated data arrays. The ACS-712(5A) sensor, calibrated to provide accurate current
measurements, furnished data pertinent to the project's current analysis. Simultaneously, the
ZMPT101B voltage sensor contributed voltage data, both of which were meticulously processed
for further analysis.
This data acquisition process was not only integral to the project's success but also emphasized
the necessity for meticulous planning and resource allocation. By harmonizing the selection of
appropriate data array sizes with the skillful acquisition of sensor data, the project demonstrated
an astute balance between the ESP32's limitations and its potential. The successful data
acquisition phase laid the groundwork for subsequent signal processing, analysis, and ultimately,
the fulfillment of the project's objectives
The subsequent phase of analysis focuses on calculating the Root Mean Square (RMS) voltages,
a crucial metric in understanding the magnitude of the electrical quantities. This step allows for a
comprehensive assessment of voltage levels and contributes to the broader understanding of the
electrical system's behavior. Finally, the project culminates in the measurement of the mains
frequency. This is achieved by employing the zero-crossing method, a technique that identifies
the frequency of the voltage waveform by detecting instances where it crosses zero.
The meticulous process of data analysis encapsulates the project's essence, as it not only
uncovers the nuanced information hidden within the acquired data but also translates it into
meaningful and actionable insights. Through this comprehensive approach to data analysis, the
project achieves its objectives by delivering a comprehensive understanding of the electrical
system's dynamics and behaviors
Robust validation mechanisms are embedded to bolster the credibility of the generated results.
Validation involves cross-referencing sensor-generated data with concurrently collected data
from reference instruments. By demonstrating the consistency and conformity of sensor readings
with established standards, the system reinforces the reliability of its outcomes.
1.10 Conclusion
In the realm of power quality monitoring, meticulous sensor selection, precise calibration, and
robust data collection constitute the bedrock of accurate insights. This comprehensive
methodology encapsulates a holistic approach, ensuring compliance with the EN50160 standard
and equipping the power industry with a potent tool for improved operational efficiency and
reliability.