ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

[E.C.E]

PCB PROJECT
A sessional report on design of I to V converter
using IC μA741

SUBMITTED BY:

MADHURIMA KUNDU (ROLL 109)

JAYANT KUMAR PATHAK (ROLL 111) Submission Date:05.04.2019

PIYAL DEY (ROLL -L9 )

DEPT :ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING(ECE-2)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
We are deeply acknowledged to our teacher Mrs.Pallabi Majumdar,prof.
Anirban Saha for making us understand about the topic and help us in
understanding things. We took help from the internet sites for better
understanding
Our classmates also helped us to make this project successful.
INTRODUCTION:
Current to voltage converter circuit is used to convert current to voltage. In the current to voltage
converter circuit the circuit is only capable of measuring current at the output with a certain input
voltage.

OBJECTIVE:
Using PCB we can design this i to v converter circuit. Our main objective is to design this circuit using
PCB.

Theory:
A current to voltage converter will produce a voltage proportional to the given
current. This circuit is required if your measuring instrument is capable only of
measuring voltages and you need to measure the current output.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
If your instrument or data acquisition module (DAQ) has a input impedance that is
several orders larger than the converting resistor, a simple resistor circuit can be
used to do the conversion. However, if the input impedance of your instrument is low
compared to the converting resistor then the following opamp circuit should be used.
To analyse the current to voltage converter by inspection,

 if we apply KCL to the node at V- (the inverting input) and let the input current to the
inverting input be I-, then

Vout−V−Rf=Ip+I−(1)(1)Vout−V−Rf=Ip+I−

 since the output is connected to V- through Rf , the opamp is in a negative

feedback configuration. Thus

V−=V+=0(2)(2)V−=V+=0

 and assuming that I- is 0 and simplifying,

Vout=IpRf(3)(3)Vout=IpRf

Circuit Diagram:

Figure1:Circuit Diagram of A I-V Converter using OpAMP

APPLICATION:
One example of such an application is using the photodiode sensor to measure light
intensity. The output of the photodiode sensor is a current which changes
proportional to the light intensity. Another advantage of the opamp circuit is that the
voltage across the photodiode (current source) is kept constant at 0V.

Figure2:Photodiode sensor using Opamp

COMPONENTS USED:
 PTR connector (2 point)
 OPAMP (IC-741)
 Resistor(470 OHM)

Circuit Diagram Generated by EAGLE software:

Figure3:Schemating Drawing of I-V Converter using EAGLE Software

Board File Generated:

Figure4:Schematics Drawing of I-V Converter without Component using EAGLE

Software

Photograph of Fabricated PCB module:

Figure5:Top View Of the PCB Figure6:Bottom View Of the PCB

Instruments Required to run the PCB:

Figure7:Variable Power Supply Figure8:Regulated Power Supply

Figure8:Variable current supply Figure9:Current Meter(in milliamp)

Experimental Result:
IL(mA) Rf (K Ω) CalculatedV0 (V) Observed V0 (V) %Error
0.55 0.26 0.25 3.85
1.00 0.47 0.46 2.13
1.50 0.47 0.70 0.69 1.43
2.00 0.94 0.92 2.13
2.50 1.20 1.18 1.67
3.00 1.41 1.40 0.71
3.50 1.64 1.65 0.61
4.00 1.88 1.88 0.00
5.00 2.35 2.32 1.28
6.00 2.82 2.80 0.71
7.00 3.29 3.31 0.61
8.00 3.76 3.78 0.53
9.00 4.23 4.30 1.65

CONCLUSION:
The first and foremost thing that should be kept in mind is that there is a lot of

difference between simulating a circuit using a software/bread board and designing

a PCB of the same circuit. There will always be problems of unprecedented nature

and it is these problems which are required to be overcome.

2. When designing the PCB, care should be taken to make use of connectors and IC

bases and holders as much as much as possible, as these make the circuit easy to

debug and troubleshoot.

3. In Eagle, the width of the traces should be chosen with care so as to make sure the

circuit remains clean. Also, care should be taken to make the circuit as simple as

possible so that it can be understood without much difficulty.

4. The printout of the PCB design must be taken using a LaserJet printer of high quality

ink so that the carbon is easily imprinted on the PCB board while being pressed using

the iron. It is important to smoothen the surface of the PCB board before this

process is begun.

5. Using large amount of FeCl3may damage the board. Care should be taken to make

sure that the board has cooled down before this process is begun. The soldering

should be as precise as possible while continuity of the connections should be checked regularly by
multimeter.