Experiment No: 3

TITLE: CHARACTERISTICS OF FILAMENT LAMP

OBJECTIVES:
To find for a filament lamp
i) Variation of resistance with voltage.
ii) Variation of power with voltage.
iii) Variation of temperature with voltage

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
0-500mA

100W/230V
560Ω/1A LIST OF
0-300V APPARATUS:

Sl No. Item Range Maker Maker’s No.

THEORY:

The filament of an incandescent lamp is mostly of tungsten wire. At normal working voltage the
filament materials get heated up to a very high temperature of about 2500oC and above. Resistance of
most of the conducting materials increases with the rise in temperature and accordingly the resistance of
tungsten filament also increases when it is connected to supply.
The value of the temperatures of the filament at different applied voltage is calculated as follows:
Let,
Tr = room temperature(if not measured, assume 20oC)
Ro = resistance at zero degree centigrade (in ohms)
α = temperature coefficient of resistance
Thus the resistance at room temperature is
Rtr  Ro [1   (Tr  0)] (1)

from which
Rtr
Ro  (2)
1  Tr
Similarly, if Rt is the resistance at any temperature To C then

Rt  Ro [1   (T  0)] (3)
from which

Rt  Ro
T (4)
 Ro
Obtain Rtr from the V-R curve by extrapolation. Calculate Ro using Equation (2).
Obtain filament resistance (Rt), at different applied voltage using Ohm’s law and then use Equation (4)
to calculate corresponding temperature (T).
Temperature co-efficient of resistance for tungsten at zero degree centigrade may be taken as 0.0048per
degree centigrade.

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2) Note the zero setting of the instruments.
3) Adjust the potential divider to obtain zero output voltage. Put on supply.
4) Vary the input voltage in steps up to the rated voltage of the lamp.
5) Take readings of ammeter & voltmeter for each voltage setting.

EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS:

 Sl Input Voltage Current Power Filament Temperature
No V (volts) I (amps) (Watts) Resistance ToC
P = V×I R=V/I (ohm)
1 0 0 0 Resistance(Ist Temperature
value) from V- 20oC
. . R curve

2 . . . . .

13 . . . . .

CURVES:
Plot the following curves:
i) V-R Curve: Resistance on the Y-axis and Voltage on the X-axis.
ii) P-V Curve: Power on the Y-axis and Voltage on the X-axis.
iii) T-V Curve: Temperature on the Y-axis and Voltage on the X-axis.

Note:
 While plotting graphs (i), (ii) and (iii), draw average or smooth curves only. They may not touch
all the points
 Lamp rating is indicated as, for example, 100 W/230 V.

REPORT:
1) What is temperature co-efficient of resistance?
2) Name a material in conducting group, whose temperature co-efficient is negative?
3) Name a material which is good conductor of electricity & bad conductor of heat?
4) Why the resistance of tungsten increases while that of carbon decreases with resistance of
temperature?