770 cH.

14 ENERGY METHoDS

EXAMPTE 14-18
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown
in Fig. 14-41a. The cross-sectional area of each member isA : 400 mm2.
and E",: 200 GPa.

100 kN
(b)

Fig. 14-41 141.4 kN + 1.411 P 141.,1 kN

./
./\ 4\"
+-d.
200kN+, I
1n,'p1 B
o
I
lrootN* p r00 kN

(c)

SOTUTION
Externsl b-orce P. A vertical force P is applied to the truss at joint
C, since this is where the vertical displacement is to be determined,
Fig. l4-41b.
Internul Forces N. The reactions at the truss supports -4. and D are
calculated and the results are shown in Fig. I44lb. Using the method
of joints, the N forces in each member are determined, Fig. 7447c.*
For convenience, these results along with the partial derivatives aN/aP
are listed in tabular form. Note that since P does not actually exist as
a real load on the truss. we require P : 0.

vtnther N i# NtP: o) . t(#).

AB 100 0 -100 4 0
BC 141.1 0 141.4 2.828 0
AC -141.4 - 1.414P 1.414 14r.1 2.828 565.7
CD 200+p 1 200 2 400
) 965.7 kN .m
 SEC. 14.9 CASTIGLIANO,S THEOREM APPLIED
TO TRUSSES 771

Castigliano's Seconcl Theorem. Applying

Eq. I44g,we have
: >r/l*)+
\dPIAE :
e65'7 kN'm
^." AE
Substituting the numerical values for A and,E, we get
A_
aa-
965.7 kN.m
[400(10-6) m2] zoo(ro$ tlllrn?
Ans,
rhis sorution ;"#1tJ;*t"3.iTT, that or Exampre r4-7I.
using the virtual-work method.

-It;"y br more convenient.to analyze the truss with just

the 100-kN load on it, then
with the p toad on it. The results be added together to give
l;Jtffi*:J.rss "un',r,..,
774 cH.14 ENERGY METHoDS

EXAMPLE I4.I9
Determine the displacement of point B on the beam shown in Fig.
14-42a. E1 is constant.

r>

L I -- ------

(a) (b)

SOLUTION
External I'orce P. A vertical force P is placed on the beam at B as

|\ shown in Fig. l4-42b.

I lu"
I) Internal Moments M. A single r coordinate is needed for the solu-
v tion, since there are no discontinuities of loading between A and B.
Using the method of sections. Fig. 74-42c, the internal moment and
(c) oartial derivative are determined as follows:
: /-\
l"iE. l4--tZ
!+ )Mrv,l o' M I w.rli)- e1x.1 - O
\t /
M: -":I-2 '^,
Pr
AM
AP
SettingP:0gives
wx2 AM
ML and
2 AP

Castigliano's Second Theorem.' App lying Eq. 14-49, we have

tL dr
_ r'' (-wxzl2)(-x) dx
A, - J,, M\a;)a
,(dM'\ - J,, EI
: *L*
8EI
The similarity between this solution and that of the virtual-work
method, Example 14-14, should be noted.
 SEC. 14.10 CASTIGLIANO'S THEOREM APPLIED TO BEAMS 775

EXAMPLE 14_20
Determine the slope at point B of the beam shown in Fie. 1,443a. EI
is constant.

SOTUTION
External Couple Moment Since the slope at point B is to be
M'.
determined, an external couple moment M'is placed on the beam at
this point. Fig. I4-43b.

Internul Moments M. Two coordinates' x1 and x2, must be used to

P
determine the internal moments within the beam since there is a dis-
continuity, M', at B. As shown in Fig. 14!'3b, 11 ranges ftom A to B
/T,
u, l
and x2ranges from B to C. Using the method of sections, Fig' 1443c, MrTffi
the internal moments and the partial derivatives are determined as Vr *' -]
follows:
For x1, P
v2 M'
\f >twxe: o; -M1- Px1: g
Mt: -Pxt
dMt
,,(t@MI
-rr- )
AM' (c)
-
For 12, ['ig. 14-43

\,+ 2MNe: o' -Mzt M'- ,(+.') : o

Mz: M' - o(+. .') l

dMz I
AM'

Castigliano's Second Theorem. Setting M' :0 and applying Eq'

14-50, we have
^
aa: f' ..1 au\ a* a
Jr, 't\arw ) EI
|
1,2 ( _ px t)(O) dx t
+J
f L/2
-Pl(LtZ) + xzl1) dxz
Jo EI EI
3PL2
Ans.
8EI
The negative sign indicates that 93 is opposite to the direction of the
couple moment M'. Note the similarity between this solution and that
of Example L4-15.
 ENERGY METHODS

EXAMPLE I4-2I
Determine the vertical displacement of point C of the steel beam
shown in Fig. 74-44a. Take E,' : 200 GPa, I : 125(10 6) ma.

l8 kN.m

l-xt
f-om am-
4m 3 kN + 0.6P

SOLUTION
External Force P. A vertical force P is applied at point C, Fig.
f444b. Later this force will be set equal to the fixed value of 5 kN.
Internal Moments M. In this case two x coordinates are needed for
the integration since the load is discontinuous at C. Using the method
of sections, Frg. 1444c, the internal moments and partial derivatives
are determined as follows:
For r,.
t+2MNa: 0. M, -:,', (+) - (e - 0.4P)x1-- 0
9 kN + 0.4P 1^
18 kN.m
Mt: (9 + 0.4P)x1 -6*"
dMt : U.+X\
AP
For x2,

!+ )Mr, : g' -Mz-t 18 + (3 + 0.6P)x2: o

Mz: 78 + (3 + 0.6P)x2
dMt :0'6xz
6p
Castigliano's Second Theorem. Setting P : 5 kN and applying Eq.
14-49, we have

A., : rL
,(9v\
..\AP lL
JN I EI
:r (77xt - lxy3)(0.4x)
EI
dx1
.r (f8 + 6x2)(0.6x2)
EI
dx2

410.9 kN'm3
[200(106) kN/m2] 125(10-6) m4
: 0.0164 m : 16.4 mm Ans.