r/NEET- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION CHEMISTRY VOL -1- CLASS 9 ea ce eemccaci eel otto Learning Objectives When you have completed this lecture you should be able to: + Know the electron affinity and factors affecting the electron affinity + Know the periodicity of electron affinity. © Electron affinity or electron gain enthalpy(EA): The amount of energy released when an electron is added to an isolated neutral gaseous atom in its lowest energy state to produce an anion is called its electron affinity. M+le OM +E:Mo+1e—oMe+E; Me +1e OM +E, Here E,, E, and E, are the first, second and third electron affinity, respectively. Units of electron affinity: eV/ atom or kcal/mole or kJ/mole The electron affinity cannot be determined directly however it is obtained indirectly from Born-Haber cycle. . Factors affecting electron affinity: 1 Electron affinity @ Somicsize Electron affinity @ Effective nuclear charge 1 Hlectron affinity a So cening effect 1 Hectron affinity @ Stableelectronicconfigu ation The electron affinity of inert gases is zero this is because of ns* np configuration in valency shell. Hence there is no possibility of adding extra electrons, Electron affinity of Mg, Be is practically zero due to extra stability of completely filled s- orbitals in them, Ifan atom has half filled orbits, its electron affinity will be very low (in case of V group). Variation of electron affinity in the period: On moving from left to right in a period, electron affinity increases as Zeff increases and s decreases, In general electron affinity follows the following trend: Halogens > Oxygen family > Carbon family> Nitrogen family > Metals of group Land I> Metals of group Il > Zero group. The sequence of electron affi ity in II period as follows: Be Br>F>Cl BF CIl>Br>1 D)IS>Se B)S>O>Se O)S>Se>O D)Se>O>S lonisation energy of F- is equal in magnitude with the electron affinity of: AVE B)F or D) Fr The incorrect order of second ionisation energis in the following is: A)Rb> K B) Na > Mg © Cr>Mn D)S>P IT - JEE Advanced Practice Sheet fees Assertion and Reasoning Type: Assertion : Electron gain enthalpy of oxygen s ess than that of flourine but greater than that nitrogen. Reason : lonisation enthalpy is as follows: N* 0 >F A) Both asserti d reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. assertion and reason a s not e cor t explanation of 1 BB act but reason is not the correct explans assertion loth assertion and reason are corre OAssertion is correct and reason is incorrect: erect. °) Assertion is incorrect and reason is €0' wr ap mr ) | meteuryeducation com JOO Scanned with CamScannerUT/ NEET- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION 2. peeean fakes to add an electron to an ator CHEMISTRY VOL. m is called electron a ‘Assertion : The energy it t ; en Reason : The electron affinity of a metal is positive (e a cl reason is the correct explanation of assen,, i tani A) Both assertion and reason are correc! ; . ) rrect but reason is not the correct explanation of Assen ion and reason are co! B) Both assei C)Assertion is correct and reason is incorrect. D) Assertion is incorrect and reason is correct. Linked Comprehensive Type: Electron affinity of an element is equal to the “The energy released etenee electron is adie to valence shell of an isolated gaseous atom.” It is represented by EA or A and its unit is ¢; atom or KJ/mol or Keal/mol. In general, on moving down in a group, EA values decrex., due to increase in size. Generally EA values increases on moving left to right along a peri: The correct order of electron affinities of Si, P and Cl is: A)P>si>a B)Cl>P>Si Qcl>si>P D)Si>P>Cl The correct order of electron affinities is: A)Cl>Si>Na>Ar B)Si>Cl>Na>Ar C)CI>Na>Si>Ar D)CI>Si> Ar>Na Electron affinities of halogens are in the order. A)F>Cl>Br>I B)CL>F>Br>I— C)C1>Br>1>F DD) Cl> Br> F>1 Multi Response Type: In which of the following, orders of electron affinity of elements or ions shown here is/2* correct? A)O>S B)N->P. Qs>o D)O>s Which of the following are false regarding the following statement?When an electron is add! in valence shell then A) energy is absorbed B) energy is released ©) energy remains same D) force of attraction increases Match the following/ Matrix Matching: Column-I Column-II a) Units of electron affinity p) Flourine ») Highest electron affinity clement among halogens is q) eV/atom or keal/mole or kj/m** 6) Electron affinity along the group +) decreases 4) Electron affinity along the period s) Increase ) Chlorine Subjective Type : Define electron affinity and write the factors affecting it, Scanned with CamScanner| Learning Objectives — , “sens When you have completed this le ul cture yor a - e electri ivi you should bea 5 + Know th © negativity and different electro ne, e able to: « Know about periodicity of electro — Negativity scales B ativity and factors affecting it Flectronegativity Definition Electronegativity is a measure of the The Pauling scale is the most comm, assigned a value of 4.0, and values ued Fluorine (the most electronegative element) is dectronegative at 0.7. ‘ange down to caesium and francium which are the least tendency endency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. What happens if two atoms of equal electronegativity bond together? Consider a bond between two atoms, A and B. Each atom may be forming other bonds. Ifthe atoms are equally electronegative, both have the same tendency to attract the bonding pair of electrons, and so it will be found on average half way between the two atoms. To get abond like this, A and B would usually have to be the same atom. For example, H, or Cl, molecules. ‘This sort of bond could be thought of as being a "pure" covalent bond - where the electrons are shared evenly between the two atoms. Equal sharing of | electrons between wo identical atoms | =2 electrons sore el i A? What happens if B is slightly more electronegative than e A does. oe ir rather more than ces chess bond has more than its fair share of electron density and That means that the B end of the same time, the A end (rather short of electrons) becomes slighhe sughtly negative. A ae i eda) means “slighty” ~ means “Hg lightly positive. In the diagram, Positive", eemercanred ucation.com Scanned with CamScannerCHEMISTRY Vor. UT/NEET - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION. Defining polar bonds inwhich there This is described as a polar bond. A polar bond is a covalent bond in which there hang of charge between onsend and te other imather words in hich one end Balahy et ve. E: les include mos a hl. and the other slightly negative. Examp! ; Seeaieall ot bond in HCl or ‘he hydrogen-oxygen bonds in water are typic i 2 What happens if B is a lot more electronegative than A? ir is ed rig! er to B's end of the bond. To all inte, In this case, the electron pair is dragged right over i : ns Pare “A has lost control of ils electron, and B has complete control over both «igs ® Jons have been formed. SU, Nat —» «—¢| Summary : No electronegativity difference between two atoms leads to a pure non-polar covalent bo, A small electronegativity difference leads to a polar covalent bond. A large electronegativity difference leads to an ionic bond, Trends in electronegativity : AS you go across a period the electronegativity increases. AS you go down a group, electronegativity decreases . Factors affecting electronegativity: Electronegativity a Z., 1 Electronegativity @ — size Electronegativity a ionisation energy, electron affinity Charge on the atom: The cation will be more electronegative than parent atom, which® turn will be more electronegative than its anion, Higher the positive charge greater will b= electronegativity. Fe* > Fe. Electronegativity «'s’ percentage Variation of electronegativity value in period: On moving from left to right in a period the electrone; size decreases, Bativity increases as Z,,, increa Order for first electronegativity in any period: IA< IA< IA< IVA< VA< VIA< VIIA For example: LiC1>Br>1, Os g>€6e Te Pauling scale : According to Pauling, clectronegativity of an element is defined as the yen tendency or ability of the atom of an el r : ment present in a molecule to attract the st electron pair towards itself. (Gewwmereuryeducation.com Joo ___ A) -mercuryeducation.com Oo - = z Scanned with CamScanner1PIAD FOUNDATION ib CHEMISTRY Vo considered the reaction of the 1 He type: 7A-A)+B-B)— 4-5 d dissociation energy of A-B j ‘The bor ‘BY Of A-B is highe: Bead (BB) Bonds and the a higher than the mean of bond dissocation energi (A407 B, respectively. * A is related to the difference in electronegativities of Aan 1/2 _ a-Eg.pEa-a TE pep)” =23(Xq -Xp)? 208 JA =(x , - (Xj -Xg) ete, Ex-yr Eqn and E,.y represent bond dissociation energies r Pauling took geometrical mean instead of arithmetic mean of E,_, and E,., and introduced the following empirical relation: ‘anand Ean 2 322%, -Xp) = “Eg, x Ep.s)? =A =30 (X,-X,)= 0.182 JA =XQ -XR ifenergies are taken in kJ, the relation is given as: 0.88 JA =X, -Xp Example : If we want to calculate electronegativity of flourine, the bond energies (kJ/mole) of hydrogen, flourine and hydrogen flouride are 436, 153 and 565 respectively. 1/2 SEye Ep *Eprl =565-[436%153]!/? =306.7 Xp -Xpj =0.088/ Xp -22=0,088 306.7 =Xp = Alfred and Rochow’s method: X = -0:359 * it .o744: Here, X is the electronegativity and r ‘Tis covalent radius of the atom. . 1.E+E.A. Mulliken’s method: X= 9 “A = Blectron affinity in e' Vv IE= ionisation energy in eV; E. When these are in kJ/mol replace 2 by 540. Electronegativity Scale _ Pauling? Mulliken” © = ercuryeducation.com JOO Scanned with CamScannerIT/ NET - OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION. > Vv VVVV CHEMISTRY Voy. fn Problem . . ivi s of fluorine and chlorine on Mulliken) Jectronegativity values of likens pare Gaia potential) F=1 7.4eV/atom (Electron affinity) Fp. 3.62 Saal (IP), = 13.0 ev/atom and (EA),,=4.0 ev 2x28 se Electronegativity of fluorine = = _17.443.62 _ 21.02 Electronegativity of chlorine “ms New Words eum For the expression of electronegativity Pauling’s pproach and Mulliken scale are used. According to Mulliken, electronegativity of a LE+E 2 n atom is average of ILE. and E.A. tu’ Mulliken values are = 2.8 times greater than Pauling values, aa [inportant Points fe Electronegativity of an element is defined as the relat lativ of an element present in a molecule to attract th mendeney or e share; ability of the atom d electron p, re nes air towards itselE. gativity are Effective nuclear charge «. te and Hybridization, charge,Seree Electronegativity increases on moving along Electronegativity decrea Factors affecting, electrone; | of the atom, Oxidation stal ning effect, Size 4 period from Ie, ses from top to bottom ina group, Decreasing order of electronegativity F>O >N>Ci>¢ p ft to right Almost all metalloids have nearly 2 values of electronegativity, Scanned with CamScannerCLASS 9 rf NEET- OLYMPIAD FOUNDATION CHEMISTRY VOL PERIODIC CLASSIFICATIO} Be PRACTICE SHEET = 45 @ Conceptual Practice Sheet 4HE Single ResponseType: 4, Oxygen has a higher electronegativity than A) Silicon (Si) B) Magnesium (Mg) C) Chlorine (Cl) D) All of Above 2, Element in Period 3 with lowest clectronegativity is A) Na B)AL OP Ds 3, Among period 3 elements, an element which has higher electronegativity than others is A) Chlorine B) argon ©) sulfuric acid D) silicon 4. Electronegativity of Sulphur (6) is A)25 B) 12 ois D)3 5. Elements get more electronegative going across A) periods B) groups ©) rows D) columns. 6. Electronegativity is: A) How good an atom is at attracting electrons B) The ability of an atom to lose electrons ©) The energy required to remove an electron from a specific atom D) How easy it is to make friends. 7. The element with the lowest electronegativity in Period 3 is : A) Na B) Cl C) Ar D) Mg 8. Which of the following generally applies to the noble gases? A) high ionization energy, low electronegativity, high reactivity B) high ionization energy, high electronegativity, high reactivity ©) low ionization energy, low electronegativity, low reactivity ity, D) high ionization energy, low electronegativity, low reactiy 9. Which of the following is the least electronegative element? A) oxygen B) potassium ©) fluorine D) nitrogen 10. Put these in order of increasing electronegativity: Se, S, and O A)SeNC D) He ‘lectronegativity value B)F>O>N>c Element with high electronegativity is: A) Nitrogen B) Chlorine of atom OFN>O 50% ionic 5) < 50% ionic) 0% fonie and 50% covalent D) 100% fon tion energy and electron affinity be represented as EN, IP and EA ionisation energy 2 ation is correct according to Mulliken? Let electronegativity, respectively. Which one of the following eat LP+EA LP s— EN =1P ee OEN=—5 D) EN = 18 A)EN SIP xEA. B) EN = Eq J 2 expect to have highest electronegativity? Whi , would you expect to hich of the following would ¥ ae ees A) Mg(z=12) Bs (z-10) sivit alectronegati Element in Period 3 with lowest electroness oP b)s A) Na B) Al w Ww.mercurveducation.com Scanned with CamScannerMPIAD FOUNDATION IIT - JEE Advanced Practice Sheet Assertion and Reasoning Type: ve than chlorine. 1. Assertion : Flourine is more electrone; Reason : Flourine is smaller in size than chlorine, A) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation OF assertion 8) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct explanation Of assertin, C) Assertion is correct and reason is incorrect. D) Assertion is incorrect and reason is correct, 2. Assertion : Almost all metalloids have nearly 2 values of electronegativity. Reason : Mulliken values are ~ 28 times greater than pauling values, A)Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion 5) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion C)Assertion is correct and reason is incorrect. D)Assertion is incorrect and reason is correct, For the expression of electronegativity Paulin B'S approach and Mulliken scale are used According to Mulliken, electronegativ ity of an atom is average of LE. and E.A. 3: Electro negativity of fluorine atom is more than A) hydrogen B) oxygen © nitrogen D) Alll of these 4. Electro negativity is related to ionization energy of element and A) atomic radii B) electron affinity C) ionic radii D) nucleus 5. Molecule for which bonding pair of electrons is equally shared between atoms is A) homoneuclear diatomic B) atomic ©) semi nuclear D) none Linked Comprehensive Type: Mulliken values are ~ 2.8 times greater than pauling values, & Hlectronegativity of Oxygen is A) 25 B) 1.2 O35 D) 15 7. Greater differ rence in electronegativity of O; formation of *yBen and Period 3 elements, highly i B) Covalent bonds D) Metallic bonds Ve nuclear charge pulls valence shell electro" 8. Greater attractive closer to force due to increasing posi A) nucleus B) protons C) neutrons D) nucleons www.mercuryeducation.com Scanned with CamScannerOLYMPIAD FOUNDATION ti Response Typ which of the following statemey "MS are correct? a)Generally element with high electron cs is the most electropositive element )Hlectronegativity is the property of bonded at ; fom, p) ‘CI’ is the highest electronegative element out of of 10 |) Electronegativity @ Z., 1 3) Electronegativity o —— size () Electronegati D) Electronegativity a’s’ percentage Match the following/ Matrix Matching: iL Column-I a) Second electronegative element among halogens b) Least electronegative element ¢) Electronegativity value in a group 4) Electronegativity value in a period: 2 Column-r 2) highest to lowest electronegativity. K, Se, Ca, 2, Br 4 alkaline metals has the highest electronegativity: ©) F or Na which attracts electrons more 4) Blectronegativity realted to Subjective Type : Define electronegativity and write the factors affec' egativity value {while “Fis the TRY VOL has high electron gain enthalpy most electronegative element. all the elements in the period: periodic table » Realtion towards Factors affecting clectronegativity are correct or wrong? ty a ionisation energy, electron affinity Column-II p)Cs q) Decreases 1) Increases cl jF Column-II p) Lithium (Li) QF 1) Br, Zn, Se, Ca, K s) LE and EA t) Ca, Zn, Br, K, Se u) Na ng, the electronegativity Scanned with CamScanner