Jko`gf`s Fjtkrjagf`jabks

Yrfjgfpabks Cfdkrkjgfas Gubturabks kj b`s Yaèsks Kur`pk`s

Knk 5

Yr`dks`r> Harfbuz
Yr`dks`r>  Harfbuz Uuef` Wajtaja

Kstucfajtks>

Ajykba Gar`bfja Gastfbb` Ufvkra

 Jafr` Vfhy @spfja Yab`hfj`

Bufs Abd`js` Wajtfao` Tfbbahfzar

Tègt`r Hajukb Gaj`s H`jtks

Achfjfstragf÷j Ck Khprksas-H`cabfcac Tfrtuab

E`o`tá
@gtuerk 5959
 

SAEBA CK G@JSKJFC@ Yáo.

FJSU@C[GGF×J 7

1.  Cfdkrkjgfas Gubturabks Kxfstkjtks kj b`s Yaèsks ck ba [jf÷j Kur`pka. 3

1.1. Yaèsks p`r Jafr` Vfhy @spfja pab`hfj` 3

1.1.1.  Austrfa, Drajgfa, Frbajca. 3

1.5.Yaèsks p`r Ajykba Gar`bfja Gastfbb` Ufvkra ;

1.5.1.  Kspaña, Ftabfa, Y`rtuoab. ;

1.7.Yaèsks p`r Bufs Abd`js` 4

1.7.1.  M`bajca, Abkhajfa, Orkgfa. 4

1.3.Yaèsks p`r Tègt`r ?

1.3.1.  Eæbofga, Wukgfa, Cfjaharga ?

G@JGB[WF×J =

UKDKUKJGFAW EFEBF@OUÁDFGAW 6
 

FJSU@C[GGF×J

Sras orajcks sugks`s quk maj hargac` ba mfst`rfa, sk prkskjtaj tahefæj orajcks pr`tao`jfstas,

abouj`s maj trasgkjcfc` sus pr`pf`s bèhftks kxpajcfkjc` sus dr`jtkras y asè caj a g`j`gkr ck b`

quk kstáj mkgm`s y/` b` quk tfkjkj para `drkgkr ab hujc`, b`s gahef`s kv`butfv`s maj sfc`
jukstr` fhpubs` para arrfksoarj`s y sagar ackbajtk cfdkrkjtks tfp`s ck pr`ykgt`s quk a ba baroa

okjkraj gfkrt`s tfp` ck ekjkdfgf`s, y quk, g`h` kj kdkgt` c`hfj` tfkj

tfkjkj
kj ba gapagfcac ck

trajshftfr kst`s ekjkdfgf`s a tkrgkr`s, cfrkgta ` fjcfrkgtahkjtk.

Kj kstk traean`, maebarkh`s ck abouj`s ck ks`s paèsks quk tras b`s cfdkrkjtks pr`gks`s y bas

trajsfgf`jks ck ba ob`eabfzagf÷j, maj p`cfc` sagar sus pr`ykgt`s ackbajtk y quk maj ` hargaj ba

cfdkrkjgfa p`r su èhpktu ck traean` cur`, rksp`jsaebk g`jsfo` hfsh` y g`j kb ahefkjtk, hás

kspkgèdfgahkjtk hkjgf`jarkh`s 15 paèsks ck Kur`pka, agkrga ck b`s guabks ckh`strarkh`s sus

 prfjgfpabks garagtkrèstfgas, ck tfp` gubturab, s`gfab, p`bètfg`, kg`j÷hfg` y ahefkjtab, ck t`c` b`

quk maj prkparac` para `drkgkrbk ab hujc`.

 

1.  Cfdkrkjgfas Gubturabks Kxfstkjtks kj b`s Yaèsks ck ba [jf÷j Kur`pka.

1.1.Yaèsks p`r Jafr` Vfhy @spfja pab`hfj`

1.1.1.  Austrfa, Drajgfa, Frbajca

A [WSUFA DUAJ GFA FUBAJ CA

CAS@W Gapftab Tfkja Gapftab Yarès Gapftab Cuebèj
CK Fcf`ha Abkháj Fcf`ha Drajgæs Fcf`ha Fjobæs y Oaæbfg`
5 5 5
FJSKUÆW Wupkrdfgfk =7.=;= Lh Wupkrdfgfk 439.4?6 Lh Wupkrdfgfk ?9.5=5 lh
GAUAGSKUFWSFGAW Maeftajtks =,7 hfbb`jks Maeftajtks 44,66 hfbb`jks Maeftajtks 3.45?.361 hfbb`jk
hfbb`jkss
 Kstk paès ks rkdkrkjtk ck orajcks
hþsfg`s, bftkratura, arquftkgtura y Kstk paès tfkjk uja ck bas gfucacks hás
ksgubturas, quk a ba vkz s `j kb d`g` turèstfgas ckb hujc`, g`jsfckraca ba Bk kstá ap`stajc` ab turfsh` ahefkjtab
prfjgfpab para, p`r hkcf` ck kbbas gfucac ckb ah`r.
fhpubsar kb turfsh`.
  Kstk paès sk garagtk
garagtkrfza
rfza p`r su abt`
kstfb` ck vfca, ackhás ck kbb` bas
g`jstajtks `p`rtujfcacks ck cksarr `bb` Kstk paès sk ckstaga p`r s u oastr`j`hèa
 
jagf`jab pkrhftfkjc`
pkrhftfkjc` askourar su quks`s.
kstatus y prkdkrkjgfa p`r abouj`s
kxtrajnkr`s.
Y`skk ujas ck bas tasas ck ckskhpbk` Wkoujc` a jfvkb hujcfab kj kb hajkn` Ks uj oraj rkdkrkjtk bftkrarf`,
bftkrarf`, p`ktas,
hás eanas Kur`pa. ck ba vfjfgubtura. hft`s y bkykjcas.

Kstk paès magk partk ck b`s `roajfsh`s

fjtkrjagf`jabks
fjtkrjagf`jabks hás fhp`rtajtks
fhp`rtajtks k
fjdbuykjtkss ckb hujc`, tabks g`h`>
fjdbuykjtk
@HG, [K, @GCK.
Kstratæofgahkjtk
Kstratæofgahkjtk ks uj` ck b`s paèsks
hkn`rks uefgac`s, kst` g`j vkjtana a
G[BS[UAB, quk bfhfta g`j orajcks k fjdbuykjtks
W@GFAB,Y@BFSFG@, paèsks tabks g`h`> abkhaja, rkpþebfga
KG@J@HFG@ V gmkga, Ksb`vaqufa, Mujorèa, Ks b`vkjfa,
AHEFKJSAB Ftabfa y sufza.
Kstk paès pukck fhp`rtar, mfkrr`, agkr`,
haqufjarfa y vkmègub`s ck h`t`r y
partks, pr`cugt`s quèhfg`s y
abfhkjtfgf`s.
Hay`r fhp`rtac`r ck kjkroèa
rkj`vaebk, oragfas a sus orajcks
rkskrvas ck hatkrfas prfhas y kjkroèa.
Kstk paès, kj su t`tabfcac `drkgk su
g`jcfgf÷j ahefkjtab g`h` turfsh`,
sfkjc` kstk uj rkdkrkjtk jagf`jab,
jagf`jab,
oragfas a sus h`jtañas abpfjas, sus
bao`s y prackras.
[j` ck b`s orajcks rkdkrkjtks kj kb
hujc` ck ba h`ca.
Yrfjgfpab pr`cugt`r aorèg`ba ck Kur`pa,
skxt` ckb hujc`
Fjgbufc` kj kb t`p 19 ck b`s paèsks
hay`rks kxp`rtac`rks
kxp`rtac`rks
Kstk paès ks rkdkrkjtk kj kb cksarr`bb` ck
tkgj`b`oèas ahfoaebks g`j kb ahefkjtk
@drkgk uja gabfcac ck vfca taj eukja,
quk uj` ck gaca 3 maeftajtks ks
kxtrajnkr`
Y`skk ksgubturas jaturabks quk cataj ck
hugm`s sfob`s, pkrhftfæjc`bk a kstk skr
rkdkrkjtk turèstfg` ck ba mfst`rfa.
Kstk paès magk partk ck b`s `roajfsh`s
fjtkrjagf`jabks
fjtkrjagf`jabks hás fhp`rtajt
fhp`rtajtksks k
fjdbuykjtkss ckb hujc`, tabks g`h`>
fjdbuykjtk
@HG, [K, @GCK.
Wu arquftkgtura ajtfoua, y su mfst`rfa b`
magkj atragtfv` para hugm`s
kxtrajnkr`s quk eusgaj fjstrufr su
g`j`gfhfkjt`.
Ks gatab`oac` g`h` ckstfj` pkrdkgt`
para aqukbb` quk ckskaj kstucfar kb
fcf`ha fjobæs.
Ckspuæs ck b`s turg`s, Fr bajca ks kb
skoujc` paès quk hás g`jsuhk tk.

Kstk paès apbfga sus avajgks

Kstk paès magk partk ck b`s `roajfsh`s Ajdftrf÷j ck ujas ck bas gkbkeragf`jks
gkbkeragf`jks
tkgj`b÷ofg`s
tkgj`b÷ofg`s g`j ba gapagfcac ck gufcar
fjtkrjagf`jabks
fjtkrjagf`jabks hás fhp`rtajtk
fhp`rtajtkss k hás fg÷jfgas, y quk sk kxtfkjck p`r
kb hkcf` ahefkjtk, s fkjc` rkg`j`gfc`
fjdbuykjtkss ckb hujc`, tabks g`h`>
fjdbuykjtk cfstfjt`s paèsks auj kj kb g`jtfjkjtk
su bae`r kj guajt` a ba rk
rksp`jsaefbfcac
sp`jsaefbfcac
@HG, [K, @GCK. ahkrfgaj` (cèa ck saj patrfgf`).
ahefkjtab
ahefkjtab y kb cksarr`bb` s `stkjfebk.
`stkjfebk.

Guja ck orajcks artfstas, tajt` kj

h`ckbank, g`h` kj artk y hþsfga.
 

1.5.Yaèsks p`r Ajykba Gar`bfja Gastfbb` Ufvkra

1.5.1.  Kspaña, Ftabfa, Y`rtuoab.

EÆBOFGA
CAS@W Gap tab H acr
acr c  
CK Fcf`ha Gastkbbaj`  
FJSKUÆW Wupkrdfgfk   ;9; 633g lhµ  
GAUAGSKUFWSFGAW Maeftajtks 34,63 hfbb`jks  
Kspaña kstá uefgac` a 4;9 hktr`s a
jfvkb ckb har, p`skk uj g bfha kstagf`jab,
kb guab magk quk a cfdkrkjgfa ck G`b`hefa
quk curajtk t`c` kb añ` tkjkh`s kb
hfsh` gbfha y p`ckh`s tkjkr bas guatr`
kstagf`jks kj bas cfdkrkjtks rkof`jks, b`s
gahef`s ck gbfha tahefæj magk quk
fjdbuya kj Kspaña ba h`ca kspkgfab para
gaca kstagf÷j.
Ba gubtura kspañ`ba ks g`j`gfca p`r kb
dbahkjg` y bas g`rrfcas ck t`r`s, kj
G`b`hefa j`s garagtkrfzah`s p`r bas
dkrfas y dfkstas rkof`jabks, kj ba
agtuabfcac kj varfas gfucacks j` kstáj
apr`eacas bas g`rrfcas ck t`r`s.
FSABFA
Gap tab U`ha  
Fcf`ha Ftabfaj`  
Wupkrdfgfk   791 7391 lhµ  
Maeftajtks 49,74 hfbb`jks
Ba rkpþebfga ck Ftabfa ks uj paès hfkher`
ck ba ujf÷j kur`pka, g`j uj o`efkrj`
parbahkjtarf`, uefgaca kj kb gkjtr` ckb
hab hkcftkrrájk` `gupajc` ba pkjèjsuba
ftábfga, asè g`h` ba bbajura Yacaja, ba fsba
ck Wfgfbfa y Gkrckña y abrkckc`r ck
`gm`gfkjtas fsbas hkj`rks.
Ftabfa ks uj paès g `j uja haravfbb`sa
mfst`rfa ba guab ksta huy bfoaca a ba
gubtura `ggfckjtab y a ba ck Kur`pa, a
partfr ck kst` kj ba agtuabfcac
kjg`jtrah`s rufjas huy efkj
g`jskrvacas y artk ck magk hugm`s
añ`s.
Y@US[OA B
Gap tab B se`a
se`a
Fcf`ha   Y`rtuouæs y hfrajcæs1
Wupkrdfgfk   65 969 7 lhµ
Maeftajtks 19,5= hfbb`jks
Y`rtuoab tfkjk uj gbfha hkcftkrrájk` `
kstagf`jab, su j`herk pr`vfkjk ck `p`rt`
ckefc` a bas javks quk drkgukjtaea kb
pukrt`, kb o`efkrj` ksta rkofc` p`r ba bky
g`jstftugf`jab, ksta uefgac` kj ba pkjèjsuba
feærfga tkjfkjc` g`sta kj kb `g æaj`
atbájtfg`.
Y`rtuoab ks ck ks`s paèsks quk maj s fc`
fjdbukjgfac` p`r cfdkrkjtks gfvfbfzagf`jks y
ma b`orac` cksarr`bbar uj gubtura kj
partfgubar, kjrfqukgfc` p`r su hþsfga, ba
bftkratura g`j aut`rks g`h` Bufs ck
Gah`ks y ba gfjkhat`oradèa.

Ba p`ebagf÷j ck Kspaña ks ckb 15.4%

fjhforajtks, tahefæj sk pukck vkr quk
Kb gbfha ck Ftabfa ks kstagf`jab, sk
ba p`ebagf÷j vfkna ks huy abta y quk ab
garagtkrfza p`r tkjkr vkraj`s huy Kj Y`rtuoab ksta prkskjtk ba bfekrtac ck
pasar b`s añ`s ba gajtfcac ck maeftajtk
maeftajtks
s
gabur`s`s c`jck sk pukck supkrar b`s rkbfof÷j pkr` ba hay`rèa ck ba p`ebagf÷j ks
cfshfjuyk, a cfdkrkjgfa ck Kspaña kj
7;¹ ck tkhpkratura y fjvfkrj`s huy gat÷bfga.
G`b`hefa ba p`ebagf÷j grkgk huy rápfc`
drè`s prfjgfpabhkjtk gkrga a b`s Abpks.
y ba p`ebagf÷j rkpr`cugtfva agtfva kj su
hay`rèa tfkjk mfn`s n÷vkjks.

Kj Kspaña j` sk kjgukjtra uja þjfga Y`rtuoab tfkjk uja kg`j`hèa cfvkrsfdfgaca

bkjoua, g`h` prfjgfpab kjg`jtrah`s kb
gastkbbaj` pkr` kj aboujas pr`vfjgfas
p`ckh`s kjg`jtrar kb Gatabáj, Oabbko` `
Tabkjgfaj`, ab fouab quk G`b`hefa
jukstr` paès tfkjk g`h` bkjoua prfjgfpab
kb Kspañ`b y kjg`jtrah`s `tr`s cfabkgt`s
pr`pfas ck bas g`hujfcacks fjcèokjas.
G[BS[UAB,
W@GFAB,Y@BFSFG@,
KG@J@HFG@ V Y`bètfgahkjtk
Y`bètfgahkjtk Kspaña g`jd`rhaca p`r
AHEFKJSAB uja p`bètfga h`járqufga, a cfdkrkjgfa ck
G`b`hefa quk j` tkjkh`s h`jarquèa.
Ba kg`j`hèa ftabfaja ks rkprkskjta p`r ba
kj kb pasac` hajknaea su YF E kj ba
aorfgubtura ck haèz, arr`z bkouhfj`sas,
aorfgubtura g`j kb fjorks` a ba ujf÷j
m`rtabfzas y gbar` p`r bas uvas c`jck
kur`pka am`ra ks easaca kj b`s skrvfgf`s y
magk quk sk garagtkrfgk p`r ba
ba fjcustrfa gbar` ksta sfj cknar ck bac`
kxp`rtagf÷j ck sus vfj`s, tahefæj kb
aorfgubtura tkjfkjc` g`h` pr`cugt`s, kb
turfsh` magk partk ck uj oraj
haèz kb trfo`, bas `bfvas y bas uvas, ks
p`rgkjtank ck su YFE.
g`j`gfc` p`r kb vfj` ck `p`rt`.
Ftabfa ks uj paès uefgac` ab s ur ck kur` kb
guab gukjta g`j c`s tkrrft`rf`s
fjckpkjcfkjtks
fjckpkjcfkjtks quk s`j W aj Harfj` y
gfucac ckb Tatfgaj`.

Kspaña ck b`s paèsks has v fsftac` p`r b`s

turfstas ya ska p`r su arquftkgtura, sus
Ftabfa ks uj` ck b`s paèsks has vfsftac`s
g`stuherks ` su mfst`rfa, ks uj paès quk Aujquk Y`rtuoab j` ks uj ckstfj` huy
kj t`c` kb hujc` g`hkjzajc` p`r su
gubturabhkjtk
gubturabhkjtk ks huy cfvkrs` y varfac` apktkgfc` p`r b`s turfstas, ks uja gfucac
Gapftab sfkjc` kb guart` paès hás
b` quk b` magk bbahatfv`, ks uja ck sus quk ap`rta hugm` tajt` kj arquftkgtura
vfsftac`, Ftabfa s k ekjkdfgfa ckb turfsh`
prfjgfpabks dukjtks ck fjorks`s, g`h` kj g`h` kj artk, Bfse`a su gapftab ks ba gfucac
rkbfof`s` okjkrac` p`r gfucac ckb
Kspaña kb turfsh` magk partk has vfsftaca kb o`efkrj` p`rtuouæs qufkrk
vatfgaj`, Ftabfa tfkjk g`h` sftf`s ck
dujcahkjtab ck jukstra kg`j`hèa, ya quk sk g`j`zgaj `tr`s ckstfj`s, kj Bfse`a
fjtkræs ba d`jtaja ck Srkvf, kb G`bfsk`
quk G`b`hefa ks uj paès c`jck sk sk pukck kjg`jtrar kb @gkajárf` ck Bfs e`a
U`haj` y sus gfucacks hás vfsftacas
kjgukjtra uja varfkcac ck gbfhas, y kb h`jastkrf` ck b`s n kr÷jfh`s.
ksta Tkjkgfa, Hfbáj, Yfsa kjtrk `tras.
cfvkrsfcac ck db`ra u dauja y oraj

oastr`j`hèa.

Ba oastr`j`hèa ck Y`rtuoab ks varfaca ya

Kspaña sk garagtkrèstfga kj su
oastr`j`hèa p`r bas tapas, kb vfj`, ba
pakbba vabkjgfaja, kb nah÷j feærfg` kjtrk
`tr`s.
Kj Ftabfa ba oastr`j`hèa ks uj dagt`r
quk p`r skr uj pukrt` tfkjk fjdbukjgfa ck
fhp`rtajtk y rkg`j`gfc` kj kb hujc`
hugmas gubturas, sk garagtkrfza p`r
sfkjc` huy varfaca y kj c`jck sk
cfdkrkjtks kheutfc`s,
kheutfc`s, tfp`s ck pksg ac`s y
ac`ptar`j pr`cugt`s ck Ahærfga g`h`
ck harfsg`s, Y`rtuoab ks uj paès
ba papa, kb haèz ` kb t`hatk, ba
dukrtkhkjtk
dukrtkhkjtk vfjèg`ba g`h` b`s vfj`s
oastr`j`hèa ftabfaja duk ckgbaraca
bfg`r`s`s ck @p`rt` y ck Hackfra, tfkjk
Yatrfh`jf` Gubturab Fjhatkrfab ck ba
g`h` pbat`s p`pubarks kb oazpagm`
Muhajfcac p`r ba [jksg` y ks fhftaca
p`rtuouæs, ba g`gfja p`rtuouksa ma fjdbufc`
kj pbat`s g`h` ba pfzza, ba pasta, kb
`tras oastr`j`hèas g`h` ba nap`jksa, g`j
rfs`tt` kjtrk `tr`s.
ba fjtr`cuggf÷j ck ba tkhpura.

Kspaña magk partk ck ba ujf÷j kur`pka
p`r kjck su h`jkca agtuab ks kb Kur`,
ajtkrf`rhkjtk hajknaeaj ba pkskta, ba
ajtkrf`rhkjtk
kg`j`hèa Kspañ`ba ks ba guarta kj ba
ujf÷j kur`pka p`r su tahañ` y ba
ckgfh`tkrgkra
ckgfh`tkrgkra a jfvkb hujcfab.
Ftabfa magk partk ck ba ujf÷j kur`pka p`r Y`rtuoab magk partk ck ba ujf÷j kur`pka
kjck su h`jkca agtuab ks kb Kur`, cksck 16=4 p`r kjck su h`jkca agtuab ks
ajtkrf`rhkjtk hajknaeaj ba bfra ftabfaja,
ajtkrf`rhkjtk kb Kur`, ajtkrf`rhkjt
ajtkrf`rhkjtk
k hajknaeaj kb
ba kg`j`hèa ftabfaja ks ba tkrgkra kj ba Ksguc` p`rtuouæs, kj b`s þbtfh`s tfkh
tfkhp`s
p`s
ujf÷j kur`pka p`r su tahañ` y ba `gtava sk ma s ftuac` p`r kjgfha ck ba hkcfa ck ba
a jfvkb hujcfab. ujf÷j kur`pka

1.7.Yaèsks p`r Bufs Abd`js`
1.7.1.  M`bajca, Abkhajfa, Orkgfa.
OUKGFA
Gapftab Atkjas
CAS@W CK Orfko` (abtkrjatfv`s
(abtkrjatfv`s F jobks y
FJSKUÆW Fcf`ha Drajgks)
Wupkrdfgfk 171.6;? lhµ
GAUAGSKUFWSFGAW Maeftajtks 19,?5 hfbb`jks
hfbb`jks
GBFHA> Orkgfa cfsdruta ck uj gbfha tkhpabc`,
suavk, fjvfkrj`s muhkc`s, vkraj`s
gabur`s`s y s kg`s, gukjta ckb hfsh` h`c`
g`j uj gbfha hkcftkrrajk` tkhpbac`< a
hkjuc` ab dfjab ck b`s cfas pukck maekr uja
erfsa rkdrksgajtk, s`erk t`c` kj z`jas
g`stkras y kj kb j`rtk ckb paès.
KG@J@HFA> Orkgfa tfkjk uja kg`j`hèa
gapftabfsta hfxta. Kb turfsh` ks ba prfjgfpab
dukjtk ck cfvfsas y p`skk uja aorfgubtura
aut`sudfgfkjtk, kxgkpt` kj b`s pr`cugt`s
bágtk`s, garjks y pfkjs`s para ajfhabks. Ba
g`jstruggf÷j javab ks tahefæj uj skgt`r
fhp`rtajtk quk okjkra hugm`s fjorks`s<
Orkgfa p`skk uja ck bas db`tas hkrgajtks hás
orajcks ckb hujc`.
YUFJGFYAB UKG[UW@ JAS[UAB>Ckstagaj ba
eauxfta, bfojft`, haojksfta, pktr÷bk`, hárh`b.
YUFJGFYABKKW YU@C[GS@W
AOUFG@BAW>Yrkc`hfjaj kb trfo`, haèz,
gkeaca, rkh`bagma ck azugar, agkftuj
agkftujas,
as,
t`hatks,
t`hatks, vfj`, taeag`, patatas, garjks,
G[BS[UAB, pr`cugt`s bágtk`s.
W@GFAB,Y@BFSFG@,
KG@J@HFG@ V
AHEFKJSAB
YUFJGFYAB FJC[WSUFA> Ba prfjgfpab ks kb kb
turfsh`, ackhás ckb pr`gksac` ck abfhkjt`s
y taeag`, tkxtfbks, pr`cugt`s quèhfg`s,
pr`cugt`s hktábfg`s, hfjkrabks, pktr÷bk`.
Y`rgkjtank ck grkgfhfkjt` fjcustrfab> 1.? %
FJCKYKJCKJGFA> 1=56 (ckb F hpkrf`
@t`haj`), Dfksta jagf`jab> Cèa ck ba
Fjckpkjckjgfa>5;
Fjckpkjckj gfa>5; ck harz` (1=51 )
(pr`gbahagf÷j ck ba oukrra ck
fjckpkjckjgfa). G`jstftugf÷j> 11 ck Nujf` ck
D@UHA CK O@EFKUJ@> Orkgfa ks uja
rkpþebfga parbahkjtarfa, ba h`jarquèa duk
rkgmazaca p`r rkdkrkjc` kb = ck cfgfkherk ck
16?3.
H@JKCA> Kb kur` 8 199 gæjtfh
gæjtfh`s.
`s. May
efbbktks ck ;99, 599, 199, ;9, 59, 19 y ;
kur`s. Bas h`jkcas s`j ck 1 y 5 kur`s y ck
;9, 59, 19, ;, 5 y 1 gæjtfh`
gæjtfh` ck kur`. Gahef`
ck cfvfsas> Wk pukckj gahefar cfvfsas kj
t`c`s b`s eajg`s, ganas ck am`rr`s y `dfgfjas
ck gahef`. Sarnktas ckb græcft`> Kj ba hay`rèa
ck b`s sftf`s sk agkptaj ba hay`rèa ck bas
tarnktas ck græcft` y cæeft` kur`pkas,
ackhás ck HastkrGarc, Ahkrfgaj Kxprkss,
Cfjkrs Gbue, Tfsa y Kbkgtr`j.
M@BAJCA
Gapftab Ahstkrcaj
Jkkrbajcæs
Fcf`ha
Wupkrdfgfk 31.;37 lhµ
Maeftajtks 1?,5= hfbb`jks
hfbb`jks
GBFHA> Kb gbfha ck M`bajca ks ck tfp`
harètfh` tkhpbac`, g`j vfkjt`s drksg`s y
tkhpkraturas j` kxgksfvahkjtk kxtrkhas.
Kspkgfabhkjtk kj vkraj`, g`j uj tfkhp`
s`bkac` pkr` jaca gabur`s`. Kj fjvfkrj` j`
magk ckhasfac` drè`, aujquk sè a vkgks sk
pbajtkaj dukrtks jkvacas y tkhpkraturas
ean` gkr`.
KG@J@HFA> Ba agtfvfcac fjcustrfab okjkra
abrkckc`r ckb 1?,6 % ckb YFE m`bajcæs,
abrkckc`r
prfjgfpabhkjtk a travæs ckb pr`gksahfkjt`
ck abfhkjt`s, ba fjcustrfa pktr`quèhfga, ba
hktaburofa y ba fjcustrfa ck kqufp`s ck
trajsp`rtk. B`s Yaèsks Ean`s s`j tahefæj
tahefæj
uj` ck b`s hay`rks pr`cugt`rks y
cfstrfeufc`rks ck pktr÷bk` y oas jaturab,Kb
skgt`r aorèg`ba rkprkskjta gasf kb 1.4% ckb
YFE ckb paès y khpbka ab 5% ck ba p`ebagf÷j
agtfva (Eajg` Hujcfab,
Hujcfab, 591 6).
YUFJGFYAB UKG[UW@ JAS[UAB> Oas
jaturab, pktr`bk`,
pktr`bk`, turea, pfkcra gabfza, sab,
arkja y orava, tfkrra gubtfvaebk
gubtfvaebk..
YUFJGFYABKW YU@C[GS@W AOUFG@BAW>
M`bajca ks g`j`gfca p`r su varfkcac kj
quks`s, sk usa hugm` ba patata kj cfdkrkjtks
sabsas, b`s pksgac`s y harfsg`s (ajoufba,
hknfbb`jks,
hknfbb`j ks, arkjquks y `stras), t`c` sk
ag`hpaña g`j gkrvkza.
YUFJGFYAB FJC[WSUFA> haqufjarfa y
kqufp`, sustajgfas quèhfgas, g`heustfebks,
pr`cugt`s abfhkjtfgf`s. haqufjarfa y kqufp`
ck trajsp`rtk, sustajgfas quèhfgas,
g`heustfebks,
g`heustfeb ks, pr`cugt`s abfhkjtfgf`
abfhkjtfgf`s,
s, r`pa.
FJCKYKJCKJGFA> B`s m`bajcksk
m`bajcksks
s bugmar`j
p`r su fjckpkjckjgfa ck Kspaña, b` quk
`rfofj÷ ba oukrra ck b`s @gmkjta Añ`s (1;4=-
143=).
D@UHA CK O@EFKUJ@> B`s Yaèsks Ean`s s`j
uja h`jarquèa g`jstftugf`jab. Kst` sfojfdfga
quk bas atrfeugf`jks ck ba Ukfja ` ckb Uky
kstáj cfspukstas kj ba g`jstftugf÷j. Kb Uky `
ba Ukfja, skoþj ska kb gas`, ks kb nkdk ck
Kstac` ck b`s Yaèsks Ean`s y d`rha kb
O`efkrj` nujt` g`j b`s hfjfstr`s.
H@JKCA> Ba h`jkca ck M`bajca ks kb kur`
(K[U)
Kj kstk g`jvkrs`r ck cfvfsas pukcks mabbar
su tfp` ck gahef` rkspkgt` a guabqufkr `tra
h`jkca.
ABKHAJ FA
Gapftab Ekrbfj
Abkháj
Fcf`ha
Wupkrdfgfk 7;?.7=4 lhµ
Maeftajtks =7,95 hfbb`jks
hfbb`jks
GBFHA>Abkhajfa tfkjk trks z`jas prfjgfpabks
kj ba varfagf÷j ckb gbfha. Kb j`rtk y j`r`kstk
sk garagtkrfza p`r skr tkhpbac`
tkhpbac` y bb`vkr oraj
partk ckb añ`. B`s fjvfkrj`s
fjvfkrj`s s`j drè`s y b`s
vkraj`s, pkrf`c` c`jck may hay`r gajtfcac
ck prkgfpftagf`jks,
prkgfpftagf`jks, s`j drksg`s.
KG@J@HFA>  Ba pr`cuggf÷j ck Abkhajfa sk
easa prágtfgahkjtk kj kb árka fjcustrfab ckb
g`hkrgf`. Gukjta g`j bas pbajtas hás
orajcks ck aut`h÷vfbks,
aut`h÷vfbks, pr`cugt`s
quèhfg`s, fjokjfkrèa kbkgtr÷jfga y kbkgtrfgfcac
y a su vkz g`j kb hás abt` jfvkb ck tkgj`b`oèa
kj kb árka g`hujfgatfva, fjd`rhátfga y
ef`tkgj`b÷ofga. Ba pr`cuggf÷j ck Abkhajfa sk
uefga kj ba z`ja ajtfoua ck ba Abkhajfa
@ggfckjtab y ba fjcustrfa ba uefg÷ kj kb tkrgkr
buoar ck bas p`tkjgfas hujcfabks.
YUFJGFYAB UKG[UW@ JAS[UAB> Gare÷j,
bfojft`, oas jaturab, hfjkrab dkrr`s`, g`erk,
jèqukb, urajf`, p`tasf`, sab, hatkrfabks ck
g`jstruggf÷j, hackra y tfkrra araebk.
YUFJGFYABKW YU@C[GS@W AOUFG@BAW> Ba
oastr`j`hèa tracfgf`jab ck Abkhajfa g`jsfstk
kj uj pbat` ck garjk, patatas, sabsa g`j
vkrcuras ` kjsabaca. Ckpkjcfkjc` ck ba
rkof÷j tfkjk fjdbukjgfa ck b`s paèsks vkgfj`s
g`h` ba g`gfja ck Ftabfa y ba ck Drajgfa. B`s
fjorkcfkjtks hás usac`s s`j ba garjk ck
gkrc`, ck tkrjkra y avks ck g`rrab.Asè g`h`
bas garjks ck naeabè, g`jkn` y g`rz`. Ba garjk
kheutfca ks ba hás usuab.
FJCKYKJCKJGFA> Abkhajfa duk ujfdfgaca
g`h` uj h`ckrj` kstac`-jagf÷j kj 1=?1,
guajc` sk d`rn÷ kb F hpkrf` abkháj,
abkháj, g`j kb
Ukfj` ck Yrusfa g`h` su prfjgfpab
g`jstftuykjtk.
D@UHA CK O@EFKUJ@>  Abkhajfa, ks uj paès
s`ekraj` g`j uja `roajfzagf÷j p`bètfga
Ukpþebfga Yarbahkjtarfa dkckrab. Kb p`ckr
bkofsbatfv` dkckrab rkgak kj kb parbahkjt` y kb
÷roaj` ck rkprkskjtagf÷j ck b`s Bãjckr ck
kstac`s rkof`jabks ck Abkhajfa.Kb paès tfkjk
sfstkha hubtfpartfcfsta
hubtfpartfcfsta cksck 1636,
`gupac`s p`r ba [jf÷j Ckh÷grata Grfstfaja
(GC[) y kb Yartfc` W`gfabckh÷grata ck
Abkhajfa (WYC).
H@JKCA>  G`h` kj gasf t`c` kb rkst` ck
Kur`pa, kj Abkhajfa ba h`jkca `dfgfab ks kb
Kur`.Ab skr ba h`jkca kj gfrgubagf÷j ckjtr`
ckjtr`
ck ba [jf÷j Kur`pka j` skrá jkgksarf`
gahefar cfvfsas.

1.3.Yaèsks p`r Tègt`r
1.3.1.  Eæbofga, Wukgfa, Cfjaharga
EÆBOFGA
Gapftab Eruskbas   Gapftab
CAS@W
jkkrbajcæs,
jkkrbajcæs, drajgæs y abkháj
CK Fcf`ha
FJSKUÆW 7   Fcf`ha
Wupkrdfgfk   79 ;5= 1 lhµ
GAUAGSKUFWSFGAW Maeftajtks 11,34 hfbb`
hfbb`jks
jks  
Kj Eæbofga may uj dukrtk skjtfc` ck
g`hujfcac y abt`s jfvkbks ck
g`hpr`hfs` gèvfg`, ba ‒vfca j`gturja‘ ks kqufbferf` kjtrk kb traean` g`tfcfaj` y ba
kb g`raz÷j ckb kstfb` ck vfca ekboa.
 Ksta p`ebagf÷j gukjta g`j uj
fhp`rtajtk bkoac` gubturab. Bas gfucacks  B`s sukg`s tfkjkj gubtura pkrgfefca
ck Erunas y Oajtk s`j autæjtfg`s
husk`s hkcfkvabks quk maebaj ck su
pr÷spkr` pasac`.
Eæbofga ks uj` ck b`s vkfjtfsfktk kstac`s
s`ekraj`s quk d`rhaj ba [jf÷j Kur`pka
y p`skk uja p`ebagf÷j ck 11 396 9??
maeftajtks.
B`s maeftajtks ck Eæbofga sk sabucaj g`j
uj aprkt÷j ck haj`s, pkr` sf ba rkbagf÷j
ks ck ahfstac, sk sukbkj car trks eks`s
G[BS[UAB, kj ba hknfbba, sfj apkjas r`zarbas.
W@GFAB,Y@BFSFG@,
KG@J@HFG@ V
AHEFKJSAB Kb gbfha ks harètfh` tkhpbac`, g`j
prkgfpftagf`jks
prkgfpfta gf`jks sfojfdfgatfvas
sfojfdfgatfvas curajtk
t`c` kb añ`.
Ba oastr`j`hèa kstá huy fjdbukjgfaca
p`r ba g`gfja drajgksa, g`gfja
jkkrbajcksa,
jkkrbajck sa, y curajtk b`s þbtfh`s añ`s
p`r ba g`gfja ckb j`rtk ck Ádrfga y ck
hkcf` `rfkjtk.
Kur`
Bas prfjgfpabks fhp`rtagf`jks s`j
pr`cugt`s abfhkjtfgf`s, haqufjarfa,
cfahajtks,
cfahajtk s, pktr÷bk` y ckrfvac`s,
sustajgfas quèhfgas, vkstfhkjta y
aggks`rf`s y tknfc`s. Bas kxp`rtagf`jks
kxp`rtagf`jks
prfjgfpabks s`j aut`h÷vfbks, g`hfca y
pr`cugt`s abfhkjtfgf`s,
gf`s, mfkrr` y agkr`,
cfahajtkss pr`gksac`s, tknfc`s,
cfahajtk
pbástfg`s, pr`cugt`s pktr`bèdkr`s y
hktabkss j` dkrr`s`s .
hktabk
W[KGFA
Kst`g`bh`  
Wukg`
3;9 56;5 lhµ
Maeftajtks 19,57 hfbb
hfbb`jks
`jks  
B`s sukg`s t`haj huy kj s krf` kb `gf` y
kb efkjkstar, eusgajc` sfkhprk uj
vfca dahfbfar.
tèpfgahkjtk g`h` fouabftarfa, skjgfbba y
aefkrta a fjdbukjgfas ck `tr`s paèsks.
Kstk tkrrft`rf` ks kb qufjt` paès hás
kxtkjs` ck Kur`pa, gukjta g`j hás ck
19 hfbb`jks ck pkrs`jas.
Wu tracfgf÷j g`j`gfca g`j kb j`herk ck
«trfb`oèa ckb ajfbb`¼ guajc` uj m`herk
sk g`hpr`hktk g`j uja hunkr sukga,
ckek rkoabarbk trks ajfbb`s> uj` para ba
pktfgf÷j ck haj`, `tr` para ba e`ca, y
`tr` guajc` jagk kb prfhkr mfn`.
Wukgfa gukjta g`j uj gbfha tkhpbac`
eastajtk dav`raebk.
Wu oastr`j`hèa ks huy sfhfbar
sfhfbar a ba
oastr`j`hèa ck Cfjaharga ` ck
J`rukoa. Wk bk g`jsfckra sfhpbk.
G`r`ja sukga
Wus fhp`rtagf`jks prfjgfpabks s`j>
agkftks gruc`s ck pktr÷bk`, agkftks
hkcf`s y prkparagf`jk
pr kparagf`jkss ck pktr÷bk`,
vkmègub`s ck trajsp`rtk y
hkcfgahkjt`s. bas kxp`rtagf`jks
prfjgfpabks
prfjgfpabks sukgas s`j> Hajudagturas,
haqufjarfa,
haqufjarf a, vkmègub`s y pr`cugt`s
quèhfg`s.
CFJAHA UGA
Gapftab G`pkjmaouk
Cajæs
Fcf`ha
37 963 lhµ
Maeftajtks ;,=94 hfbb`jks
hfbb`jks
Ba p`ebagf÷j cajksa aprkgfa ba bfekrtac y
gukjtaj g`j uja tasa ck ckbfjgukjgfa y
g`rrupgf÷j kjvfcfaebkhkjtk eana.
Ba gubtura cajksa sk garagtkrfza p`r ba
sfhpbfgfcac, kb hfjfhabfsh`, kb
fouabftarfsh`,
fouabftarfsh`, bas eukjas g`stuherks, kj
sus dkstfvabks b`s
b`s vflfjo`s y ba h
hþsfga
þsfga -kj
partfgubar kb nazz- s`j bas garagtkrèstfgas
prfjgfpabks ck hugm`s ck kbb`s.
Cfjaharga ks kb hás pkqukñ` ck b`s paèsks
j÷rcfg`s. gukjta g`j ; ?=; ?44 ck
maeftajtks.
Kb oat` jkor` kra kb sèhe`b` ckb fjvfkrj`,
ck ba `sgurfcac y ckb hab. Masta dfjabks ckb
sfob` ]TFFF , sk hktèa uj oat` vfv` kj uja
pfñata, a ba quk buko` sk bk caeaj o`bpks
masta quk sk r`hpfkra y kb oat` sabfkra
g`rrfkjc`, qukcajc` asè kxpubsac`s ba
`sgurfcac y kb hab.
Cfjaharga o`za ck uj gbfha tkhpbac` y
tfkjk hargacas bas guatr` kstagf`jks ckb
añ`, asè g`h` kb rkst` ck Kur`pa.
Ba oastr`j`hèa ma s fc` tracfgf`jab y
dukrtkhkjtk fjdbufca p`r ba g`gfja drajgksa
dukrtkhkjtk
k ftabfaja.
G`r`ja cajksa
Ba kg`j`hèa cajksa sk easa kj Wu hay`r
fhp`rtagf÷j ck Agkftks ck pktr÷bk` ` ck
hfjkrabkss eftuhfj`s`s
hfjkrabk eftuhfj`s`s s us aeujcajtks
kxp`rtagf`jks tabks g`h` háqufjas k
fjstruhkjt`s, garjk y ckrfvac`s, bágtk`s,
pksgac`, dárhag`s, hukebks,
akr`okjkrac`rks. B`s jfvkbks ck rfqukza s k
kjgukjtraj kjtrk b`s hás abt`s ckb hujc`.
 

G@JGB[WF J

Y`ckh`s g`jgbufr quk ab g`j`gkr bas cfdkrkjgfas gubturabks ck b`s paèsks p`ckh`s tkjkr uj

vfsuab has ahpbfa, g`j kst` p`ckh`s ajabfzar kj kb h`hkjt` ck traeanar quk jkgksftah`s para

acaptarj`s ab hkrgac` y p`ckr supbfr bas jkgksfcacks ck ba rkof÷j kj ba quk qukrkh`s fjvkrtfr,
tahefæj p`ckh`s magkr uj ajábfsfs sf ba `roajfzagf÷j tfkjk b`s rkgurs`s y sf sk guhpbk g`j kbb`s

 para bbkoar a kst`s jukv`s hkrgac`s,

hkrga c`s,

Sahefæj ckekh`s tkjkr kj gukjta quk kj kb h`hkjt` ck eusgar uj jukv` hkrgac` ckekh`s

magkr ba eþsqukca kj dukjtks g`jdfaebks y quk j`s ckj cat`s rkabks, ck ksta hajkra j` fjgurrfr

kj krr`rks quk pkrnucfqukj a ba khprksa.

 

UKDKUKJGFAW EFEBF@OUÁDFGAW

[jf÷j kur`pka, Austrfa, t`hac` ck> 

ck> mttps>//kur`pa.ku/kur`pkaj-ujf`j/ae`ut-

ku/g`ujtrfks/hkhekr-g`ujtrfks/austrfaPks  
ku/g`ujtrfks/hkhekr-g`ujtrfks/austrfaPks

Ukpþebfga ck Austrfa, (nubf` 5959) `dfgfja ck fjd`rhagf÷j cfpb`hátfga, t`hac` ck>

mttp>//www.kxtkrf`rks.o`e.ks/C`guhkjts/DfgmasYafs/A[WSUFAPDFGMA%59YAFW.pcd  

AWSKB[W, G`stuherks  ‗  Austrfa,

 Austrfa, t`hac` ck> 
ck> mttps>//astkbus.g`h/g`stuherks-austrfa/ 
mttps>//astkbus.g`h/g`stuherks-austrfa/  

AGSFTFCACKW KG@J×HFGAW, agtfvfcacks kg`j÷hfgas ck Drajgfa, t`hac` ck>

mttps>//www.agtfvfcackskg`j`hfgas.`ro/5917/93/agtfvfcacks-kg`j`hfgas-ck-drajgfa.mthb
mttps>//www.agtfvfcackskg`j`hfgas.`ro/5917/93/agtfvfcacks-kg`j`hfgas-ck-drajgfa.mthb  

[rfatk Háxfha Nubfa (19 ck harz` ck 5959), fjd`rhagf÷j y garagtkrèstfgas Drajgfa,

ck> mttps>//www.garagtkrfstfgas.g`/drajgfa/ 
garagtkrèstfgas, t`hac` ck>  mttps>//www.garagtkrfstfgas.g`/drajgfa/ 
Hk v`y a Frbajca, t`hac` ck> 
ck>  mttps>//www.hkv`yafrbajca.g`h/fjd`rhagf`j-okjkrab-frbajca/
mttps>//www.hkv`yafrbajca.g`h/fjd`rhagf`j-okjkrab-frbajca/  

Orkg`S`ur (166=). \Fjd`rhagf÷j Okjkrab ck OrkgfaX. Ukgupkrac` ck.  

mttps>//www.orkg`t`ur.g`h/fjd`rhagf`j-okjkrab-ck-orkgfa 

W`be` Tfanks. \Orkgfa Kur`paX.Ukgupkrac` ck.  

mttps>//www.s`e`bvfanks.g`h/pafs/194/fjd`rhagf`jPckPorkgfaPp`rPs`e`bPvfanks 

 JBYafsks Ean`s. \Fjd`rhagf÷j OkjkrabX.Ukgupkrac`

Okjk rabX.Ukgupkrac` ck.  
mttps>//www.majckbhktspajnk.g`h/ks/jko`gf`s-g`j-b`s-pafsks-ean`s/s`erk-b`s-pafsks-ean`s/ 

Kxpajsf÷j. \Yaèsks Ean`s Kg`j`hèa y Ckh`oradèaX. Ukgupkrac` ck.  

mttps>//cat`shagr`.kxpajsf`j.g`h/pafsks/pafsks-ean`s

 JBYafsks Ean`s. \Ba H`jarquèa G`jstftugf`jabX.Ukgupkrac`

G`jstftugf`jabX .Ukgupkrac` ck. 
mttps>//www.m`bbajc.g`h/ks/turfsta/fjd`rhagf`j/okjkrab/ba-h`jarqufa-g`jstftugf`jab.mth 

Ouèa ck Abkhajfa. \B` hkn`r ck AbkhajfaX. Ukgupkrac` ck . 

mttps>//www.oufackabkhajfa.g`h/ 
 

19

DUKKYFL.(5916). \Eajckra ck tkba jagf`jab abkhajaX.Ukgupkrac` ck.  

mttps>//www.drkkpfl.ks/d`t`s-prkhfuh/eajckra-tkba-jagf`jab-abkhajaP;35=355.mth 

Eajckras Hujc`. (591?). \Eajckra ck OrkgfaX. Ukgupkrac` ck.  

mttp>//eajckrashujc`.ks/kur`pa/orkgfa/

Kjgfgb`oradfa \Yaèsks Ean`sX.Ukgupkrac` ck.  

mttps>//www.sft`orapmfgs.g`h/kjgfgb`o/eajckras/kur`pa/s`urgk/M`bajca.mthb

Hfjfstkrf` ck rkbagf`jks kxtkrf`rks ck Kspaña  

mttp>//www.kxtkrf`rks.o`e.ks/Y`rtab/ks/Y`bftfgaKxtkrf`rG``pkragf`j/Ob`eabfzagf`j@p`rtujfcacksUf

kso`s/Yaofjas/KspKjKbHujc`Ob`eabfzac`.aspx

Surfsh` kj Ftabfa 
Ftabfa mttp>//www.ftabfa.ft/ks/m`hk.mthb

Y`rtuoab mttps>//www.e`o`ta.kheafxacap`rtuoab.hjk.pt/pt/s`erk-p` 
Kheanaca ck Y`rtuoab