Fsidnfturf=

 Ncdeaies Intcrnfaienf`cs

\ckf=

_rinaipf`cs libcrcnaifs au`turf`cs cn `es pfëscs curepces

_rcscntf=

Lcikcr Erleöcz Wemfs

Grildct Kfrac`f @ekgfnf Lekënducz

Mufn Afr`es Erafsitf Af`lcrñn

Leacntc=

 
@ia. Mu`iæn Fnlrés Frifs Rcrf

Bunlfaiñn Snivcrsitfrif lc` Ærcf Fnlinf

_redrfkf lc Flkinistrfaiñn lc Ckprcsfs

Gedetæ-Ae`ekgif

7?7?
 

Ënliac

Intreluaaiñn
Intreluaaiñn ....................................................................................................................1

Auflre Aek
Aekpfrftiv
pfrftivee ........................................................................................................<

Aena`usiñn.....................................................................................................................
Aena`usiñn.....................................................................................................................71

Gig`iedrfbëf
Gig`iedrfbëf ................................................................................................................... 7<
 

Intreluaaiñn

Qc rcf`izf f aentinufaiñn c` siduicntc trfgfme cn lenlc nes inve`uarfrckes cn un kunle

lc invcstidfaiñn quc cn un buture nes bfai`itf f` kekcnte lc ikp`ckcntfr c` kcrafle

intcrnfaienf` ``cdfnle aen preluates innevflercs f etres pfëscs vf`ilfnle sus dustes y

trfliaiencs ckp`cfnle cstfs au`turfs pfrf lcsfrre``fr preluates faerlcs f `fs ncacsilflcs lc`

kcrafle cxtrfnmcre.

_er `e fntcrier, lfrckes f aeneacr `f ikpertfnaif lc `f invcstidfaiñn segrc `fs au`turfs

y afrfatcrëstiafs lc `es pfëscs quc aenberkfn `f uniñn curepcf, `e auf` `edrf bfai`itfr `f

aenstituaiñn lc `fs cstrftcdifs pfrf c`fgerfaiñn lc preluates y lc cstf kfncrf cntrfr f` kcrafle

intcrnfaienf` lc unf berkf cbiaicntc y a`frf scdýn dustes y trfliaiencs, sukinistrfnle unf
cstruaturf a`fvc rcspcate f dustes lc livcrses pfëscs. Ilcntibiafrckes f`dunfs lc cs
cstfs
tfs

ikpertfntcs libcrcnaifs au`turf`cs lc aicrtes pfëscs curepces, aen c` prepñsite lc lfr f aeneacr `f

rc`cvfnaif quc sc lcgc tcncr aen cstes fspcates pfrf telfs `fs ckprcsfs, yf quc f` trftfr lc

intcrnfaienf`iac sc lcgcn tekfr telfs `fs kclilfs ncacsfrifs, prepiaifnle un arcaikicnte acrtcre

lcntre lc `f inlustrif cxtrfnmcrf, bertf`caicnle lc kfncrf vitf` `f sestcnigi`ilfl flcauflf pfrf `f

kisf.
Binf`kcntc sc cxprcsfræ per kclie lc un auflre aekpfrftive `fs afrfatcrëstiafs y

libcrcnaifs au`turf`cs lc pfëscs lc Curepf, cvilcnaifnle dustes y trfliaiencs yf quc per kclie

lc cstf inberkfaiñn sc pelræ egtcncr invcstidfaiñn prcaisf pfrf c` f`afnac lc `f visiñn y

egmctives quc puclc ikp`ckcntfr unf erdfnizfaiñn cn c` kcrafle intcrnfaienf` cn aufnte f

tckfs lc ncdeaifaiñn.
 

<

Auflre Aekpfrftive

F`ckfnif Cspföf Itf`if Libcrcnaif I`ustrfaiñn

 Qf`ul
 Qf e=  Cs un
`ule  Qf`ul
 Qf e=  F`
`ule  Qf`ul
 Qf e=  F`
`ule Qc puclc vf`ilfr quc kicntrfs

cstrcajñn lc sf`ulfr sc lfn sf`ulfr sc lfn cn c` pfës lc F`ckfnif ne

kfnes tfnte si les gcses aen auftre faestukgrfn f sf`ulfr lc gcse

cs c` prikcr  prikcre cn `f  gcses cn `f cn pfëscs aeke Cspföf c Itf`if

aentfate aeke si lcrcajf `ucde kcmi``f si `e faestukgrfn jfacr.

sen fkides cn `f izquicrlf

A`ikf=  Qc A`ikf=  sc A`ikf=  Qc C` a`ikf tfnte cn c` pfës lc

kfncmfn `fs < kfncmfn < kfncmfn `fs < Itf`if aeke F`ckfnif, kfncmfn

cstfaiencs,  prinaipf`cs quc cstfaiencs, `fs kiskfs cstfaiencs lc

lcpcnlicnle `f sen= a`ikf lcpcnlicnle `f a`ikf, cn cxacpaiñn aeke

épeaf lc` föe. Ft`æntiae, a`ikf épeaf lc` föe. Cspföf quc uti`izf etres
(_rikfvcrf, Kclitcrrænce, (_rikfvcrf, nekgrcs pfrf rcbcrirsc f cstfs

Rcrfne, Eteöe c a`ikf lc Rcrfne, Eteöe cstfaiencs, aflf unf lc cstfs

Invicrne) Kentföf y c Invicrne) cn épeafs libcrcntcs cn aflf

a`ikf  pfës.

Qugtrepiaf`.
 

_untuf`ilfl=   _untuf`ilfl=   _untuf`ilfl = Qc puclc cvilcnaifr quc tfnte

Qen puntuf`cs,  Ne cs un pfës Cn cstc pfës `f _fëscs aeke Itf`if y Cspföf `f

 pu`ares y quc sc  puntuf`ilfl ne  puntuf`ilfl ne cs su bucrtc, ne

erlcnfles afrfatcriac per cs su bucrtc sc afrfatcrizfn per rcspctfr

rcspctfr kuaje kuaje `es jerfries, f

`es jerfries. libcrcnaif lc F`ckfnif,

rcspctfn kuaje `f puntuf`ilfl

f aflf kekcnte, `cs ke`cstf si

`fs pcrsenfs quc ``cdfn f csc

 pfës ne `e jfacn.

A e`e
e`eni
nifs
fs p
pfrf
frf A e`e
e`eni
nifs
fs p
pfrf
frf A e`e
e`eni
nifs
fs p
pfrf
frf Cs un lfte ikpertfntc sfgcr

gcgé=   gcgé
gcgé== gcgé=   quc cs lc kf` duste uti`izfr
 Ne uti`izfn @f ae`enif @f ae`enif ae`enifs pfrf `es gcgés cn

ae`enifs inbfnti` pfrf `es inbfnti` pfrf F`ckfnif, scdýn sus arccnaifs

inbfnti`cs, liacn cspföe`cs cs cstc pfës cs c` e`er nfturf` lc un gcgé cs

quc c` e`er cscnaif` pfrf vitf`, sickprc fdrflfg`c, kuy libcrcntc f `e

nfturf` lc un sus gcgés. suc`cn uti`izfr quc pfëscs aeke Cspföf c

 gcgé cs ae`enifs pfrf Itf`if picnsfn y pfrf c``es

c ``es `f
 

fdrflfg`c. sus jimes. ae`enif cs fdrflfg`c

fp`iaærsc`f f sus jimes.

ae=  Cs
\ r fm c tëtë pi ae= tëpiae==  sc
\ r fmc tëpiae tëpiae==  c`
\ r fmc tëpiae Cn c` kekcnte quc sc jfg`f lc

lc un csti`e listinduc per `f trfmc quc sc trfmcs tëpiaes pfrf cstes trcs

a`æsiae y segrie, vfriclfl lc sus  puclc  pfëscs, aflf pfës sc afrfatcrizf

 prepie lc `es trfmcs tëpiaes aensilcrfr  per un trfmc libcrcntc f` etre,

trfmcs gævfres, rcdienf`cs quc aeke kæs aekpregfnle quc pfrf

`es c`ckcntes sen usfles tëpiae aensistc F`ckfnif sen trfmcs a`æsiaes y

afrfatcrëstiaes brcaucntckcntc cn unf bf`lf segries, cn aufnte pfrf Cspföf

lc `f vcstikcntf cn bcstivilflcs aen cnfdufs y  prclekinfn `es ae`ercs

sen= Lirnl`, c` be`a`ñriafs, cn kfnli`, c` esaures y pfrf F`ckfnif sen

@clcrjescn, `es auf`cs vcstufrie cs trfmcs c`cdfntcs faerlc f`

\rfajt,  prclekinfn `es kuy c`cdfntc y kekcnte

Dfksgfrt, cntrc ae`ercs esaures lcgc cstfr

etres) e vives y faerlc f`

f`dunes kekcnte y c`
faacseries8 `udfr

\rfmc pepu`fr

(B`fkcnaf e

scvi``fnf)

A ek
ekii lf tëp af==  
të pi af A ek
ekii lf tëp af=  
të pi af= A ek
ekii lf të
tëp af=  
pi af= Aeke sc puclc egscrvfr

@f aekilf quc @f aekilf quc @f aekilf quc sicnle pfëscs Curepces, ticncn
 

sc lcstfaf cn sc lcstfaf cn sc lcstfaf cn libcrcnaifs cn dustes pfrf su

cstc pfës cs cstc pfës cs @f cstc pfës cs @f dfstrenekëf y sus aekilfs

Tðrstajcn. (@fs  pfc``f  pfstf tëpiafs sen kuy libcrcntcs f `f

Qf`ajiajfs) lc `es etres pfëscs, cn

F`ckfnif puclc segrc sf`ir c`

duste per `es ckgutiles aeke

`fs sf`ajiajfs kicntrfs quc cn

Cspföf cste `e afrfatcrizfn aen

c` frrez berkfnle _fc``f y cn

Itf`if su duste vf kæs `idfle f

`f pfstf, pfrf cstes cs lc kf`

duste rcve`vcr cn `fs aekilfs

lu`ac aen sf`, c` lu`ac peae cs

lc su fdrfle

@udfrcs @udfrcs @udfrcs Cn Curepf cxistcn kuajes

ckg`ck
ckg`ckæti aes=  
ætiaes= ckg`ck
ckg`ckæti aes=  
ætiaes= ckg`ckæti
ck aes=  `f
g`ckætiaes= `udfrcs ckg`ckætiaes quc

Aftclrf` lc @f sfdrflf Aftclrf` lc listinduir, aflf pfës aucntf

Ki`æn cs une lc
Gcr`ën. bfki`if lc aen `udfrcs kuy rcaeneailes
`es tckp`es
Gfrac`enf. lcstfaænlesc per
dñtiaes kæs
afrfatcrëstiafs au`turf`cs
drfnlcs lc`
cnafkinflfs f sus au`turfs
kunle. Y cs quc
 

c` kenukcnte fnacstrf`cs, ilcntibiafnle `es

kæs libcrcntcs dustes scdýn `fs
rcprcscntftive.  pcrsenfs quc `e visitfn.

L cpe
perr tc k
kæs
æs L cpe
perr tc k
kæs
æs L cper
cpertc
tc kæ
kæss C` lcpertc quc kæs prclekinf

aekýn=   aekýn=   aekýn=   cn F`ckfnif c Itf`if cs c`

c`

C` Býtge` C` Aia`iske. C` býtge` Butge` f`de quc sc libcrcnaif

cn Cspföf, c` lcpertc kæs

aekýn cn cstc pfës scdýn

inberkfaiñn rcae`catflf per

bucntcs cs c` Aia`iske.

B csti
stivi
vil
lflcs=  Cs
flc B cstivi
stivilf lcs=  
lfl B csti
stivi
vil
lflcs=  
flc Qc puclc vf`ilfr quc cn cstes

c` pfës quc Cs c` pfës quc @fs bicstfs y  pfëscs `fs bcstivilflcs sen

ac`cgrf kæs eaupf c` prikcr trfliaiencs cn tckfs ikpertfntcs cn aflf

bicstfs y cvcntes `udfr aeke Itf`if cstæn une, ``cdfnle f lckestrfr quc

 pepu`frcs lc `es lcstine lc afrdflfs lc  pfrf f`dunes ticncn sikge`edëf

 pfëscs curepces vifmcs f ckeaiñn y libcrcntc aeke sc puclc

bcstivf`cs lc cstëku`es pfrf csa`frcacr cn c` auflre8

kýsiaf cn vive, teles `es F`ckfnif cs c` pfës quc sc

aen dfstes scntiles, Cm. C` ac`cgrf kæs cvcntes pepu`frcs

inve`uarfles cn Afrnfvf` lc lc pfëscs Curepces, Cspföf cs

1?? cures Rcncaif buc c` pfës quc eaupf c` prikcr

arcfle cn terne `udfr cn bcstivilflcs lc kýsiaf

 

f` sid`e ZI aen c Itf`if sus bcstivilflcs sc

c` egmctive lc afrfatcrizfn per scr fnacstrf`cs

csafpfr lc` y tcncr un sidnibiafle

aentre` lc` scntikcntf` pfrf c``es.

Degicrne lc

Rcncaif y scr

`igrcs per unes

lëfs

Gcgilf tëpiaf=   Gcgilf tëpiaf=   Gcgilf tëpiaf=   Cs cvilcntc quc pfrf lc`citcs

@f gcgilf tëpiaf @f gcgilf tëpiaf @f gcgilf tëpiaf tfnte cn aekilf aeke cn

lc cstc pfës cs c` lc cstc pfës cs lc cstc pfës cs  gcgilfs, cstes pfëscs ticncn sus

fduf `f sfndrëf unf c` afbé `e ``cvfn libcrcnaifs, tfnte cn sfgercs,

cbcrvcsacntc kcza`f lc brutfs ‐cn `f sfndrc‛ y aeke etres, cn dustes

(fduf aen dfs) y y vine. cs quc cstc pfës dfstrenñkiaes.

`f kcza`fn aen vie nfacr tipes

tele, `cs lc afbé tfn

cnafntf.  pepu`frcs aeke

c` cxprcse, c`

kfaajifte, c`

afpuaaine, cntrc

etres.
 

6?

Brfnaif _e`enif _ertudf` Libcrcnaif I`ustrfaiñn

\fsf lc ckp`ce \fsf lc ckp`ce Cs cvilcntc quc `es jekgrcs

\fsf lc ckp`ce
per scxes per scxes per scxes ticncn `f tfsf lc ckp`ce kæs
drfnlc, pcre pelckes
Jekgrc :7% Jekgrc :7% Jekgrc :<% fprcaifr quc `f tfsf lc ckp`ce
Kumcrcs 4<% Kumcrcs 24% Kumcrcs 44% lc `fs kumcrcs sc cnaucntrf
cn arcaikicnte y cs kæs
cvilcntc cn c` pfës lc
_ertudf` segrc `es etres
 pfëscs cn kcnaiñn.
\fsf lc \fsf lc \fsf lc @f tfsf lc lcsckp`ce aen
lcsckp`ce lcsckp`ce lcsckp`ce kcmer libcrcnaif cs _e`enif,
lenlc jfn arcfle cstrftcdifs
:% 1% 4%  pfrf quc `f grcajf sidf cn
rcluaaiñn y `f kfyer tfsf lc
lcsckp`ce cs Brfnaif yf quc
cn cstes kekcntes sc
cnaucntre cn kclie lc
 pretcstfs.
Grcajf sf`frif` Grcajf sf`frif` Grcajf sf`frif` @f grcajf sf`frif` cn `es
cntrc kumcrcs y cntrc kumcrcs y cntrc kumcrcs y  pfëscs aekpfrfles, sc puclc
jekgrcs jekgrcs jekgrcs fprcaifr quc bf`tf kuaje
trfgfme pfrf quc `fs kumcrcs
``cducn f dfnfr iduf` e kæs
63% 4% 62% quc un jekgrc cn c` sf`frie
lc cstes pfëscs.
Aekilf tëpiaf= Aekilf tëpiaf= Aekilf tëpiaf=
C` p`fte C` p`fte _`fte quc ne sc @es p`ftes sen `es bucrtcs lc
rcprcscntftive  prinaipf` lc`  puclc pcrlcr aflf pfës y au`turf si unf
lc` pfës cs  pfës cs Gfaf`jfu aufnle sc visitc  pcrsenf lcscf aeneacr un
Keu`cs britcs cs cs un pcsafle c` pfës cs Wushi,  pfës y su livcrsilfl `f
un p`fte caje lc kuy cs unf cspcaic dfstrenekëf cs c` cmc
kcmi``encs y rcprcscntftive lc rfvie`is  prinaipf` perquc cxprcsf cn
 pfpftf britf aen lc `fs aestfs lc drfnlcs rc``cnes c``es su au`turf cn un p`fte lc
sf`sf lc acge``f _ertudf` lc afrnc y lc aekilf
y lc qucse.  qucse.
 

66

\uriske \uriske \uriske

@es kæs ``fkftive C` turiske @f jisterif lc un Aeke `f dfstrenekëf c`
cn Brfnaif cs ikpcrlig`c quc  pfës cs vf`iesf y aekp`ckcnte lc un pfëspf ës
 pfrës lenlc sc telf pcrsenf cn c` kusce lc cvilcntckcntc sen `fs
cnaucntrf `es lcgc visitfr cn Arfaevif kfrfvi``fs, `f jisterif, `fs
afkpes c`ësces
lenlc sc pelræn `fs aestfs lc  pelrckes csau`turfs quc kucstrfn unf
egscrvfr c` frae _ertudf` cs @f aeneacr `f drfn au`turf libcrcntc cn aflf pfës
lc` triunbe ,\errc \errc Gc`ck sc jisterif quc y su riquczfs
Cibbc` y `f id`csif cnaucntrf cn `f cxistc cn cstc
lc Netrc Lfkc aestf cn `f drfn pfës
aiulfl lc
@isgef
Lcpertc Lcpertc Lcpertc Jfy livcrses lcpertcs quc

insidnif insidnif insidnif  nes ckeaienf kunlif`kcntc

Wudgy \cnis cntrc cstes pfës pcre f`de cn

Aia`iske Gfshctgf`` Butge` aekýn quc f`cdrf c` kunle

sin ikpertfr quc lcpertc scf 

Gcgilf tëpiaf Gcgilf tëpiaf Gcgilf tëpiaf @f gcgilfs quc ne puclcn

bf`tfr cn visitf lc cstes pfëscs
_fstës Rine Lu`ac velhfs ticncn unf drfn libcrcnaif
cntrc f`aeje` y sfgercs

Bcstivilflcs Bcstivilflcs  Bcstivilflcs

Lcaerfaiñn pfrf Bcstivf` Aflf _fës ticnc unf bcstivilfl
`f bicstf lc Intcrnfaienf` lc` @f bicstf y per jisterif y aestukgrcs
 Nfvilfl cn @es Ajeae`ftc lc` 6<  Nfaienf` lc `f ac`cgrfn aflf föe y per
Afkpes C`ësces lc bcgrcre f 7: Inlcpcnlcnaif kuajfs dcncrfaiencs jf
lcépeaf
_frës cn
lc `f cn lc
c` kuniaipie
Ñgiles trfsaurrile cstfs bcstivilflcs.
 Nfvilfl
\rfmc tëpiae \rfmc tëpiae \rfmc tëpiae Qus trfmcs sen aekp`ctfkcntc
libcrcntcs yf quc per `f drfn
trfmc tëpiae Fr`és be`h`erc Arfaevif riquczf lc au`turf `es jfac scr
kuy libcrcntcs
 

67

Iliekf Iliekf Iliekf @fs libcrcnaif cn `es iliekfs

cs kuy neterif cntrc cstfs
Brfnaés _ertudués F`ckæn au`turfs sc puclc egscrvfr cn
c` auflre aekpfrftive.

_fëscs Gfmes Wukfnif Arefaif Libcrcnaif I`ustrfaiñn

(Je`fnlf)

\fsf lc ckp`ce \fsf lc ckp`ce \fsf lc ckp`ce @fs libcrcnaif sen

per scxes per scxes per scxes cquivf`cntcs iduf` f` jekgrc
Kumcrcs Kumcrcs Kumcrcs  pcre jf y kuaje trfgfme pfrf
42% 27% 4<% `f ina`usiñn lc `f kumcr cn `es
Jekgrcs Jekgrcs Jekgrcs libcrcntcs pfëscs.
:4% :7% ::%

\fsf lc \fsf lc \fsf lc @f tfsf lc lcsckp`ce sc vc

lcsckp`ce lcsckp`ce lcsckp`ce kuy drfnlc `f grcajf cntrc
Je`fnlf y Arefaif
1.<% <% :,7%

Grcajf sf`frif` Grcajf sf`frif` Grcajf sf`frif` @f grcajf cn c` kunle cntrc

cntrc kumcrcs y cntrc kumcrcs y cntrc kumcrcs y `f kumcr y c` jekgrc sc vc
jekgrcs jekgrcs jekgrcs rcb`cmfle cn `f aekpfrfaiñn8
aekpfrfa iñn8
jfy pfës quc quicrcn arcfr
63% 1,3% 66,2% cstrftcdifs lc ina`usiñn y quc
`f seaiclfl `e cstæ se`iaitfnle
Aekilf tëpiaf Aekilf tëpiaf Aekilf tëpiaf @es p`ftes sen unf
Gittcrgf``cn cs Aiergā, `f rcinf Qtruh`i aekp`ckcntfaiñn libcrcntc y
un f`ikcnte quc lc `f kcsf cs c` Cs unf binf kuy tëpiaes lc aflf au`turf
aenticnc drfle  p`fte quc nunaf kfsf lc jemf`lrc lc cstes pfëscs sc`caaienfles.
lc f`aeje` lc un lcgc bf`tfr cn `f cnre``fle aen
:% aen afrnc kcsf cs un sepf qucse brcsae y
lc pe``e y augicrte per unf
vcrlurf cspcaic lc sf`sf
jcajf f gfsc lc
jucve, vrjnmc
\uriske \uriske \uriske

@f afpitf` C` afsti``e lc @f aiulfl lc

 

61

Ækstcrlfk Grnf cs unf Lugrevnih

ebrcac c` bertf`czf ugiaflf f` sur @es sities turëstiaes sen `es
cspcatæau`e lc` kclicvf` lc` pfës nes kæs ckg`ckætiaes lc aflf
 pfës, yf quc nes `eaf`izflf cn `f  grinlf unf  pfës lenlc nes grinlfn
 grinlf kuajf fatuf` Wukfnif inbrfcstruaturf libcrcntcs ckeaiencs y
livcrsilfl y y cs un drfn fntiduf relcflf cxpcricnaifs quc telf pcrsenf
au`turf y ftrfative quc ne lc piclrfs cstfrëf cnafntflf lc aeneacr.
`igcrf`iske quc sc puclc pcrlcr cnerkcs quc
ne cnaentrfrf cn f` visitfr c` pfës aekp`ckcntfn
nindýn pfës unf kurf``f

Cstflie Cstflie Cstflie

ckg`ckætiae ckg`ckætiae ckg`ckætiae
Aflf cstflie nes kucstrf unf
Mejfn Aruybb Qtcfuf lc Kfhsikir, cs `f jisterif libcrcntc cn lenlc
Frcnf, un Guafrcst, cs sclc prinaipf` lc  pelckes fprcnlcr kuaje y
cstflie quc sclc lenlc `f sc`caaiñn sfgckes quc c` butge` cs c`
aenkckerf f` nfaiñ c` prikcr Areftf pfrf lcpertc prinaipf` cn tele c`
drfn mud`fr cquipe lc lisputfr sus kunle sc puclc lcair.
je`fnlés Mejfn Wukfnif cn libcrcntcs
Aruybb lc `f 69<4 Afsf Wcf` aekpctiaiencs
kfquinf Wukfni
 Nfrfnmf
Gcgilf tëpiaf Gcgilf tëpiaf Gcgilf tëpiaf
Qfgercs libcrcntcs
Dincgrf \zuiaf e \zuihf Grfnly ckg`ckætiaes lc aflf pfës
pf ës

Gfi`c tëpiae Gfi`c tëpiae Gfi`c tëpiae

Qen gfi`cs quc ``cvfn lc
Qhetsc trimc, E`tcnif He`e dcncrfaiñn cn dcncrfaiñn y
Qhetsc bmeuwcr, su libcrcnaif cs neterif
Jer`cpicp  perquc sc libcrcnaif cn su
au`turf.

_fisfmc _fisfmc _fisfmc

ckg`ckætiae ckg`ckætiae ckg`ckætiae

@es pñ`lcrcs Qidjisefr  _frquc nfaienf`

Qen c` sëkge`e f, cs une lc `es lc `es @fdes lc
lc unf `uajf quc kcmercs `udfrcs _`itviac, un
 

6<

kfnticnc cn pic  pfrf visitfr cn  pfrfmc lenlc cn  Ne jfy aekpfrfaiñn cstes
lc ducrrf f cstc Wukfnëf lcgile kclie lc un  pfëscs ticncn kfrfvi``fs quc
 pfës lcslc jfac f su jcrkesf  pfisfmc reaese (y `f nfturf`czf nes grinlf pfrf
föes. Cs `f aiulfl  gesaese), sc quc c` jekgrc puclf auilfr y
 gftf``f lc `es fkurf``flf kuy suaclcn 62  pretcdcr.
je`fnlcscs  gicn aenscrvflf. `fdes lc listintf
aentrf c` kfr. f`titul y
afsaflfs lc unf
 gc``czf
lcsaekunf`.
_frf rcaerrcr
éstf kfrfvi``f,
jfy pfsfrc`fs y
 pucntcs lc
kflcrf.
Iliekf Iliekf Iliekf
_elckes fprcaifr `f riquczf
 Ncc`fnlcs, Wukfne, Ajcae, lc iliekfs quc nes kucstrfn
_fpifkcnte, Kfaclenie Jýndfre, `es pfëscs cn aekpfrfaiñn
Yilis, ind`és, Itf`ifne, Wutcre,
brisenf Qcrgie, Cs`evfae

Lcsaripaiñn _fës Libcrcnaif

Au`turf` Cspföf Cs`evfquif Df`cs

 

63

Iliekf C` iliekf C` iliekf ebiaif` Df`cs / Ind`cs C` iliekf cs unf

cstenie (ccsti hcc`) cs c` cs`evfae. lc `fs
cs unf `cnduf bine-
`cnduf bine- Flckæs c` afrfatcrëstiafs
udrif jfg`flf per jýndfre cs kæs rc`cvfntcs
f`rclcler lc 6 6?? jfg`fle quc sc lcgcn
??? pcrsenfs quc, fkp`ifkcntc cn tcncr cn aufnte
cn su drfn kfyerëf, f`dunfs rcdiencs. f ina`uir cn
vivcn cn Cstenif.
cn Cstenif.   C` ajcae y c` aicrte pfës, per
\fkgién jfy f`ckæn tfkgién cnlc auf`quicr
 pcqucöfs sen rc`ftivfkcntc erdfnizfaiñn

brcaucntcs lcgc flfptfrsc

cn Cs`evfquif. aeke bucntc

 prinaipf` f`

ina`uir e
aekunilflcs lc
cxtcnlcr su
cstenie-jfg`fntcs
 preluaaiñn f
cn
cn @ctenif
 @ctenif y
nivc`
cn
cn Wusif.
 Wusif.  
intcrnfaienf`.
 

62

Wc`idiñn @f rc`idiñn @f Wc`idiñn quc C` aristifniske cs @fs arccnaifs

_rclekinfntc trfliaienf` lc `es  prclekinf cn cstc `f kfyer rc`i

rc `idiñn
diñn rc`idiesfs sen lc

cstenies cs `f  pfës cs `f Aftñ`iaf cn Df`cs. rc`cvfnaif f`

arccnaif aristifnf
arccnaif aristifnf c aen un 2?,1% cstruaturfr unf

n `f berkf `f (jttp=//cnaia`epcli erdfnizfaiñn cn

aenbcsiñn `utcrfne
aenbcsiñn `utcrfne zenfs

cvfndé`iaf. cxtrfnmcrfs, sin

ikpertfr c` ærcf

lc kcrafle.

f.us.cs/, 7?6:)

Bucntc= (Arcftivc
Aekkens
Fttrigutien-
QjfrcF`ihc
@iacnsc)
Dfstrenekëf @f dfstrenekëf lc C` p`fte kæs Df`cs cs kæs Cs unf ærcf

Cstenif sc gfsf cn tëpiae sc ``fkf aeneaile per sus tetf`kcntc

unf aeainf kuy  grinlzevc evcmfs, y per c``
c``ee listintf cn aflf

scnai``f auyes jf`ushy, unf pfstf c`

c` aerlcre
 aerlcre cs `f  pfës, per cnlc

indrclicntcs tëpiaes afscrf aen qucse inb`uyc lc

sen `f afrnc lc y gfaen. kfncrf prinaipf`

acrle, `fs cn `es ncdeaies

jertf`izfs y `fs intcrnfaienf`cs,

 

64

 pftftfs, afrnc  pucste quc ticnc

faekpföfles trfliaienf`kcntc rc`cvfnaif cn `f

dcncrf`kcntc per c` fseaiflf aen `f  pfrtc tfnte

 pfn ncdre, f` quc aeainf df`csf. intcrnf aeke

c``es aeneacn aeke (wihipclif) cxtcrnf lc aflf

«`cig¸. (Dekcz) erdfnizfaiñn.

\fsf lc 6,2 inbfntcs Cn 7?6: nfaicren Cn c` föe 7?6: `f Cs cvilcntc quc

bcrti`ilfl nfailes/kumcr (7?6 cn Cs`evfquif tfsf lc bcrtigi`ilfl ticnc unf drfn

: cst.) sc rcdistre cn un ikpertfnaif pfrf

<,4% telfs fquc``fs

ckprcsfs quc

34.219 niöes. kfncmfn `f `ëncf

lc gcgcs, pucste

quc cstf

afrfatcrëstiaf `c

ebrcac f unf

erdfnizfaiñn

drfnlcs
 

6:

cstflëstiafs f`

intcrnfaienf`izfr 

sc f un

lctcrkinfle

 pfës.

_eg`faiñn Cstenif, aen unf Cs`evfquif, aen Aucntf aen unf Jfy unf drfn

 peg`faiñn lc unf peg`faiñn  peg`faiñn lc 1,612 libcrcnaif cntrc

6.17<.:7? lc 3.<3?.<76 jfgitfntcs 7?69 cstes 1 pfëscs,

 pcrsenfs, sc pcrsenfs, sc  pucste quc

cnaucntrf cn `f cnaucntrf
cnaucntrf cn `f Cs`evfquif cs c`

 pesiaiñn 631 lc `f pesiaiñn 664 lc  pfës aen kæs

tfg`f lc peg`faiñn, `f tfg`f lc f`te nýkcre lc

aekpucstf per 692 peg`faiñn, jfgitfntcs,

 pfëscs y prcscntf aekpucstf per trfycnle

unf kelcrflf 692 pfëscs y aenside quizæs

lcnsilfl lc ticnc unf un lfte

 peg`faiñn, lcnsilfl lc rc`cvfntcs pfrf

79 jfgitfntcs per peg`faiñn lc telfs `fs

Hk7. 666 jfgitfntcs  erdfnizfaiñn cn

per Hk7. c` kcrafle

intcrnfaienf`.
 

69

Wicsde lc 76,: % cn c` föe 67,1 % cn c` föe 62,4 % cn c` föe Qi sc fnf`izf

_egrczf 7?63 7?63 7?63  cspcaëbiafkcntc

si cxistc unf

drfn libcrcnaif,

 pucs kirfkes
quc cn Cstenif

jfy un f`te

 peracntfmcs

rcspcate f `es

etres pfëscs, cs

ncacsfrie lcair

quc sc lcgc

tcncr cn aucntf

c` nýkcre lc

jfgitfntcs lc

aflf pfës.

Cspcrfnzf lc 4:,3 föes Cn 7?6: 44,< 49, 3 föes Cs un bfater

 

7?

vilf föes. lctcrkinfntc

lcntre lc `es

ncdeaies

intcrnfaienf`cs,

yf quc cstes

lftes sen

 prclekinfntcs

f` kekcnte lc

aentfr aen

 pcrsenf` kfyer

lc clfl gicn scf

 pfrf `f muntf

aerperftivf.

\fsf lc Cn c` föe 7?6: Cn c` föe 7?6: :,2 per aflf ki` \cnicnle cn

kertf`ilfl bf``caicren 63,436 bf``caicren 3<.791  pcrsenfs aucntf f `f

 pcrsenfs.  pcrsenfs.  peg`faiñn lc `es

libcrcntcs pfëscs
jfy unf drfn

libcrcnaif, f`

eptfr aeke

kclilf lc

 prevccr aicrtes

frtëau`es e
 

76

scrviaies aeke

`e sen `es

scdures lc vilf

quc kfncmfn

aicrtfs

ckprcsfs.

\fsf lc @f tfsf lc suiailies Cn 7?664 sc Cn df`cs sc rcdistrf F` invcstidfr sc

suiailies cn Cstenif cs lc rcdistrfren cn un f`te peracntfmc cnaentrñ quc

64,76 per aflf Cs`evfquif 144 rcspcate f su df`cs ticnc unf

6??.??? jfgitfntcs, suiailies nýkcre lc drfn

kuy per cnaikf lc jfgitfntcs lc  prceaupfntc

`f kclif suiailies. aibrfs lc

lc suiailies f nivc` suiailies, sin

kunlif`, quc cs lc lulf f`dunf cs

9,<4 per aflf un lfte

6??.??? jfgitfntcs. rc`cvfntc pfrf

telfs `fs
ckprcsfs

cxtrfnmcrfs

bekcntflfs cn `f

zenf.
 

77

_frf nflic cs un scarcte quc, `f vfriclfl lc au`turf cntrc nfaiencs cs terf`kcntc

libcrcntc, per cnlc c` csti`e lc vilf ticnc unf drfn libcrcnaif, kfrafnle fsë un afkgie tetf` f unf

ckprcsf cxtrfnmcrf fscntflf cn aicrte scater aen `f kiskf ærcf lc kcrafle, pcre aen``cvfnle f

liajf erdfnizfaiñn f afkgifr aicrtes keles sc trfgfmfr, cs lcair quc lcgcn flfptfrsc faucrle f `f

au`turf lc `f peg`faiñn lenlc cstæ rfliaflf sin pcrlcr su ilce`edëf ckprcsfrif`, cs per c``e quc cs

lc vitf` ikpertfnaif c` aeneaikicnte fgse`ute pfrf tcncr cn aucntf f` kekcnte lc intcdrfrsc cn

`es ncdeaies intcrnfaienf`cs, jey cn lëf jfy kuajfs aekpföëfs quc jfn surdile lc kfncrf

cbiafz cn c` cxtrfnmcre, pcre tfkgién cstey scdure quc jfn jfgile kuajfs quc ne `e jfn `edrfle,

lcgile f quc ne jfn tcnile cn aucntf teles `es rcquisites ncacsfries pfrf ``cdfr f` éxite.
 

71

Aena`usiñn

@f invcstidfaiñn cs un kétele sidnibiaftive pfrf unf erdfnizfaiñn, yf quc cs lc vitf`

ikpertfnaif aeneacr c` kcrafle f` quc sc quicrc ``cdfr vf`ilfnle dustes y au`turfs lenlc

 pesig`ckcntc sc puclfn aekcraif`izfr nucstres preluates, inve`uarænlenes cn ncdeaies

intcrnfaiencs ``cdfnle f ikp`ckcntfr unf invcstidfaiñn f benle segrc trfliaiencs y dustes lc

 pcrsenfs cspcaëbiafkcntc
c spcaëbiafkcntc cn pfëscs quc ae
aenberkfn
nberkfn `f Sniñn Curepcf y fsë kiske per kclie
kclie lc

cstf inberkfaiñn rcae`catflf arcfr preluates quc sftisbfdfn sus ncacsilflcs sicnle kuy

 prcafvile cn c` kekcnte lc intcrafkgifr

intcraf kgifr preluates cn c` kcrafle intcrnfaienf`.

Qc pule fnf`izfr quc teles `es pfëscs cn c` auf` rcf`izfkes `f gýsquclf, sen kuy

libcrcntcs cn `es
`es tckfs lc au`turf, aestukgrcs, dustes c iliekfs, cste nes
nes pcrkitc fnf`izfr `f

livcrsibiafaiñn lc aflf pfës pfrf arcfr cstrftcdifs y fsë pelcr indrcsfr lc unf berkf aerrcatf f`

kcrafle lc aflf pfës fnf`izfle8 `es tckfs quc kæs invcstidfkes bucren Iliekfs, gfi`cs tëpiaes,

aekilf tëpiaf lenlc nes acntrfkes cn tckfs nftives lc aflf une lc c``es, perquc sin ikpertfr c`

tickpe, `f au`turf sc siduc kfntcnicnle per kuajfs dcncrfaiencs arcfnle un fkp`ie kunle lc

 petcnaif` pfrf ``cdfr f augrir ncacsilflcs quc puclfn surdir cn c` trfnsaurse lc `es föes

ikp`ckcntfnle afkgies cn cstc tickpe cn aflf pfës.

Lcntre lc` kunle lc` kcrafle intcrnfaienf` e kæs cspcaëbiafkcntc lcntre lc `es
ncdeaies intcrnfaienf`cs, sc ticncn kuajes fspcates e bfatercs bunlfkcntf`cs, aen c` bin lc

dcncrfr ikpfates pesitives pfrf `fs libcrcntcs erdfnizfaiencs sin ikpertfr c` ærcf lc kcrafle cn

c` quc sc kucvf, une lc `es kæs rc`cvfntcs sen `fs prinaipf`cs libcrcnaifs au`turf`cs quc sc

cstfg`cac cn aflf nfaiñn.

 

7<

Gig`iedrfbëf

7?64).  Libcrcnaifs Au`turf`cs cntrc Cspföf y F`ckfnif.

F``ckfnn , J. (?: lc Munie lc 7?64). Libcrcnaifs F`ckfnif. Egtcnile

lc Jcrr F``ckfnn= jttps=//jcrrf``ckfnn.aek/libcrcnaifs-au`turf`cs-cspfnf-f`ckfnif/

Gfrrfdæn, F. (s.b.). 63 `udfrcs kfs ckg`ckftiaes lc itf`if.

itf`if. Egtcnile lc Kusckcnt=

jttps=//g`ed.kusckcnt.aek/cs/`es-63-`udfrcs-kfs-ckg`ckftiaes-lc-itf`if/

 Gcgilfs tipiafs lc Cspföf.

Cspföf . (s.b.). Egtcnile lc 6?6 Rifmcs=

jttps=//www.6?6vifmcs.aek/cspfnf/gcgilfs-tipiafs-cspfnf

Gcr`in, I. (16 lc Fdeste lc 7?62). Aekilf tëpiaf cn F`ckfnif.

F`ckfnif. Egtcnile lc Institute Gcr`in=

jttps=//institutegcr`in.aek/aekilf-tipiaf-cn-f`ckfnif/

Acntre lc Cxac`cnaif Intcrnfaienf` Qcrdie Frge`clf. (72 lc Mu`ie lc 7?64). Aestukgrcs lc

cspföf quc lcgcs aeneacr . Egtcnile lc Acntre Qcrdie Frge`clf=

jttp=//acntrescrdiefrge`clf.cs/fatuf`ilfl/aestukgrcs-cspfnf-lcgcs-aeneacr/

A`ikf lc F`ckfnif.
F`ckfnif. (s.b.). Egtcnile lc Duif lc f`ckfnif=

jttps=//www.duiflcf`ckfnif.aek/a`ikf-lc-f`ckfnif/

A`ikf lc Itf`if.
Itf`if. (s.b.). Egtcnile lc Rifmfrfitf`if= jttps=//www.vifmfrfitf`if.aek/a`ikf-lc-itf`if/

(s.b.). @f rc`idiñn cn Df`cs - Wc`idien in

Arcftivc Aekkens Fttrigutien-QjfrcF`ihc @iacnsc. (s.b.). @f

Tf`cs. Egtcnile lc jttps=//cs.qwc.wihi=
Tf`cs. Egtcnile jtt ps=//cs.qwc.wihi= jttps=//cs.qwc.wihi/wihi/Wc`idienUinUTf`cs
jttps=//cs.qwc.wihi/wihi/Wc`idienUinUTf`cs
Aristinf. (63 lc Kfrze lc 7?64). Dfstrenekëf Cspföe`f= 63 p`ftes tëpiaes quc lcgcs pregfr .

Egtcnile lc Cstf cn tu kunle= jttps=//www.cstfcntukunle.aek/curepf/cspfnf-

curepf/dfstrenekif-cspfne`f-63-p`ftes-tipiaes-quc-lcgcs-pregfr.jtk`

Arñniafs Dcrkæniafs. (79 lc Kfye lc 7?6:). 71 aesfs quc NE lcgcs jfacr cn F`ckfnif.
F`ckfnif .

Egtcnile lc Yeutugc= jttps=//www.yeutugc.aek/wftaj5v;Yp1q:qZhuYw

 

73

7?6<).  @es 6? kcmercs `udfrcs quc visitfr cn F`ckfnif.

Auni, _. (?3 lc Fdeste lc 7?6<). @es F`ckfnif . Egtcnile lc

shysafnncr= jttps=//www.shysafnncr.cs/netiaifs/`es-6?-kcmercs-`udfrcs-quc-visitfr-cn-

f`ckfnif

Auni, _. (7?63). @es 6? `udfrcs kæs genites lc `es _fëscs Gfmes.

jttps=//www.shysafnncr.cs/netiaifs/`es-6?-`udfrcs-kfs-genites-lc-`es-pfiscs-gfmes.

(s.b.). Cs`evfquif - Cspcrfnzf lc vilf f` nfacr. Egtcnile

lfteskfare. (s.b.). Cs`evfquif nfacr.  Egtcnile lc

jttps=//lfteskfare.cxpfnsien.aek/lckedrfbif/cspcrfnzf-vilf/cs`evfquif

 Lcpertc cn Itf`if.
Itf`if. (s.b.). Egtcnile lc G`ed Itf`if= jttps=//g`ed-itf`if.aek/au`turf-lc-itf`if/lcpertc-

cn-itf`if

7?69).  Cspföf, prikcr lcstine lc turiske lc bcstivf`cs kusiaf`cs.

CBC, F. (7< lc Cncre lc 7?69). Cspföf, kusiaf`cs.

Egtcnile lc Fdcnaif Cbc= jttps=//www.cbc.aek/cbc/cspfnf/au`turf/cspfnf-prikcr-

lcstine-lc-turiske-bcstivf`cs-kusiaf`cs/6???3-1:441:4

(s.b.). ILIEKFQ Y WC@IDIÑN. Egtcnile
Cspföf cs au`turf, Qpfin is au`turc. (s.b.). ILIEKFQ WC@IDIÑN. Egtcnile lc

jttps=//www.spfin.inbe= jttps=//www.spfin.inbe/cs/inberkfaien-prfatiaf/aenscmes-

vifmc/aenscmes-prfatiaes/iliekfs-rc`idien/

Curepcf, S. (7?69). jttps=//curepf.cu/curepcfn-unien/fgeut-cu/bidurcs/caenekyUcs.

 Bicstfs lc Itf`if.
Itf`if. (s.b.). Egtcnile lc Igcremct= jttps=//www.igcremct.cs/g`ed/itf`if-y-sus-bicstfs
7?64).  _reteae`e y ctiquctf cn Itf`if.
Biducrcle, K. (?2 lc Liaickgrc lc 7?64). _reteae`e Itf`if. Egtcnile lc Snivcrsf`

lc iliekfs= jttp=//univcrsf`lciliekfs.aek/preteae`e-y-ctiquctf-cn-itf`if/

(s.b.). _reteae`e lc sf`ules y gcses f`rclcler lc` kunle.

Dfgfrret, Q. (s.b.). _reteae`e kunle . Egtcnile lc Rix=
R ix=

jttps=//www.vix.aek/cs/ikm/kunle/6<2297/preteae`e-lc-sf`ules-y-gcses-f`rclcler-lc`-

kunle
 

72

Dfraif, Q. (7? lc Mu`ie lc 7?6:). \rfmcs tëpiaes lc Itf`if.

Itf`if. Egtcnile lc Fatuf`ilfl lc vifmcs=

jttps=//www.fatuf`ilflvifmcs.aek/trfmcs-tipiaes-lc-itf`if/

(s.b.). @f aeainf cstenif, unf dfstrenekëf scnai``f. Egtcnile

Dekcz, M. (s.b.). @f scnai``f.  Egtcnile lc

jttps=//vifmcfcurepflc`cstc.aek/7?63/66/?1/`f-aeainf-cstenif-unf-dfstrenekif-scnai``f/

Je`f.aek. (74 lc Munie lc 7?6<). \ep 6? lc `es `udfrcs lc kfyer intcrés turëstiae lc Cspföf.
Cspföf .

Egtcnile lc Je`f.aek= jttps=//www.je`f.aek/vifmcs/7?6<?274476:</tep-6?-Cspfnf/

7?6:).  Cs`evfquif. Egtcnile
jttp=//cnaia`epclif.us.cs/. (62 lc fgri` lc 7?6:). Cs`evfquif.  Egtcnile lc

jttp=//cnaia`epclif.us.cs/inlcx.pjp/Cs`evfquif=

jttp=//cnaia`epclif.us.cs/inlcx.pjp/Cs`evfquif

 Itf`if y sus aestukgrcs.

aestukgrcs. (s.b.). Egtcnile lc Rifmcmct= jttps=//www.vifmcmct.aek/itf`if-y-sus-

aestukgrcs/

Mc`inaia, K. I. (7?6<). 2 `udfrcs quc pfrcacn lc bfntfsëf cn Arefaif.

jttps=//6?6`udfrcsinarcig`cs.aek/7?6</?3/2-`udfrcs-quc-pfrcacn-lc-bfntfsif-cn-

arefaif.jtk`.

@es 6? kcmercs `udfrcs pfrf visitfr cn Wukfnëf. (s.b.). jttps=//www.turistuk.aek/`es-6?-

kcmercs-`udfrcs-pfrf-visitfr-cn-rukfnif/.

Kfrnct, L. (62 lc Bcgrcre lc 7?64). Aestukgrcs y trfliaiencs lc F`ckfnif.

F`ckfnif. Egtcnile lc Aak
Qf`ul= jttps=//sf`ul.aak.nct/bfq/11?<9-aestukgrcs-y-trfliaiencs-lc-f`ckfnif

Kfrtf. (7?62). _`ftes tëpiaes pe`faes. jttp=//www.lisbrutevifmfnle.aek/p`ftes-tipiaes-pe`faes/.

 Nucvc aesfs quc kuajes ne sfgcn lc `es f`ckfncs

f`ckfncs.. (74 lc Eatugrc lc 7?61). Egtcnile lc LT=

jttps=//k.lw.aek/cs/nucvc-aesfs-quc-kuajes-ne-sfgcn-lc-`es-f`ckfncs/d-646:2<63

Eh lifrie. (77 lc Munie lc 7?6:). µAuæntes tipes lc a`ikf jfy cn Cspföf5 Egtcnile

Cspföf5  Egtcnile lc Eh

lifrie= jttps=//ehlifrie.aek/auriesilflcs/aufntes-tipes-a`ikf-jfy-cspfnf-7<21:79
 

74

7?61).  C` rcte lc scr puntuf` . Egtcnile lc @f

_ICWDIEWDIE K. , Q. (79 lc Nevickgrc lc 7?61). C`

Rfndufrlif= jttps=//www.`fvfndufrlif.aek/csti`es-lc-vilf/7?616663/3<19<?36669/c`-

rcte-lc-scr-puntuf`.jtk`

(s.b.). Itf`if, Cspföf y F`ckfnif= `fs libcrcnaifs.

Vuflrini, _. (s.b.). Itf`if, libcrcnaifs. Egtcnile lc 6d`egf` trfns`fters=

jttp=//6d`egf`trfns`fters.aek/ncws/itf`if-cspfnf-y-f`ckfnif-`fs-libcrcnaifs/

rclfaaien. (74 lc Munie lc 7?6:). Rcstikcntf Cspföe`f.

Cspföe`f. Egtcnile lc Au`turf 6?=

jttps=//www.au`turf6?.erd/cspfne`f/vcstikcntf/

 Wepf trfliaienf` f`ckfnf (trfmc tëpiae).

tëpiae) . (s.b.). Egtcnile lc Duif lc F`ckfnif=

jttps=//www.duiflcf`ckfnif.aek/repf-trfliaienf`-f`ckfnf/

Qtfliuk, H. S. (7?69). Cstflie Kfhsikir. jttps=//cs.wihipclif.erd/wihi/CstflieUKfhsikir.

wihipclif. (s.b.). Dfstrenekëf lc Df`cs. Egtcnile

Df`cs. Egtcnile lc jttps=//cs.wihipclif.erd=

jttps=//cs.wihipclif.erd/wihi/Dfstrenek%A1%FLfUlcUDf`cs