GRAMMAR MAP

Present perfect continuous

Affirmative Negative
I I
you you haven’t
have been living been living
we we have not
they they
he he
hasn’t
she has been living she been living
has not
it it

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Questions Short answers (+)
I Yes, I / you / we / they have.
you Yes, he / she / it has.
Have been living?
we Short answers (–)
they No, I / you / we / they haven’t.
he No, he / she / it hasn’t.
Has she been living?
it

Present perfect simple v Present perfect continuous

■ We
 use the present perfect simple to emphasise
the result or the repetitions of the actions:
Jo’s written 400 job applications.
They’ve studied every book by Dickens.
■ We
 use the present perfect continuous to emphasise
the actions, their duration or intensity:
Jo’s been writing job applications for hours.
They’ve been studying since 2 o’clock.

Defining relative clauses

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
■ who / that (for people)
■ which / that (for things)
■ when (for time)
■ where (for places)
■ whose (for possession)
Jane is the girl WHO / THAT has been studying Chinese.
I’d like a new phone WHICH / THAT takes good photos.
Christmas was the time WHEN postmen were very busy.
This is the town WHERE I was born.
This is the girl WHOSE parents I met.

REMEMBER
We can omit the defining relative pronoun when the person or thing being defined is the object
■ 
of the sentence.
Simon is the boy (who / that) I met yesterday.
They liked the car (which / that) I bought.