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 BASIC ELECTRICAL,
ELECTRONICS AND
MEASUREMENT ENGINEERING

Department : CSE, IT, ADS, CSD

Batch/Year : 2021-2025/I YEAR/I SEMESTER
Created by : Ms. S. Selvalakshmi, Assistant Professor

R.M.K. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Ms. V. Karkuzhali, Assistant Professor

R.M.D. ENGINEERING COLLGE

Ms. D. NAGESWARI, Assistant Professor

R.M.K. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Date : 08.11.2021

4
 Table of Contents

S.No Contents Page No.

1 Contents 6
2 Course Objectives 7

3 Pre Requisites 8

4 Syllabus 9

5 Course outcomes 10

6 CO- PO/PSO Mapping 13

7 Lecture Plan 15

8 Activity based learning 16

9 Lecture Notes 23

10 Assignments 80

11 Part A Question & Answer 82

12 Part B Questions 86

13 Supportive online Certification courses 89

14 Real time Applications in day to day life and 91

to Industry
15 Contents beyond the Syllabus 92

16 Assessment Schedule 98

17 Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books 99

18 Mini Project suggestions 101

5
 1. TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Contents
2. Course Objectives
3. Pre Requisites (Course Names with Code)
4. Syllabus (With Subject Code, Name, LTPC details)
5. Course outcomes
6. CO- PO/PSO Mapping
7. Lecture Plan (S.No, Topic, No. of Periods, Proposed date,
Actual Lecture Date, pertaining CO, Taxonomy level, Mode
of Delivery)
8. Activity based learning
9. Lecture Notes ( with Links to Videos, e-book reference,
PPTs, Quiz and any other learning materials )
10. Assignments ( For higher level learning and Evaluation –
Examples: Case study, Comprehensive design, etc.,)
11. Part A Q & A (with K level and CO)
12. Part B Qs (with K level and CO)
13. Supportive online Certification course
(NPTEL, Swayam, Coursera, Udemy, etc.,)
14. Real time Applications in day to day life and to Industry
15.Contents beyond the Syllabus ( COE related Value added
courses)
16. Assessment Schedule ( Proposed Date & Actual Date)
17. Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books
18. Mini Project suggestions
2. Course Objective

• To impart knowledge on fundamentals of electrical circuits

and its analysis

• To examine the different energy sources and protection

methods

• To interpret the basic principles of electrical machines and

their performance

• To explore the different types of electronic circuits and its

characteristics

• To acquire knowledge on the principles and operation of

measuring instruments and transducers

7
 3. Pre Requisites
•HSC
• Maths
• Physics
• Chemistry

8
 4. SYLLABUS

20EE102 BASIC ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND LTPC

MEASUREMENT ENGINEERING 3 003
UNIT I ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS ANALYSIS 9
Ohms Law, Kirchhoff‘s Law-power- series and parallel circuit analysis with
resistive, capacitive and inductive network - nodal analysis, mesh analysis-star delta
conversion.
UNIT II POWER SYSTEM 9
Power Generation -Thermal-Hydro-wind and solar. construction and working
principle. Protection-need for earthing, fuses and circuit breakers. Energy Tariff
calculation for domestic loads.
UNIT III ELECTRICAL MACHINES 9
DC Generator-Types, Construction, principle, EMF equation, DC Motor- working
Principle - Three Phase Induction Motors- Types, Construction, Principle - Single
Phase Induction Motors –working Principle -Transformers-Types and construction,
EMF equation, Basics of Stepper Motor- applications of various machines.
UNIT IV ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS 9
PN Junction-VI Characteristics of Diode, zener diode, Transistors Op amps-
configuration, rectifiers, differentiator, integrator, ADC- Types, Successive
approximation type, DAC- Types, Weighted resistor DAC and R-2R ladder type,
Voltage regulator IC using LM 723,LM 317.
UNIT V ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT 9
Characteristic of measurement-errors in measurement, torque in indicating
instruments- moving coil and moving iron meters, Induction type Energy meter and
Dynamometer watt meter. Transducers- classification-Thermocouple, RTD, Strain
gauge, LVDT, LDR and piezoelectric. Oscilloscope-CRO.
TOTAL: 45
PERIODS

9
5. Course Outcomes

After successful completion of the course, the students should be

able to

Highest
Course Outcomes Cognitive
Level
CO1 Analyse the electric circuits. K2

Study the different type of renewable sources and

CO2 K3
common domestic loads
Classify the different types of electric machines and
CO3 K3
transformers

CO4 Acquire knowledge in basics of electronic circuits K3

Describe the different types of measuring instruments

CO5 K3
and transducers

10
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES(POs)

1.Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex engineering problems.
2.Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3.Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified
needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4.Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge
and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and
interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
5.Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,
resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and
modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.
6.The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7.Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate
the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8.Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
9.Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10.Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities
with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able
to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make
effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11.Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding
of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own
work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments.
12.Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context
of technological change.
 PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES(PSOs)

1. Design and analyze electrical systems incorporating electrical

machines, power controllers along with the design of electrical
layout for the complete structure.

2. Use the modern tools for implementing the solutions to

engineering problems that can arise in the fields of Electrical,
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering along with
Information Technology Services.

3. Face the challenges in the society by adopting the

non-conventional energy resources and utilizing the modern
technologies for energy efficient transmission and power
quality improvement delivering clean energy for the wellbeing
of the mankind.
6. CO- PO/PSO Mapping

Program
Program Outcomes Specific
Cour
Le Outcomes
se K3,
vel K A
Outc K4 K4 K5 K5, A3 A2 A3 A3 A3 A2 K6 K5 K3
3 3
of K6
ome P P
CO P PO PO PO PS PS PS
s O PO PO PO- PO- PO PO O
O- -1 -1 -1 O- O- O-
- -3 -4 5 6 -7 -8 -
2 0 1 2 1 2 3
1 9
CO1 K2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1

CO2 K3 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1

CO3 K3 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1

CO4 K3 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 2

CO5 K3 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2

13
 7

LECTURE PLAN

14
 7. LECTURE PLAN
UNIT I– ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS ANALYSIS

N
Ta
o
xo
of Perta
S.N Proposed no Mode of
Topic Pe ining
o date my Delivery
ri CO
Le
od
vel
s
Basic Elements & Ohm’s PPT through
1 1 10.11.2021 CO1 K2
Law Online
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
(KCL) & PPT through
2 1 11.11.2021 CO1 K2
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law Online
(KVL) and Problems
Series and Parallel Circuit
Analysis with Resistive, PPT through
3 1 12.11.2021 CO1 K2
Capacitive and Inductive Online
Network
13.11.2021
Problems series and PPT through
4 1 & CO1 K2
Parallel Circuits Online
16.11.2021
PPT through
5 Mesh Analysis 1 17.11.2021 CO1 K2
Online

PPT through
6 Problems in Mesh 1 17.11.2021 CO1 K2
Online

PPT through
7 Nodal Analysis 1 18.11.2021 CO1 K2
Online

PPT through
8 Problems in Nodal 1 19.11.2021 CO1 K2
Online

Network Reduction and PPT through

9 1 20.11.2021 CO1 K2
Star delta conversion Online
Total Hours 9

15
 8. ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING

• TECHNICAL QUIZ : UNIT I

1.

1. Calculate the total resistance between the points A and B.

a) 3.56 ohm
b) 7 ohm
c) 14.26
d) 29.69

2. It is preferable to connect bulbs in series or in parallel?

a) Series

b) Parallel Step response

c) Both series and parallel Slow response

d) Neither series nor parallel Series

3. When capacitors are connected in parallel, the total capacitance is

always __________ the individual capacitance values.

a) Greater than

b) Less Than

c) Equal to

d) Cannot be determined

4. In a series circuit, which of the parameters remain constant across all

circuit elements such as resistor, capacitor, inductor etc?

a) Voltage

b) Current

c) Both voltage and current

d) Neither voltage nor current

16
5. Resistance of a wire is yΩ. The wire is stretched to triple its length,
then the resistance becomes
a) y/3
b) 3y
c) 6y
d) y/6

6. Which of the following bulbs will have high resistance?

a) 220V, 60W
b) 220V,100W
c) 115V,60W
d) 115V,100 W

7.KCL is based on the fact that

a) There is a possibility for a node to store energy.
b) There cannot be an accumulation of charge at a node.
c) Charge accumulation is possible at node
d) Charge accumulation may or may not be possible.

8. All _____________ are loops but _______________ are not meshes

a) Loops, Meshes
b) Meshes, loops
c) Branches, loops
d) Nodes, Branches

9. A junction with two (or) more than two network elements meet is
known as a ______________
a) Node
b) Branch
c) Loop
d) Mesh

17
10. Mesh analysis is applicable for non planar networks also.
a) true
b) false

11. In nodal analysis how many nodes are taken as reference nodes?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4

12. Find the voltage at node1 of the circuit shown below.

a) 32.7
b) 33.7
c) 34.7
d) 35.7
13. For the circuit below, find the voltage across 5ohm resistor and the
current through it.

a) 1.93V
b) 2.83V
c) 3.5V
d) 5.7V

18
14. If the resistances 1Ω, 2Ω, 3Ω, 4Ω are parallel, then the
equivalent resistance is?
a) 0.46Ω
b) 0.48Ω
c) 0.5Ω
d) 0.52Ω
15. In which of the following cases is Ohm’s law not
applicable?
a) Electrolytes
b) Arc lamps
c) Insulators
d) Vacuum ratio values
Answers:
Q.No Answers

1. A

2. B

3. A

4. B

5. B

6. A

7. B

8. B

9. A

10. B

11. A

12. B

13. B

14. B

15. C

19
PUZZLES
Puzzle 1:

❑ It is a passive two-terminal electrical component

❑ It is used to reduce current flow and to adjust signal levels.

❑ It is used to divide voltages, bias active elements and terminate transmission

lines.

Puzzle 2:

❑ It is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field.

❑ It is a passive electronic component with two terminals.

❑ It was originally known as a condenser or condensator.

Puzzle 3:

❑ It is a passive two terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic

field when current flows through it.

❑ It is also called a coil, choke, or reactor.

❑ It typically consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil.

PUZZLE 4:

❑ It is a method that is used to solve planar circuits for the currents (and indirectly
the voltages) at any place in the electrical circuit.

❑ It is a method that absolutely reduces the number of equations to be solved.

❑ It applies the Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) to determine the unknown currents in
a given circuit.

20
PUZZLES ANSWERS

Puzzle 1:

ANS: RESISTOR

Puzzle 2:

ANS: CAPACITOR

Puzzle 3:

ANS: INDUCTOR

PUZZLE 4:

ANS: MESH ANALYSIS

21
 UNIT I
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Department : CSE, ADS, IT

Batch/Year : 2021-2025/I YEAR/I SEMESTER
Created by : Ms. S. Selvalakshmi, Assistant Professor

R.M.K. ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Ms. V. Karkuzhali, Assistant Professor

R.M.D. ENGINEERING COLLGE

Ms. D. NAGESWARI, Assistant Professor

R.M.K. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Date : 08.11.2021

22
Table of Contents

Electrical Circuit analysis

• Basic Elements and Introductory concepts
• Ohm’s Law
• Kirchhoff's Current Law
• Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
• Electrical Power in Circuits
• Electrical Energy in Circuits
• Series and Parallel circuit analysis with resistive, capacitive and
inductive network.
• Mesh Analysis
• Nodal Analysis
• Solved Problems
• Network Reduction
• Star Delta conversion.
• Solved Problems in Star Delta conversion

23
 9

LECTURE NOTES

24
 UNIT I
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS ANALYSIS

1. INTRODUCTION:

The interconnection of various electric elements in a prescribed manner

comprises as an electric circuit in order to perform a desired function. The electric
elements include controlled and uncontrolled source of energy, resistors,
capacitors, inductors, etc. Analysis of electric circuits refers to computations
required to determine the unknown quantities such as voltage, current and power
associated with one or more elements in the circuit. To contribute to the solution
of engineering problems one must acquire the basic knowledge of electric circuit
analysis and laws. Many other systems, like mechanical, hydraulic, thermal,
magnetic and power system are easy to analyze and model by equivalent circuits.
To learn how to analyze the models of these systems, one needs to learn the
techniques of circuit analysis. We shall discuss briefly some of the basic circuit
elements and the laws that will help us to develop the background of subject.

2. BASIC ELEMENTS & INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS:

Electrical Network:

A combination of various electric elements (Resistor, Inductor,

Capacitor, Voltage source, Current source) connected in any manner what so ever
is called an electrical network. We may classify circuit elements in two categories,
passive and active elements.

Passive Element:

The element which receives energy (or absorbs energy) and then
either converts it into heat (R) or stored it in an electric (C) or magnetic (L) field is
called passive element. Example: Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance.

25
Active Element:

The elements that supply energy to the circuit is called active elements.
Examples of active elements include voltage and current sources, generators, and
electronic devices that require power supplies. A transistor is an active circuit
element, meaning that it can amplify power of a signal. On the other hand,
transformer is not an active element because it does not amplify the power level
and power remains same both in primary and secondary sides. Transformer is an
example of passive element.

Bilateral Element:

Enables conduction of current in both directions in an element

(example: Resistance; Inductance; Capacitance) with same magnitude is termed
as bilateral element.

Unilateral Element:

Enables conduction of current in one direction is termed as unilateral

(example: Diode, Transistor) element.

26
•

27
This idea by Kirchhoff is known as the Conservation of Charge.

Here, the 3 currents entering the node, I1, I2, I3 are all positive in
value and the 2 currents leaving the node, I4 and I5 are negative in value.

Then this means we can also rewrite the equation as;

I1 + I2 + I3 - I4 - I5 = 0

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

“ In any closed loop network, the total supply voltage around the loop
is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop“. In other words
the algebraic sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This idea
by Kirchhoff is also known as the Conservation of Energy.

Starting at any point in the loop, continue in the same direction noting
the direction of all the voltage drops, either positive or negative, and returning
back to the same starting point. It is important to maintain the same direction
either clockwise or anti-clockwise or the final voltage sum will not be equal to
zero.

28
We can use Kirchoff's voltage law when analyzing series circuits.

Problem 1:

A current of 0.5 A is flowing through the resistance of 10Ω. Find the potential
difference (p.d) between its ends.

Solution:
Current I = 0.5A.
Resistance R = 10Ω
Potential difference V =?
V = IR
= 0.5 × 10
= 5V.
Problem: 2

A supply voltage of 220V is applied to a resistor100.Find the current flowing

through it.

Solution:

Voltage V = 220V
Resistance R = 100Ω
Current I = V/ R
= 2 2 0 /100
= 2.2 A.

29
Problem: 3

Calculate the resistance of the conductor if a current of 2A flows through it when

the potential difference across its ends is 6V.

Solution:
Current I = 2A.
Potential difference = V = 6.
Resistance R = V/I
= 6 /2
= 3 ohm.
Problem: 4

Calculate the current and resistance of a 100 W, 200V electric bulb.

Solution:
Power, P = 100W
Voltage, V = 200V Power p = VI
Current I = P/V
= 100/200
= 0.5A
Resistance R = V /I
= 200/0.5
= 400W.
Problem: 5

Calculate the power rating of the heater coil when used on 220V supply taking 5
Amps.

Solution:
Voltage, V = 220V
Current, I = 5A,
Power, P = VI
= 220 × 5
= 1100W
= 1.1 KW.
30
Problem: 6

A circuit is made of 0.4 Ω wire, a 150 Ω bulb and a rheostat 120 Ω connected in

series. Determine the total resistance of the resistance of the circuit.

Solution:

Resistance of the wire = 0.4

Resistance of bulb = 1 5 0 Ω

Resistance of rheostat = 120Ω

In series,

Total resistance, Rt = 0.4 + 150 +120 = 270.4Ω

Problem : 7

Three resistances of values 2Ω,3Ω and 5Ω are connected in series across a

20 V D.C supply. Calculate (a) equivalent resistance of the circuit (b) the total

current of the circuit (c) the voltage drop across each resistor and (d) the power

dissipated in each resistor.

Solution:

Total resistance Rt = R1 + R2+ R3.

= 2 +3 +5 = 10Ω

Voltage = 20V

Total current I = V/R = 20/10 = 2A.

Voltage drop across 2Ωresistor V1 = I R1 = 2× 2 = 4 volts.

Voltage drop across 3Ωresistor V2 = I R2 = 2 × 3 = 6 volts.

Voltage drop across 5Ωresistor V3 = I R3 = 2 ×5 = 10 volts.

Power dissipated in 2Ωresistor is P1 = I2 x R1 = 22 × 2 = 8 watts.

Power dissipated in 3Ω resistor is P2 = I2 x R2 = 22 × 3 = 12 watts.

Power dissipated in 5Ω resistor is P3= I2 x R3 = 22 × 5 = 20 watts.

31
Problem: 8

A lamp can work on a 50 volt mains taking 2 amps. What value of the resistance
must be connected in series with it so that it can be operated from 200 volt mains
giving the same power.

Solution:
Lamp voltage, V = 50V Current, I = 2 amps.
Resistance of the lamp = V/I = 50/2 = 25 Ω
Resistance connected in series with lamp = r.
Supply voltage = 200 volt.
Circuit current I = 2A
Total resistance Rt = V/I = 200/2 = 100Ω
Rt = Resistance of the lamp + Resistance connected in series(r) =100
= 25 + r=100 . Therefore r = 75Ω
Problem: 9

Find the current flowing in the 40Ω Resistor,

Solution:

The circuit has 3 branches, 2 nodes (A and B) and 2 independent loops.

Using Kirchoff's Current Law, KCL the equations are given as;

At node A: I1 + I2 = I3

At node B: I3 = I1 + I2

32
Using Kirchoff's Voltage Law, KVL the equations are given as;

Loop 1 is given as: 10 = R1 x I1 + R3 x I3 = 10 I1 + 40 I3

Loop 2 is given as: 20 = R2 x I2 + R3 x I3 = 20 I2 + 40 I3

Loop 3 is given as: 10 - 20 = 10 I1 - 20 I2

As I3 is the sum of I1 + I2 we can rewrite the equations as;

Eq. No 1: 10 = 10 I1 + 40 (I1 + I2) = 50 I1 + 40 I2

Eq. No 2: 20 = 20 I1 + 40 (I1 + I2) = 60 I1 + 40 I2

We now have two "Simultaneous Equations" that can be reduced to give us the
value of both I1 and I2

Substitution of I1 in terms of I2 gives us the value of I1 as -0.143

Amps

Substitution of I2 in terms of I1 gives us the value of I2 as +0.429

Amps

As: I3 = I1 + I2

The current flowing in resistor R3 is given as: -0.143 + 0.429 = 0.286 Amps
and the voltage across the resistor R3 is given as : 0.286 x 40 = 11.44 volts

Problem: 10

Find the current in a circuit using Kirchhoff's voltage law

Solution:

20(I) + 10(I) = 80

30(I) = 80

I = 80/30

I = 2.66 A

33
Electrical Power in Circuits

Electrical Power, ( P ) in a circuit is the rate at which energy is absorbed or

produced within a circuit. A source of energy such as a voltage will produce or
deliver power while the connected load absorbs it. Light bulbs and heaters for
example, absorb electrical power and convert it into either heat, or light, or both.
The higher their value or rating in watts the more electrical power they are likely
to consume.

The quantity symbol for power is P and is the product of voltage

multiplied by the current with the unit of measurement being the Watt ( W ).
Prefixes are used to denote the various multiples or sub-multiples of a watt, such
as: milli watts (mW = 10-3 W) or kilowatts (kW = 103W).

Then by using Ohm’s law and substituting for the values

of V, I and R the formula for electrical power can be found as:

To find the Power (P)

[P=VxI] P (watts) = V (volts) x I (amps)

Also:

[ P = V2 ÷ R ] P (watts) = V2 (volts) ÷ R (Ω)

Also:

[ P = I2 x R ] P (watts) = I2 (amps) x R (Ω)

Problem: 11

For the circuit shown below find the Voltage (V), the Current (I), the
Resistance (R) and the Power (P).

34
Voltage [ V = I x R ] = 2 x 12Ω = 24V

Current [ I = V ÷ R ] = 24 ÷ 12Ω = 2A

Resistance [ R = V ÷ I ] = 24 ÷ 2 = 12 Ω

Power [ P = V x I ] = 24 x 2 = 48W

Electrical Energy in Circuits:

Electrical Energy is the capacity to do work, and the unit of work or

energy is the joule ( J ). Electrical energy is the product of power multiplied by the
length of time it was consumed. So if we know how much power, in Watts is
being consumed and the time, in seconds for which it is used, we can find the
total energy used in watt-seconds. In other words, Energy = power x time and
Power = voltage x current. Therefore electrical power is related to energy and the
unit given for electrical energy is the watt-seconds or joules.

Electrical power can also be defined as the rate of by which energy is

transferred. If one joule of work is either absorbed or delivered at a constant rate
of one second, then the corresponding power will be equivalent to one watt so
power can be defined as “1Joule/sec = 1Watt”. Then we can say that one watt is
equal to one joule per second and electrical power can be defined as the rate of
doing work or the transferring of energy.

Series And Parallel Circuit Analysis With Resistive, Capacitive And

Inductive Network:

Resistors in series and parallel circuits:

Resistor in Series circuits:

Figure shows three resistors R1, R2 and R3 connected end to end, i.e.
in series, with a battery source of V volts. Since the circuit is closed a current I will
flow and the p.d. across each resistor may be determined from the voltmeter
readings V1, V2 and V3

35
•

36
 Problem 12:

For the circuit shown in Figure below, determine (a) the battery voltage V, (b)
the total resistance of the circuit, and (c) the values of resistance of resistors R1,
R2 and R3, given that the potential difference’s R1, R2 across and R3 with 4 amps
are 5V, 2V and 6V respectively.

(a) Battery voltage V =V1 + V2 + V3 =5 + 2 + 6=13V

(b)Total circuit resistance R= V/ I = 13/4=3.25Ω

(c) Resistance R1 = V1/ I = 5/4=1.25 Ω

Resistance R2 = V2/ I= 2/4 =0.5 Ω

Resistance R3 = V3/ I = 6/4 =1.5 Ω

Problem 13:

For the circuit shown in Figure determine the p.d. across resistor R3. If the
total resistance of the circuit is 100Ω, determine the current flowing through
resistor R1. Find also the value of resistor R2.

37
 P.d. across R3, V3 =25 −10 −4=11V

Current I = V/ R

= 25/100 =0.25A, which is the current flowing in each resistor

Resistance R2 = V2/ I = 4/0.25 =16 Ω.

Problem 14:

A 12V battery is connected in a circuit having three series-connected resistors

having resistances of 4Ω, 9Ω and 11Ω. Determine the current flowing through,
and the p.d. across the 9Ω resistor. Find also the power dissipated in the 11Ω
resistor.

Total resistance R=4 + 9 + 11=24 Ω Current I = V/ R= 12/24=0.5A, which is

the current in the 9Ω resistor.

P.d. across the 9Ω resistor, V1 = I × 9 = 0.5 × 9= 4.5V

Power dissipated in the 11 Ω resistor, P = I 2.R=0.52(11)= 0.25(11)

= 2.75W

Resistor in Parallel circuits:

Figure shows three resistors, R1, R2 and R3 connected across each

other, i.e. in parallel, across a battery source of V volts.

38
39
Problem 15(i) : For the circuit shown in Figure , determine (a) the reading on the
ammeter, and (b) the value of resistor R2.

P.d. across R1 is the same as the supply voltage V.

Hence supply voltage, V =8 × 5=40V

(a) Reading on ammeter, I = V/ R3= 40/20=2A

Current flowing through R2 => 11=8 +I2 +2 = I2 = 1A

Hence, R2 = V/I2= 40/1=40 Ω

Problem 15(ii) : For the circuit shown in Figure , determine (a) the Total
Resistance, and (b) Current through resistor R3

(a) The total circuit resistance R is given by 1/R= 1/R1+ 1/R2= 1/3+ 1/6

1/R= [2 + 1]/6= 3/6 Hence, R = 6/3= 2 Ω

(b) Current in the 3 Ωresistance, I1 = V/ R1= 12/3= 4A

40
 Problem 16: For the circuit shown in Figure find (a) the value of the supply
voltage V and (b) the value of current I.

(a) P.d. across 20Ω resistor = I2R2 = 3× 20 = 60V, hence supply voltage V =60V
since the circuit is connected in parallel.

(b)Current I1 = V/R1= 60/10= 6A; I2 = 3A

I3 = V/R3= 60/60= 1A

Current I =I1+I2+I3 and hence I =6+3+1=10A

Alternatively,

1/R= 1/60+ 1/20+ 1/10= 1 + 3 + 6/60= 10/60

Hence total resistance R= 60/10=6 Ω

Current I = V/R= 60/6=10A

Problem 17: Find the equivalent resistance for the circuit shown in Figure
below

R3, R4 andR5 are connected in parallel and their equivalent resistance R is

given by:

1/R= 1/3+ 1/6+ 1/18=[6 + 3 + 1]/18= 10/18

Hence R= 18/10=1.8 Ω

The circuit is now equivalent to four resistors in series and the equivalent
circuit resistance =1+2.2+1.8+4=9 Ω
41
•

42
 Now, calling the total capacitance CS for series capacitance, consider that

Entering the expressions for V1, V2, and V3, we get

Canceling the Qs we obtain the equation for the total capacitance in

series CS to be

The expression is valid for any number of capacitors connected in series. An

expression of this form always results in a total capacitance CS that is less than
any of the individual capacitances C1, C2, …

Capacitors in Parallel

Figure given below shows a parallel connection of three capacitors with

a voltage applied.

Here the total capacitance is easier to find than in the series case. To
find the equivalent total capacitance Cp, we first note that

43
 the voltage across each capacitor is V, the same as that of the source, since
they are connected directly to it through a conductor. Thus the capacitors
have the same charges on them as they would have if connected individually to
the voltage source. The total charge Q is the sum of the individual charges:

Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3

Using the relationship Q = CV, we see that the total charge

is Q = CpV, and the individual charges are Q1 = C1V, Q2 = C2V, and Q3 = C3V.
Entering these into the previous equation gives,

C pV = C 1 V + C 2 V + C 3 V

Canceling V from the equation, we obtain the equation for the total
capacitance in parallel

Cp = C1 + C2 + C3 + ….

Total capacitance in parallel is simply the sum of the individual

capacitances.

Problem 18: Problem : Find the overall capacitance and the individual rms voltage
drops across the following sets of two capacitors in series when connected to a
12V AC supply.

a) two capacitors each with a capacitance of 47nF

b) one capacitor of 470nF connected in series to a capacitor of 1μF

a) Total Equal Capacitance,

Voltage drop across the two identical 47nF capacitors,

44
b) Total Unequal Capacitance,

Voltage drop across the two non-identical

Capacitors: C1 = 470nF and C2 = 1μF.

Problem 19: Find the net capacitance for three capacitors connected in parallel,
given their individual capacitances are 1.0μF, 5.0μF and 8.0μF.

Solution

For capacitors connected in a parallel combination, the equivalent (net)

capacitance is the sum of all individual capacitances in the network,

Cp=C1+C2+C3

=1.0μF+5.0μF+8.0μF

=14.0μF.

Problem 20: Find the total capacitance of the combination of capacitors shown in
Assume the capacitances are known to three decimal places (C 1=1.000μF,
C2=5.000μF, C3=8.000μF). Round your answer to three decimal places.

45
 (a) This circuit contains both series and parallel connections of capacitors.

(b) C1 and C2 are in series; their equivalent capacitance is CS

c) The equivalent capacitance Cs is connected in parallel with C 3.

Thus, the equivalent capacitance of the entire network is the sum

of Cs and C3. Since C1 and C2 are in series, their equivalent capacitance CS is
given by,

Cs = 0.833μF

C = C s+ C 3

= 0.833μF + 8.000μF

C = 8.833μF.

46
Inductors in series and parallel circuits:

Inductor in Series circuits:

Inductors can be connected together in a series connection when the

are daisy chained together sharing a common electrical current.

These interconnections of inductors produce more complex networks

whose overall inductance is a combination of the individual inductors. However,
there are certain rules for connecting inductors in series or parallel and these are
based on the fact that no mutual inductance or magnetic coupling exists between
the individual inductors.

Inductors in series are simply “added together” because the number of

coil turns is effectively increased, with the total circuit inductance L T being equal
to the sum of all the individual inductances added together.

The current, (I) that flows through the first inductor, L 1 has no other
way to go but pass through the second inductor and the third and so on. Then,
series inductors have a Common Current flowing through them, for example:

IL1 = IL2 = IL3 = IAB …etc

In the example above, the inductors L1, L2 and L3 are all connected
together in series between points A and B. The sum of the individual voltage
drops across each inductor can be found using Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
where, VT = V1 + V2 + V3 and we know from the previous tutorials on inductance
that the self-induced emf across an inductor is given as: V = L di/dt

47
 So by taking the values of the individual voltage drops across each
inductor in our example above, the total inductance for the series combination is
given as:

By dividing through the above equation by di/dt we can reduce it to

give a final expression for calculating the total inductance of a circuit when
connecting inductors together in series and this is given as:

Ltotal = L1 + L2 + L3 + ….. + Ln etc.

Then the total inductance of the series chain can be found by simply
adding together the individual inductances of the inductors in series just like
adding together resistors in series. However, the above equation only holds true
when there is “NO” mutual inductance or magnetic coupling between two or more
of the inductors, (they are magnetically isolated from each other).

One important point to remember about inductors in series circuits, the

total inductance ( LT ) of any two or more inductors connected together in series
will always be greater than the value of the largest inductor in the series chain.

Problem 21: Three inductors of 10mH, 40mH and 50mH are connected
together in a series combination with no mutual inductance between them.
Calculate the total inductance of the series combination.

48
Inductors in Parallel

Inductors are said to be connected together in Parallel when both of

their terminals are respectively connected to each terminal of another inductor or
inductors.

The sum of the individual currents flowing through each inductor can
be found using Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) where, IT = I1 + I2 + I3 and we know
from the previous tutorials on inductance that the self-induced emf across an
inductor is given as: V = L di/dt

Then by taking the values of the individual currents flowing through

each inductor in our circuit above, and substituting the current i for i 1 + i2 + i3 the
voltage across the parallel combination is given as:

By substituting di/dt in the above equation with v/L gives:

We can reduce it to give a final expression for calculating the total

inductance of a circuit when connecting inductors in parallel and this is given as:

49
 Here, like the calculations for parallel resistors, the reciprocal ( 1/L n )
value of the individual inductances are all added together instead of the
inductances themselves. But again as with series connected inductances, the
above equation only holds true when there is “NO” mutual inductance or magnetic
coupling between two or more of the inductors, (they are magnetically isolated
from each other). Where there is coupling between coils, the total inductance is
also affected by the amount of coupling.

One important point to remember about inductors in parallel circuits,

the total inductance ( LT ) of any two or more inductors connected together in
parallel will always be less than the value of the smallest inductance in the parallel
chain.

Problem 22: Three inductors of 60mH, 120mH and 75mH respectively, are
connected together in a parallel combination with no mutual inductance between
them. Calculate the total inductance of the parallel combination in milli henries.

50
MESH ANALYSIS:

• Mesh analysis applies KVL to find unknown currents.

• It is only applicable to planar circuits (a circuit that can be drawn on a plane with
no branches crossing each other).

• A mesh is a loop that does not contain any other loops.

• The current through a mesh is known as the mesh current.

• Assume for simplicity that the circuit contains only voltage sources.

Mesh Analysis Steps:

1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, i3, … il, to the l meshes,

2. Apply KVL to each of the l meshes and use Ohm’s law to express the
voltages in terms of the mesh currents,

3. Solve the l resulting simultaneous equations to find the mesh currents.

Example:

51
•

52
Write equation (1),(2),(3) &(4) in matrix form

• R is an l x l symmetric resistance matrix

• i is a 1 x l vector of mesh currents
• V is a vector of voltages representing “known” voltages

Writing the Mesh Equations by Inspection:

1. The matrix R is symmetric, rkj = rjk and all of the off-diagonal terms are negative
or zero.

2. The rkk terms are the sum of all resistances in mesh k.

3. The rkj terms are the negative sum of the resistances common to BOTH mesh k
and mesh j.

4. The vk (the kth component of the vector v) = the algebraic sum of the
independent voltages in mesh k, with voltage rises taken as positive.

53
Problem 23: Find the voltage across 30Ω resistor using Mesh analysis.

Solution:

The mesh equation of first mesh is

The mesh equation of second mesh is

Solving equations 1 & 2,

The current flowing through 30 Ω resistor is nothing but the mesh

current I2. Now, we can find the voltage across 30 Ω resistor by using Ohm’s law.

V30Ω=I2R= 84V

Therefore, the voltage across 30Ω resistor of the given circuit is 84 V.

Procedure to solve circuit with independent current sources:

1. Assume the voltage across each current source is known.

2. Write the mesh equations in the same way we did for circuits with only
independent or dependent voltage sources.

3. Express the current of each independent current source in terms of the

mesh currents.

4. Rewrite the equations with all unknown mesh currents on the left hand side
of the equality and all known voltages on the r.h.s. of the equality.

54
 Problem 24: Solve the current I1 in the given circuit by the mesh current
method.

Applying KVL to each mesh results in

60= 7 I1+12(I1 - I2)

0=12(I2 - I1)+6 (I2 – I3)

0=6 (I3 – I2) +12 I3

Rearranging terms and putting the equations in matrix form,

Using Cramer’s rule to find I1

55
Problem 25: Write the current matrix equation for the given network by inspection,
and solve for the currents.

Using Cramer’s rule for solving equations,

Similarly,

56
Problem 26:Apply mesh analysis to find i in the given Fig.

For loop 1

For loop 2

For loop 3

In matrix form,

Current through 1Ω resistor

57
NODAL ANALYSIS

Nodal analysis is a technique used to analyze circuits with more than one voltage
source. Based on KCL, it is used to determine the voltages of the nodes in a circuit.
Once you determine the node voltages, it is possible to find all branch voltages,
currents and the power supplied or absorbed by each circuit element.

An example…

Find VA

Step 1: Choose a reference node (usually ground).

In this case, we choose node B as reference and assign node B a value of 0V.

Step 2: Identify known node voltages with respect to the reference node.

By inspection:

VA = ? VB = 0V VC = 12V VD = 6V

Step 3: Assume a direction for the current passing through each resistor that is
adjacent to a node with unknown voltage. The directions are arbitrary. Label the
currents with an arrow and a common sense numbering scheme (I1, IR1, etc.) on
your circuit schematic. Here we assumed that each current is going OUT of Node A.

- + + -
+

58
Step 4: Write KCL at the node with the unknown Voltage

In this case VA is unknown, so write KCL for node A.

- + + -
+

Step 5: Express each branch current in terms of Ohm’s Law.

Step 6: Express each element’s voltage as a difference between node voltages. To

get the current, simply subtract the voltage at the tip of each current arrow from the
voltage at the tail of the arrow, and then divide by the value of the associated
resistor.

Step 7: Substitute the known node voltages from Step 2.

Step 8: Substitute these equations back into the KCL equation from Step 3.

Step 9: Plug in the resistor values.

Drop the units

Step 10: Solve the equation for VA here

59
 Problem 28:Apply Nodal analysis to find VB & VC in the given Fig.

+
+
-
-

Step 1 Reference node is “D”

Step 2

Step 3 See drawing above for currents

2 unknown nodes (B, C) 2 KCL equations

Step 4,5

Step 6

60
 Step 7

Step 8

Step 9
These values are with respect to
your Reference Node (D).

Problem 29: Write the nodal equations for circuit in the given Figure.

Apply KCL at Node 1

Apply KCL at Node 2

BY “INSPECTION”

61
Problem 30: Apply nodal analysis to find I0 for circuit in the given Figure.

SUPERNODE

SOURCES CONNECTED TO THE REFERENCE

CONSTRAINT EQUATION

KCL @ SUPERNODE

V2 is not needed for Io

According to Ohm’s law,

62
NETWORK REDUCTION:
•

63
Problems
•

64
Problems

65
Source transformation
Source transformation is defined as to concert the sources for easy analysis of
circuit. In mesh analysis. it is easier if the circuit has voltage sources. In nodal
analysis. it is easier if the circuit has current sources.

VOLTAGE SOURCE TO CURRENT SOURCE TRANSFORMATION:

If voltage source is converted to current source, then the current source

I=V/Rse with parallel resistance equal to Rse.

CURRENT SOURCE TO VOLTAGE SOURCE TRANSFORMATION:

If current source is converted to voltage source, then the voltage source I = V/ R sh
with series resistance equal to Rsh.

66
Star Delta Conversion
Delta Network

Consider the following delta network as shown in the following

figure.

The following equations represent the equivalent resistance between

two terminals of delta network, when the third terminal is kept open.

Star Network

The following figure shows the equivalent star

network corresponding to the above delta network.
Star Network Resistances in terms of Delta Network Resistances

We will get the following equations by equating the right-hand side

terms of the above equations for which the left-hand side terms are same.

By adding the above three equations, we will get

Subtract Equation 2 from Equation 4.

By subtracting Equation 3 from Equation 4, we will get

By subtracting Equation 1 from Equation 4, we will get

By using the above relations, we can find the resistances of star network from
the resistances of delta network. In this way, we can convert a delta
network into a star network.
 Problem1: Convert the following Star network in to delta network.

Given the resistances of delta network as R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = 60 Ω and R3 = 30 Ω.

We know the following relations of the resistances of star network in terms of

resistances of delta network.

Substitute the values of R1, R2 and R3 in the above equations

So, we got the resistances of star network as RA = 6Ω, RB = 18 Ω and RC = 3 Ω,

which are equivalent to the resistances of the given delta network.
Delta Network Resistances in terms of Star Network Resistances

• Let us manipulate the above equations in order to get the resistances of delta
network in terms of resistances of star network.

• Multiply each set of two equations and then add.

• By dividing Equation 4 with Equation 2, we will get

• By dividing Equation 4 with Equation 3, we will get

• By dividing Equation 4 with Equation 1, we will get

By using the above relations, we can find the resistances of delta

network from the resistances of star network. In this way, we can convert star
network into delta network.
 Problem 1 : convert star network given below in to a delta network.

• Given the resistances of star network as RA = 6 Ω, RB = 18 Ω and RC = 3 Ω.

• We know the following relations of the resistances of delta network in terms

of resistances of star network.

• Substitute the values of RA, RB and RC in the above equations.

So, we got the resistances of delta network as R1 =10Ω, R2 =60Ω and R3 = 30Ω,
which are equivalent to the resistances of the given star network.
•

72
•

73
3) For the circuit shown in Fig. determine the voltages at nodes B
and C and calculate the current through the 8 Ω resistor.

Solution: We will take one reference node at zero potential. Generally

the node at which maximum branches are meeting is taken as the
reference node. Let R is the reference node as shown in Fig. The
reference node will be called ground node or zero potential node.

Points F, G, R, H, I are at zero reference potential. Let us now assign

potential at all nodes with respect to the reference node. Let VD, VB,
VC, VE are the potentials at points D, B, C, and E, respectively. Let us
also assume unknown currents II , I2 , I3 , I4 , and I5 flowing through
the branches. Applying Ohm’s law currents I1 , I2 , I3 , I4 , and I5 are
expressed as

74
Jhjkhjh

4) Using star–delta transformations calculate the equivalent

resistance of the network between terminals A and B. All resistances
in Fig. are in Ohms.

75
Solution:

76
5) Find the resistance between terminal XY of the bridge circuit
shown in Fig, by using delta–star conversion.

Solution: Let us change the resistances forming a delta across

terminals A, B, and C into equivalent star.

The equivalent star–forming resistances are

77
By replacing the delta resistance into equivalent star resistance, the
circuit is drawn as in Fig,

78
 10. Assignment

UNIT I – ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

CO BT
Q.No Questions
Level Level
1. The branch current method uses
(A) Kirchhoff's voltage and current laws
(B) Thevenin's theorem and Ohm's law
CO1 K3
(C) Kirchhoff's current law and Ohm's law
(D) The superposition theorem and Thevenin's theorem

2. When assigning branch currents, you need not be concerned

with the direction you choose.

(A) True CO1 K3

(B) False

3. Find the node voltage VA.

(A) 6 V
(B) 12 V
(C) 4.25 V CO1 K3
(D) 3 V

4. Using the mesh current method, find the branch

current, IR1.
(A) 115 mA
(B) 12.5 mA CO1 K3
(C) 12.5 A
(D) 135 mA

79
 10. Assignment

UNIT I – ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

CO BT
Q.No Questions
Level Level
Determine the three mesh currents for the given circuit.

5 CO K3

For the circuit shown in figure, compute the voltage across

each current source

6 CO1 K3

Find the equivalent resistance between x and y using

Star-delta reduction

7 CO1 K3

80
 11. Part A Question and Answer
Unit-I Electric Circuit Analysis
1. State Ohm’s law. (K1, CO1)
Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points
is directly proportional to the potential difference or voltage across the two points, and
inversely proportional to the resistance between them. The mathematical equation that
describes this relationship is:
I=V/R
where I is the current through the resistance in units of amperes, V is the
potential difference measured across the resistance in units of volts, and R is the
resistance of the conductor in units of ohms.

2. What is Kirchhoff's Current law? (K1, CO1)

"The total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the
charge leaving the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as no charge is
lost within the node".
In other words the algebraic sum of ALL the currents entering and leaving
a node must be equal to zero,

I(exiting) + I(entering) = 0.
3. State Kirchhoff's voltage law. (K1, CO1)

"In any closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum
of all the voltage drops within the same loop" which is also equal to zero. In other words
the algebraic sum of all voltages within the loop must be equal to zero. This idea by
Kirchoff is known as the Conservation of Energy.

4. For the circuit shown in Figure below, determine the total resistance of the
circuit. (K1, CO1)

Total circuit resistance R= V/ I

= 13/4
=3.25Ω

81
5. In a series circuit if the values of three resistors are give as 8Ω each.
Find its equivalent resistors. Also find the current through it if 10V source
is connected. (K1, CO1)

Req= R1+R2+R3 =8+8+8=24Ω

I=V/ Req= 8/24=0.333A

6. A 2kΩ resistor has a current of 0.80A flowing through it. Calculate the
power of the resistor. (K1, CO1)

Power = I2R= 0.82 x 2000 = 1280 W

7. A 100Ω and 400Ω are connected in parallel with another resistor of

250Ω which is connected in series. Calculate the total resistance. (K1,
CO1)

When resistances are in parallel,

Req=(R1R2)/( R1+R2)=(100*400)/(100+400)=80Ω

Total = 250 + 80 = 330 Ω

8. Three inductors of 10mH, 40mH and 50mH are connected together in a

series combination with no mutual inductance between them. Calculate
the total inductance of the series combination. (K1, CO1)

Leq=L1+L2+L3 = 10+40+50 =100mH

9. Three inductors of 60mH, 120mH and 75mH respectively, are connected

together in a parallel combination with no mutual inductance between
them. Calculate the total inductance of the parallel combination. (K1, CO1)

1/Leq= 1/L1+1/L2+1/L3

=1/60+1/120+1/75=38.33

Leq=26mH

82
10. What is meant by active and passive elements? (K1, CO1)

If a circuit element has the capability of enhancing the energy level of a signal
passing through it is called an active element.

Passive elements do not have any intrinsic means of signal boosting.

11. What is a node? (K1, CO1)

A node is a point in a network in which two or more elements have a common

connection.

12. Find the total capacitance for three capacitors connected in series,
given their individual capacitances are 1μF, 5μF and 8μF. (K1, CO1)

1/Ceq= 1/C1+1/C2+1/C3 = 1/1+1/5+1/8=1.325

Ceq=0.755μF

13. Find the total capacitance for three capacitors connected in parallel,
given their individual capacitances are 1μF, 5μF and 8μF. (K1, CO1)

Ceq= C1+C2+C3 =1+5+8=14μF

14. Define mesh. (K1, CO1)

A mesh is defined as a loop which does not contain any other loops within it.

15. What is a node? (K1, CO1)

A node is a point in a network in which two or more elements have a common

connection.

16. Mention the disadvantages of Ohm’s Law. (K1, CO1)

It does not apply to all non metallic conductors It also does not apply to non
linear devices such as zener diode, vacuum tubes etc.

It is true for metal conductors at constant temperature.

If the temperature changes the law is not applicable.

83
17. Explain the purpose of star delta transformation. (K1, CO1)

The transformation of a given set of resistances in star to delta or vice versa

proves extremely useful in circuit analysis and the apparent complexity of a given
circuit can sometime by very much reduced.

18. Define source transformation. (K1, CO1)

The current and voltage sources may be inter changed without affecting the
remainder of the circuit, this technique is the source transformation. It is the tool
for simplifying the circuit.

19. Distinguish between a Branch and a node of a circuit. (K1, CO1)

A pair of network which connects the various points of the network is called
branch A point

at which two or more elements are joined together is called node.

20. Distinguish between a mesh and a loop of a circuit. (K1, CO1)

A mesh is a loop that does not contain other loops. All meshes are loop, but all
loops are not meshes. A loop is any closed path of branches.

21. State voltage division rule. (K1, CO1)

Voltage across a resistor in a series circuit is equal to the total voltage across the
series elements multiplies by the value of that resistor divided by the total
resistance of the series elements.

22. State current division rule. (K1, CO1)

The current in any branch is equal to the ratio of the opposite parallel branch
resistance to the total resistance value, multiplies by the total current in the
circuit.

84
 12. Part B Questions
Unit-I Electric Circuit Analysis

1. Find (V2/V1) for the given circuit using mesh analysis. V1 =10 volts (K2, CO1)

2. Using source transformation, find the current flow through the 5 ohms resistor
in the network. (K2, CO1)

3. Apply mesh analysis for the network shown in figure, find the power delivered
by the source. (K3, CO1)

85
6. Solve the network for branch currents using Nodal analysis (K2, CO1)

7. Determine voltage across 4Ωresistor for the given circuit. (K3, CO1)

8. Find the nodal voltages of the network shown using nodal analysis with source
transformation technique (K2, CO1)

86
11. Using star to delta and delta to conversion, find the equivalent resistance between a
and b for the given circuit. (K2, CO1)

12. Find the current supplied by the source using star- delta conversion. (K2, CO1)

87
 13. Supportive online Certification courses

1) ONLINE COURSE NPTEL:

https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc20_ee64/preview

COURSE NAME: Basic Electrical Circuits

By Prof. Nagendra Krishnapura | IIT Madras

Electrical circuits are everywhere, from tiny ones in integrated circuits in

mobile phones and music players, to giant ones that carry power to our
homes. This course deals with analysis techniques that can be applied to
all such circuits. We'll first discuss electrical quantities-voltage and
current-relevant to such circuits and learn about basic elements(R, L, C,
controlled sources) and their properties. We'll then move on to general
analysis techniques that can be applied to arbitrary circuits. In this
course also discuss circuit theorems and rudiments of negative feedback
circuit using the opamp. After taking this course, one should be able to
analyze memoryless linear circuits.
2) ONLINE COURSE COURSE ERA:

https://www.coursera.org/learn/linear-circuits-dcanalysis#syllabus

COURSE NAME: LINEAR CIRCUITS1: DC ANALYSIS

By Prof. Dr. Bonnie H. Ferri/Georgia Institute of Technology

About this Course: This course explains how to analyze circuits that have
direct current (DC) current or voltage sources. A DC source is one that is
constant. Circuits with resistors, capacitors, and inductors are covered,
both analytically and experimentally. Some practical applications in
sensors are demonstrated.

88
Supportive Link to Videos

S.No Topic Link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BO
1 Ohms Law
0nrB9PwxA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BO
2 Kirchhoff's Current Law
0nrB9PwxA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BO
3 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
0nrB9PwxA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZ
4 Series and Parallel Circuits
AYe2WkG4k

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8R
5 Super Mesh Analysis
GckMZLTBo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIs
6 Super Node Analysis wDPKSQT4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9b
7 Star Delta Transformation
17eqCT4-g

89
 14. Real time Applications in day to day life and to
Industry

1.Serial Bulb (CO1,K2)

2. Rectifier Circuits for Cell Phone or Laptop Chargers . (CO1,K3)

3. Lamp and Fan Wiring in House or Industry. (CO1,K3)

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 15. Contents beyond the Syllabus
THEVENINS THEOREM
In circuit theory, Thévenin's theorem for linear electrical networks states
that any combination of voltage sources, current sources, and resistors with two
terminals is electrically equivalent to a single voltage source V and a single series
resistor R. For single frequency AC systems the theorem can also be applied to
general impedances, not just resistors.

The procedure adopted when using Thévenin determine the current in any
branch of an active network (i.e. one containing a source of e.m.f.):

(i) Remove the resistance R from that branch,

(ii) Determine the open-circuit voltage, E, across the break,

(iii) Remove each source of e.m.f. and replace them by their internal
resistances. Short circuit each current source and then determine the
resistance, r, ‘looking-in’ break.

(iv) Determine the value of the current from the equivalent circuit shown in
Figure below, i.e. I = E (R+ra)

Problem 1: Use Thévenin’s theorem to find the current flowing in the 10 Ω resistor
for the circuit shown in Figure
Solution:
(i) The 10Ω resistance is removed from the circuit as shown in Figure There is no
current flowing in the 5Ω resistor and current I1 is given by:

I1 = 10/[R1 + R2]

= 10/[2 + 8]

= 1A

(ii) Potential Difference across R2 =I1R2 =1×8=8V. Hence Potential Difference across
AB, i.e. the open-circuit voltage across the break, E =8V

(iii) Removing the source of e.m.f. gives the circuit of Figure Resistance, r = R 3 +
R1R2/ [R1 + R2]

r =5 + (2×8/2+8)
= 5 + 1.6 = 6.6 Ω
(iv) The equivalent Thévenin’s circuit is shown in Figure

Current I = E/[R+r]= 8/[10+6.6]= 8/16.6=0.482A

Problem 2: For the network shown in Figure determine the current in the
0.8 Ω resistor using Thévenin’s theorem.

Solution:
(i) The 0.8Ω resistor is removed from the circuit as shown in Figure

Current I1 = 12/1+5+4= 12/10 =1.2A

(ii) Potential Difference across 4Ω resistor=4 I1 = (4) (1.2)=4.8V
Hence potential difference across AB, i.e. the open-circuit voltage across AB, E=4.8V
(iii) Removing the source of e.m.f. gives the circuit shown in Figure. The equivalent
circuit of Figure

from which, resistance r = [4×6]/[4+6]= 24/10 =2.4 Ω

(iv) The equivalent Thévenin’s circuit

I = E/[r+R] = 4.8/[2.4+0.8] = 4.8/3.2

I = 1.5A=current in the 0.8 Ω resistor
NORTON’S THEOREM
Any two-terminal linear bilateral dc network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a current and a parallel resistor.
The steps leading to the proper values of IN and RN. Preliminary steps:
1. Remove that portion of the network across which the Norton equivalent
circuit is found.
2. Mark the terminals of the remaining two-terminal network.
3. Finding RN. Calculate RN by first setting all sources to zero and then finding
the resultant resistance between the two marked terminals. Since R N = RTh
the procedure and value obtained using the approach described for
Thevenin’s theorem will determine the proper value of RN.
4. Finding IN: Calculate IN by first returning all the sources to their original
position and then finding the short-circuit current between the marked
terminals. It is the same current that would be measured by an ammeter
placed between the marked terminals.
5. Draw the Norton equivalent circuit with the portion of the circuit previously
removed replaced between the terminals of the equivalent circuit.
Problem 1: Use Norton’s theorem to determine current through 10Ω resistance for
the circuit shown in Figure below

Solution:
The branch containing the 10Ω resistance is short circuited as shown in Figure below
From figure above is equivalent to Figure below

Hence ISC = 10/2 = 5A

If the 10V source of e.m.f. is removed from Figure shown below

The resistance ‘looking-in’ at a break made between A and B is given by:

r = [2 × 8]/[2 + 8] = 1.6 Ω
From the Norton equivalent network shown in Figure above the current in the 10 Ω
resistance, by current division, is given by:
I = (1.6/[1.6 + 5 + 10]) (5) = 0.482A

Problem 2: Use Norton’s theorem to determine the current I flowing in the 4Ω

resistance shown in Figure shown below.
Solution:
The 4Ω branch is short-circuited as shown in Figure below.

From the Figure above, ISC =I1 +I2 =4A

If the sources of e.m.f. are removed the resistance ‘looking-in’ at a break made be
given by:
r = [2 × 1]/[2 + 1] = 2/3 Ω
From the Norton equivalent network shown in Figure below

The current in the 4Ω resistance is given by:

I =[(2/3)*4]/[(2/3) + 4) = 0.571A.
16. Assessment Schedule

Tentative dates for Assessment Tests

• Internal Assessment Test I : 14.12.2021 to 20.12.2021

• Internal Assessment Test II : 31.01.2022 to 05.02.2022

• Revision Test : 21.02.2022 to 26.02.2022

• Model Examination : 01.03.2022 to 11.03.2022

97
17. Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books

TEXT BOOK:

• S.K.Bhattacharya, Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Pearson

• C L Wadhwa, Generation Distribution and Utilization of Electrical Energy, New Age

International

REFERENCES:

• S.B. Lal Seksena and Kaustuv Dasgupta, Fundaments of Electrical Engineering,

Cambridge, 2016

• B.L Theraja, Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Electronics. Chand & Co

• S.K.Sahdev, Basic of Electrical Engineering, Pearson

• John Bird, ―Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technologyǁ, Fourth Edition,
Elsevier,

• Mittle,Mittal, Basic Electrical Engineeringǁ, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Edition,

2016.

• R.S Khurmi and J K Gupta, Textbook of Refrigeration and Air-conditioning (M.E.),

S Chand& Co

E-BOOK LINKS:

98
 E-BOOK LINKS

❖ Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering By D.P. Kothari & I.P.

Nagarath -
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ORfuU0vraqdDZhIPL7rzR_yT3N_DvXj
H/view?usp=sharing

❖ Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering By S.K. Bhattacharya

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bfbo-uwS30Gj2WdHW3rJf_wutCvNdnv
2/view?usp=sharing

❖ Basic Electrical Engineering By S.K. Sahadev

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TP1ty1a8qUgkuACWNFssiHeMEXT3Rtua
/view?usp=sharing

❖ Electrical Circuit Theory and Technology By John Bird

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bkYmPqwA1DOohFNAw16harodUTCq57
se/view?usp=sharing

99
18. Mini Project suggestions

S.No Name of The Project

1. Make a Serial bulb connection for any function

2. House wiring for two bulb, 2 fans and one three pin adaptor

3. Design a Voltage regulator for charger

4. Verify ohm’s law using experimental setup.

5. Verify Kirchhoff’s Current law using experimental setup.

6. Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage law using experimental setup.

7. Verify Current division rule using experimental setup.

8. Verify Voltage division rule using experimental setup.

9. Bulb Light Intensity Control Using Variable Resistor.

10. Variable light dimming adaptors for incandescent bulbs.

11. Connect a 12V battery to a bike headlamp through a series parallel

arrangement of resistive network . Measure the voltage across and the
current through each resistor to validate the ohms law.
12. Connect a 12V battery to a bike headlamp through a series parallel
arrangement of resistive network . Measure the voltage across and the
current through each resistor to validate the Kirchoff’s voltage and
current laws.
13. Connect a 12V battery to a bike headlamp through a series parallel
arrangement of resistive network . Determine the resistance of the lamp
and also analyse the temperature dependance of the resistance.

100
18. Mini project suggestions

• Design a two loop circuit and test the continuity of current in a closed loop by
mesh analysis.

• Design a circuit in bred board as given below and verify analytically with the
values V1: 10V, R1 = 2 kOhm, R2 = 10 kOhm, R3 = 5 kOhm.

• Design a working model for resistances connected in parallel and series with
resistors, battery and LED lights.

101
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