"Goce Delchev" University – Shtip

PROJECT TASK ON THE ENGLISH WORK

TOPIC: ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

DEVELOPED : MENTOR :
Kiril Angeleski 152654 Dragan Donev

2018
Contents

1. Introduction ………………………………………………….….…….. 3
2. General ……………………………………………….…………..……. 4
3. Preparations ………………………………………………………...….. 7
4. Techniques ……………………………………………………….…….. 9
5. Intarcervical insemination……………………………………………… 11
6. Intrauterine insemination ……………………………………………..… 12
7. History……………………………………………………..………...… 13
8. Conclusion …………………………………….…………………….… 14
9. Used literature……………………………………………………….… 15
Introduction

Artificial insemination (AI) is the deliberate introduction of sperm into a

female's uterus or cervix for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy through in vivo
fertilization by means other than sexual intercourse. It is a fertility treatment for humans, and
is common practice in animal breeding, including dairy cattle (see Frozen bovine semen)
and pigs.

Artificial insemination may employ assisted reproductive technology, sperm

donation and animal husbandry techniques. Artificial insemination techniques available
include intracervical insemination and intrauterine insemination. The beneficiaries of
artificial insemination are women who desire to give birth to their own child who may be in
a lesbian relationship, single women or women who are in a heterosexual relationship but
with a male partner who suffers from male infertility. Intracervical insemination (ICI) is the
easiest and most common insemination technique and can be used in the home for self-
insemination without medical practitioner assistance.[1] Compared with natural
insemination (i.e., insemination by sexual intercourse), artificial insemination can be more
expensive and more invasive, and may require professional assistance.

Some countries have laws which restrict and regulate who can donate sperm and who is able
to receive artificial insemination, and the consequences of such insemination. Some women
who live in a jurisdiction which does not permit artificial insemination in the circumstance in
which she finds herself may travel to another jurisdiction which permits it.
General

The couple is also given a fertility test to determine the motility, number, and viability of the
male's sperm and the success of the female's ovulation. From these tests, the doctor may or
may not recommend a form of artificial insemination.

The sperm used in artificial insemination may be provided by either the woman's husband or
partner (partner sperm) or by a known or anonymous sperm donor (see sperm donation(donor
sperm)).

If the procedure is successful, the woman will conceive and carry a baby to term in the
normal manner. A pregnancy resulting from artificial insemination is no different from a
pregnancy achieved by sexual intercourse. In all cases, the woman is the biological mother of
any child produced by AI, and the male whose sperm is used is the biological father.

There are multiple methods used to obtain the semen necessary for artificial insemination.
Some methods require only men, while others require a combination of a male and female.
Those that require only men to obtain semen are masturbation, a rectal massage, involuntary
pollution (the collecting of nocturnal emission), or the aspiration of sperm by means of a
puncture of the testicle and epididymus. Methods of collecting semen that involve a
combination of a male and female include interrupted intercourse, intercourse with a
'collection condom', or the post coital aspiration of the semen from the vagina.

There are a number of reasons why a woman would use artificial insemination to achieve
pregnancy. For example, a woman's immune system may be rejecting her partner's sperm as
invading molecules.] Women who have issues with the cervix, such as cervical scarring,
cervical blockage from endometriosis, or thick cervical mucus may also benefit from
artificial insemination since the sperm must pass through the cervix to result in fertilization.

Donor sperm is increasingly used where a single woman without a male partner or a lesbian
couple wish to have a biological child. A couple where one person is transgender and no
longer has gonads may also use donor sperm to become pregnant.
Preparations

Timing is critical, as the window and opportunity for fertilization is little more than twelve
hours from the release of the ovum. To increase the chance of success, the woman's
menstrual cycle is closely observed, often using ovulation kits, ultrasounds or blood tests,
such as basal body temperature tests over, noting the color and texture of the vaginal mucus,
and the softness of the nose of her cervix. To improve the success rate of AI, drugs to create
a stimulated cycle may be used, but the use of such drugs also results in an increased chance
of a multiple birth.

Sperm can be provided fresh or washed. The washing of sperm increases the chances of
fertilization. Pre- and post-concentration of motile sperm is counted. Sperm from a sperm
bank will be frozen and quarantined for a period and the donor will be tested before and after
production of the sample to ensure that he does not carry a transmissible disease. For fresh
shipping, a semen extender is used.

If sperm is provided by a private donor, either directly or through a sperm agency, it is

usually supplied fresh, not frozen, and it will not be quarantined. Donor sperm provided in
this way may be given directly to the recipient woman or her partner, or it may be transported
in specially insulated containers. Some donors have their own freezing apparatus to freeze
and store their sperm.
Techniques

The Human female reproductive system. The cervix is part of the uterus. The cervical

canal connects the interiors of the uterus and vagina.

Semen used is used either fresh, raw or frozen. Where donor sperm is supplied by a sperm
bank, it will always be quarantined and frozen and will need to be thawed before use. When
an ovum is released, semen is introduced into the woman's vagina, uterus or cervix,
depending on the method being used. Sperm is occasionally inserted twice within a 'treatment
cycle'.
Intracervical insemination

Intracervical insemination (ICI) involves injection of unwashed or raw semen into

the cervix with a needleless syringe. Sperm supplied by a sperm bank will be frozen and must
be allowed to thaw before insemination. The sealed end of the straw itself must be cut off and
the open end of the straw is usually fixed straight on to the tip of the syringe, allowing the
contents to be drawn into the syringe. Sperm from more than one straw can generally be used
in the same syringe. Where fresh semen is used this must be allowed to liquefy before
inserting it into the syringe, or alternatively, the syringe may be back-loaded.After the syringe
has been filled with semen, any enclosed air must be removed by gently pressing the plunger
forward. The woman lies on her back and the syringe is then inserted into the vagina. Care is
optimal when inserting the syringe, so that the tip is as close to the entrance to the cervix as
possible. A vaginal speculum may be used to hold open the vagina so that the cervix

may be observed and the syringe inserted more accurately through the open speculum. The
plunger is then slowly pushed forward and the semen in the syringe is gently emptied deep
into the vagina. The syringe (and speculum if used) may be left in place for several minutes
before removal and the woman is advised to lie still for about half-an-hour to improve the
success rate.Ordinary sexual lubricants should not be used in the process, but special fertility
or 'sperm friendly' lubricants can be used for increased ease and comfort.ICI is painless and is
the easiest and most common insemination technique. The process closely replicates the
ejaculation of sperm by the penis during sexual intercourse, with fresh semen being directly
deposited onto the neck of the cervix. It is the simplest artificial insemination method and
unwashed or raw semen is normally used, but semen supplied by a sperm bank which has
been prepared for IUI use may also be used. The procedure is commonly used in home, self-
insemination and practitioner insemination procedures, and for insemination where semen is
provided by private donors. When performed at home without the presence of a professional
this procedure is sometimes referred to as intravaginal insemination (IVI).A conception cap,
which is a form of conception device may be inserted into the vagina following insemination
and may be left in place for several hours. Using this method, a woman may go about her
usual activities while the cervical cap holds the semen in the vagina close to the entrance to
the cervix. Advocates of this method claim that it increases the chances of conception. One
advantage with the conception device is that fresh, non-liquefied semen may be used. The
partner or donor may ejaculate straight into the cap and this can be immediately inserted into
the vagina. Other methods may be used to insert semen into the vagina notably involving
different uses of a conception cap. This may, for example, be inserted filled with sperm
which does not have to be liquefied. The male may therefore ejaculate straight into the cap.
Alternatively, a specially designed conception cap with a tube attached may be inserted
empty into the vagina after which liquefied semen is poured into the tube. These methods are
designed to ensure that donor or partner semen is inseminated as close as possible to the
cervix and that it is kept in place there to increase the chances of conception
Intrauterine insemination

Intrauterine insemination (IUI) involves injection of washed sperm into the uterus with
a catheter. If unwashed semen is used, it may elicit uterine cramping, expelling the semen and
causing pain, due to content of prostaglandins. (Prostaglandins are also the compounds
responsible for causing the myometrium to contract and expel the menses from the uterus,
during menstruation.) Resting on the table for fifteen minutes after an IUI is optimal for the
woman to increase the pregnancy rate.[4]

Unlike ICI, intrauterine insemination normally requires a medical practitioner to perform the
procedure. A female under 30 years of age has optimal chances with IUI; for the man,
a TMS of more than 5 million per ml is optimal.[5] In practice, donor sperm will satisfy these
criteria. A promising cycle is one that offers two follicles measuring more than 16 mm,
and estrogen of more than 500 pg/mL on the day of hCG administration.[5] A short period of
ejaculatory abstinence before intrauterine insemination is associated with higher pregnancy
rates.[6] However, GnRH agonist administration at the time of implantation does not improve
pregnancy outcome in intrauterine insemination cycles according to a randomized controlled
trial.[7]

IUI is a more efficient method of artificial insemination than ICI and, because of its generally
higher success rate, is usually the insemination procedure of choice for single women and
lesbians using donor sperm in a fertility centre. IUI can be used in conjunction
with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH). Still, advanced maternal age causes
decreased success rates; women aged 38–39 years appear to have reasonable success during
the first two cycles of ovarian hyperstimulation and IUI. However, for women aged over 40
years, there appears to be no benefit after a single cycle of COH/IUI.[8] Medical experts
therefore recommend considering in vitro fertilization after one failed COH/IUI cycle for
women aged over 40 years.[8]

A double intrauterine insemination theoretically increases pregnancy rates by decreasing the

risk of missing the fertile window during ovulation. However, a randomized trial of
insemination after ovarian hyperstimulation found no difference in live birth rate between
single and double intrauterine insemination.[9]
History

The first reported case of artificial insemination by donor occurred in 1884: a Philadelphia
professor of medicine took sperm from his "best looking" student to inseminate an
anesthetized woman. The woman was not informed about the procedure, unlike her infertile
husband. The case was reported 25 years later in a medical journal.[21] The sperm bank was
developed in Iowa starting in the 1920s in research conducted by University of Iowa medical
school researchers Jerome Sherman and Raymond Bunge.[22]
In the 1980s, direct intraperitoneal insemination (DIPI) was occasionally used, where
doctors injected sperm into the lower abdomen through a surgical hole or incision, with the
intention of letting them find the oocyte at the ovary or after entering the genital tract through
the ostium of the fallopian tube.
Conclusion

This work presents the artificial insemination as a process, the preparations that have to be
made before the beginning of the whole process and the techniques used in the process of
artificial insemination.

Medicine improves and develops as the time goes by, and so does the artificial insemination.
This process is part of the contemporary medicine and people are able to enjoy its benefits.
Artificial insemination is very significant for us as humans, because people who cannot have
children, now they have the opportunity to grow their own children with the help of the
artificial insemination. However, some couples try it several times before they get pregnant,
while others may not have any success at all.

It is also one of the most important techniques used for improving the genetic quality of
animals and it is also part of the veterinary medicine. It is a technique used by animal
producers to improve productivity and profitability of daily enterprise.
Used literature