INFERTILITY

Index
S.No. Title
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledge
3. Introduction
4. Causes of infertility
§ In females
§ In males
5. Treatment
§ IVF
 § Surrogacy
§ GIFT
§ ZIFT
§ ICSI
§ donor eggs
6. Conclusion
7. Bibliography
 Certificate
This is to certify that this “Biology Investigatory
Project” on the Topic “infertility and its causes and
its treatment” has been successfully completed
by of class XII under the
guidance of in particular fulfillment
of the curriculum of Central Board of Secondary
Education (CBSE) leading to the award of annual
examination of the year 20__-20__.
 Acknowledgement
· I have taken efforts in this project. However, it
would not have been possible without the kind
support and help of many individuals.
· I am highly indebted to my biology teacher, for her
invaluable guidance which has sustained my efforts
in all the stages of this project.
· I would also like to thank my parents for their
continuous support and encouragement.
· My thanks and appreciations also go to my fellow
classmates in developing the project and to the
people who have willingly helped me out with their
abilities.
 Introduction
Infertility is not a common discussion among our
society, yet it’s more prevalent than you think.
According to the reports of centers for disease
control and prevention (CDC) that one in every ten
women are not being able to conceive. Infertility can
be surprising and overwhelming for couples.
“Infertility is defined as not being able to get pregnant
(conceive) after one year or longer of unprotected
sex. “

The definition of infertility also includes women who

repeatedly conceive but are unable to keep a
pregnancy. Average incidence of infertility is about
15% globally .About 9% of men and 11% of women of
reproductive age experienced fertility problems. In one
third of infertile couple the problem is with men.
There are many treatment options for infertility,
including medications to correct hormonal issues,
surgery for physical problem and in vitro fertilization
(IVF).

In this project we will study and observe the infertility

& its causes and treatment.
 CAUSES OF
INFERTILITY
 Causes
Infertility is a disease in which the ability to get
pregnant and give birth to a child is impaired or
limited in some ways. For heterosexual couples this is
usually diagnosed after six month or one year of trying
to get pregnant. When the cause of infertility found to
come from the female partner, it’s considered female
infertility or “female factor” infertility.
§ Causes of female infertility
At least 11% of women deal with infertility in world
wide. The chances of being infertile increases as a
woman ages. There are many possible causes of
infertility. However, it can be difficult to pinpoint the
exact cause, and some couples have “multifactorial”
infertility. Some major causes of infertility in female
include:
1. Age 35 or older
2. Hormone issue that prevent ovulation
3. Abnormal menstrual cycle
4. Being underweight
5. Having a low body-fat content from extreme
exercise
6. Structural problem (problem with the fallopian
tubes, uterus or ovaries)
7. Uterine fibroids
8. Tumors
9. Sexually transmitted infections(STDs)
10. Smoking and drinking
11. Overall no. of eggs is lower
§ Causes of male infertility
At least 9% of male deal with infertility in world
wide. Many biological and environmental factors can
impact the chances of fertility that includes:
1. Azoospermia (inability to produce sperm)
2. Oligospermia (low sperm count)
3. Malformed sperm (sperm that cannot fertilize
the egg)
4. Hormonal disorder
5. Obesity or overweight
6. Age 40 or older
7. Smoking and drinking
ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGY
 Treatment through
ART
(ART) Assisted reproductive technology refers to a
variety of procedures used to treat infertility. The
technology aids in obtaining a pregnancy through
multiple methodology.
These multiple methods of art are to treat infertility
complication in couples who wants to conceive. These
are as follow:
1. In vitro fertilization (IVF)
It is the most frequently used method of ART
technique to cure infertility. The method works by
combining a woman’s egg and a man’s sperm in
laboratory under fully examined situations. The embryo
is transferred within the woman’s uterus immediately
after fertilization
2. Surrogacy
It is the process by which another woman carries a
child for a couple experiencing infertility, the
couple’s egg and sperm or the donor’s egg and
sperm can complete the fertilization process.
3. (GIFT) gamete intra-fallopian transfer
This method work by combining an egg and sperm
from the couple using specialized laboratory
techniques. In this methods eggs are embedded in
the female fallopian tube. The fertilization of zygote
takes place inside a woman’s body rather than a
laboratory.
4. (ZIFT)
The zygote intrafallopian transfer is a procedure
similar to IVF and embryo transferred to the
female’s fallopian tube. In this process the zygote is
directly transferred into female’s fallopian tube after
fertilization.
5. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection is a technique that
aids in the forming of an embryo in men by injecting
sperm directly in men by injecting sperm directly into
egg/ovum. This technique makes it possible to inject a
single sperm cell directly into the cytoplasm of the
ova.
6. Intrauterine insemination (IU)
Intrauterine insemination is one of the ART techniques
which transfer men’s sperm into a women’s uterus
using a long, narrow tube. Furthermore, this method
can be used parallel with the ovulation stimulation
process. When the processes work together, this
method can be help in increasing the chances of
fertility by working both the processes parallel to each
other.
7. Donor eggs
This method is preferred in cases where the
woman’s eggs cannot be seen, or there is a
deformity in the egg formation process. Therefore,
the process uses the donor’s egg/ova, fertilized
with man’s sperm.
 Conclusion
There are numerous techniques are available for
conceiving a child, but all these techniques
necessitate extreme handling precisions. These
techniques can be only performed by specialized
medical professionals and expensive laboratory
equipment, making them outrageous for most
couples. As a result, these services are only
available in a few locations across the country. And
clearly, their benefits are only affordable to a small
number of couples.

Among all these techniques, the adoption of children

is also one of the prime methods.

India has many orphaned and impoverished children

who will most likely not survive to adulthood unless
they are cared for. Our laws allow for legal adoption,
and it is still one of the best choices for couples
seeking parenthood.
 Bibliography
· Eagle wish