Kendriya vidyalaya no.

1 adampur

Session :2023 24
Biology investigatory project
Topic : infertility causes and
treatment
Submitted by : Mahi mishra
Guided by : Ms Anjubala
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, this Biology Investigatory Project on

the topic “Infertility causes and treatment”has been
successfully completed by
Mahi Mishra of classXII B under the guidance of
MissAnjubala(P.G.TBiology)At Kendriya Vidyalaya
No.1,adampur for the partial fulfillment of BiologyPractical
in the curriculum of AISSCE - CBSE, New Delhi for the
academic year2023 24

Teacher in-charge Signnature

signature of the Principal

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owe a great many thanks to great many people

who helped and supported
me during this project.I express my thanks to
Principal Sir Mr. Rakesh Kumar for extending his support.
My deepest thanks to Miss. Anjubala Madame for guiding
me and Correcting my various mistakes
. She has taken pain to
go through the project and make correction as
and when needed.
WHY I CHOSE THIS TOPIC ?
I have chosen the topic Infertility because it is one of the occurring
problems faced by working women in IIT field. So as to know
actually what is infertility and its causes I’ve chosen this topic.
And there is also a misconception that infertility problems only
deals with women so as to make it clear that most of the infertility
problems deals with men. Even though it deals with men, women
are the one who are blamed and
criticized for all these problems by the society. It’s a data that
most of these problems are 95% dealt with men and only rest of
the 5% deals with women So as to create a clear mindset for the
upcoming future

Researchers measurement problems, however, exist for any

definition, because it is difficult to measure
continuous exposure to the risk of pregnancy over a period
of years.
 INDEX
1. ABSTRACT
2. THEORY
Primary vs secondary infertility
3. EFFECTS
STDS,gentic causes,general factors
4. INFERTILITY IN FEMALES
5. INFERTILITY IN MALES
7. TREATMENT
8. EFFECT ON THE POPULATION
9. CONCLUSION
10. REFERENCE
 ABSTRACT
Infertility is the inability of a person ,animal or plant to reproduce
by natural means . it is usually not the the natural state of healthy
organism ,except notably among certain eusocial species.
infertility is a disease characterized by the failure to establish a
clinical pregnancy after 12 months of regular and unprotected
sexual intercourse. It is estimated to affect between 8 and 12% of
reproductive-aged couples worldwide. Males are found to be
solely responsible for 20-30% of infertility cases but contribute to
50% of cases overall. Secondary infertility is the most common
form of female infertility around the globe, often due to
reproductive tract infections. The three major factors influencing
the spontaneous probability of conception are the time of
unwanted non-conception, the age of the female partner and the
disease-related infertility. The chance of becoming spontaneously
pregnant declines with the duration before conception. The
fertility decline in female already starts around 25-30 years of age
and the median age at last birth is 40-41 years in most studied
populations experiencing natural fertility. The disease-related
infertility may affect both genders or be specific to one gender.
The factors affecting both genders' fertility are
hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, hyperprolactinemia, disorders
of ciliary function, cystic fibrosis, infections, systemic diseases and
lifestyle related factors/diseases. Premature ovarian insufficiency,
polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, uterine fibroids and
endometrial polyps may play a role in female infertilility.
THEORY
Researchers commonly base demographic studies on infertility
prevelance on a five year period.practical meaurnment problems
however exist for any defination.

PRIMARY VS SECONDARY INFERTILITY

Primary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for
women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least
five years, during which they have not used any contraceptives.
The World Health Organization also adds that 'women whose
pregnancy spontaneously miscarries, or whose pregnancy results
in a still born child, without ever having had a live birth would
present with primarily infertility.
Secondary infertility is defined as the absence of
live birth for women who desire a child and
have been in a union for at least five years since their last live
birth, during which they did not use any contraceptives. Thus the
distinguishing feature is whether or not the couple have ever has
a pregnancy which led to a live birth.
 EFFECTS
Psychological impact
Infertility can cause psychologically distress, emotionally stress and
financial difficulties for both partners . Typical reactions to infertility
include shock, sadness, depression, anger and frustration, loss of self-
esteem and self-confidence and a general loss of sense of control .
Although infertility is not a life-threatening issue, it is still considered a
stressful life experience for couples. The high stress of infertility might
be attributed to the fact having a child is considered to be important in
general society
Furthermore, infertile couples often conceal their emotions, ideas and
beliefs because infertility is still considered to be a private subject.
Therefore, infertile couples may be exposed to social pressure. In
addition, an individual relationship with their partner as well as that with
friends and family members may suffer. These family members or
friends may provide meaningful views and suggestions that may cause
further distress. Therefore, couples with infertility problems may reduce
social interaction, especially with pregnant women and friends who have
children .
 SOCIAL IMPACT
Emotions, thoughts, and beliefs of infertile couples frequently
change as one consequence of infertility diagnosis. Infertility also
affects marriage life adversely. For infertile couples, stress
sources may originate from personal, societal, and marital life.
Couples have even gone to the extent of defining their infertility
experience as “the most distressing life event,”.
Individuals diagnosed with infertility are forced to counteract a
condition not solvable with the available coping strategies. In
stress management while dealing with infertile couples, personal
capacity, past experiences, and support from immediate social
circle are very critical. The first step for infertile couples to reduce
stress is to understand that what they are feeling is completely
normal. One of the worst instigators of stress is uncertainty about
the future.
INFERTILITY IN MALES
The main cause of male infertility is low semen quality. In men
who have the necessary reproductive organs
to procreate, infertility can be caused by low sperm count due to
endocrine problems, drugs, radiation, or infection. There may be
testicular malformations, hormone imbalance, or blockage of the
man's duct system. Although many of these can be treated
through surgery or hormonal substitutions, some may be
indefinite. Infertility associated with viable, but immotile sperm
may be caused by primary ciliay dyskinesia.

INFERTILITY IN FEMALES
Infertility means not being able to get pregnant after at least one
year of trying (or 6 months if the woman is over age 35). If a woman
keeps having miscarriages, it is also called infertility. Female
infertility can result from age, physical problems, hormone problem
and lifestyle or environmental factors.
 COMMON CAUSES OF INFERTILITY IN FEMALE

Ovulation problems (e.g. polycystic ovarian syndrome,

PCOS, the leading reason why women present to fertility clinics
due to an ovulatory infertility)

• Tubal blockage

• Pelvic inflammatory disease caused by infections like

tuberculosis

• Age-related factors

• Uterine problems

• Previous tubal ligation

.Endometriosis
 TREATMENT
Treatment depends on the cause of infertility, but may include
counseling, fertility treatments, which include in vitro fertilization.
According to ESHRE recommendations, couples with an
estimated live birthrate of 40% or higher per year are encouraged
to continue aiming for a spontaneous pregnancy. Treatment
methods for infertility may be grouped as medical or
complementary and alternative treatments. Some methods may
be used in concert with other methods. Drugs used for both
women and men include clomiphene citrate, human menopausal
gonadotropin (hMG), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), human
chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), gonadotropin-releasing
hormone(GnRH)analogues, aromatase inhibitors, and metformiN
MEDICAL TREATMENT
Medical treatment of infertility generally involves the use of fertility
medication, medical device, surgery, or a combination of the
following. If the sperm are of good quality and the mechanics of
the woman's reproductive structures are good (patent fallopian
tubes, no adhesions or scarring), a course of ovarian stimulating
medication maybe used. The physician or WHNP may also
suggest using a conception cap cervical cap.

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) involves the use of

medical techniques to tackle infertility. As per the WHO (World
Health Organization), infertility can be defined as the inability to
conceive after more than one year without the usage of
contraception. Infertility can be seen in both females and males.
ART includes the usage of procedures such as ICSI
(intracytoplasmic sperm injection), IVF(in vitro fertilization),
cryopreservation of embryos or gametes, use of fertility
medication and so on. It is referred to as fertility treatment when
the procedures are used to deal with infertility. Primarily, ART
addresses infertility and reproductive endocrinology. Also, ART
plays a role in surrogacy orderings.

Types of Assisted Reproductive Technology

1. In vitro fertilization (IVF) – one of the most common forms of
ART is IVF. Here fertilization occurs outside the body.
2. Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) – It involves the transfer
of sperms and eggs into the fallopian tube of a woman where
fertilization takes place.
3. Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) – also known as tubal
embryo transfer is somewhat similar to IVF wherein fertilization
takes place outside the body. The young embryo is then inserted
into the fallopian tube and not the uterus.
4. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) – this technique is
usually used for couples where the male is infertile. Sometimes it
is also used for those with failed IVF attempts
5. Artificial insemination – deliberate introduction of sperms into
the female’s cervix or uterus to achieve pregnancy without sex
 CAUSES
Sexually transmitted infections

More than 30 different bacteria, viruses and parasites are known

to be transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal
and oral sex. Some STIs can also be transmitted from mother-to-
child during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding. Eight
pathogens are linked to the greatest incidence of STIs. Of these,
4 are currently curable: syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia and
trichomoniasis. The other 4 are incurable viral infections: hepatitis
B, herpes simplex virus (HSV), HIV and human papillomavirus
(HPV).

In addition, emerging outbreaks of new infections that can be

acquired by sexual contact such as monkeypox, Shigella
sonnei, Neisseria meningitidis, Ebola and Zika, as well as re-
emergence of neglected STIs such as lymphogranuloma
venereum. These herald increasing challenges in the provision of
adequate services for STIs prevention

GENETIC CAUSES

In couples who are unable to have children, one of the main

genetic causes of infertility is chromosomal alterations, whether
numerical or structural. In addition to these chromosomal
alterations, genetic changes are sometimes detected at the DNA
level (mutations in certain genes). Single gene defects can lead to
health conditions that can cause fertility problems. These
conditions include cystic fibrosis, Tay Sachs disease, spinal
muscular atrophy, Canavan disease, sickle cell disease, and
Thalassemias.
CONCLUSION
Infertility, Inability of a couple to conceive and reproduce. It is
defined as failure to conceive after one year of regular intercourse
without contraception. Inability to conceive when desired can
result from a defect at any of the stages required for fertile. About
one in every eight couples is infertile. Most cases involve the
female partner, 30–40% involve the male, and 10% are caused by
unknown factors. In women, causes include ovulation or hormone
problems, fallopian-tube disorders, and a chemical balance that is
hostile to sperm; in men, causes include impotence, low sperm
count, and sperm abnormalities. Either partner can have a
blockage of the pathways the sperm must travel, often treatable by
surgery. Emotional factors may contribute; return of normal
fertility may require only counseling. Fertility drugs can stimulate
the release of eggs (often more than one, leading to multiple
births). Low sperm count may be overcome by limiting
intercourse to the time of ovulation, the most fertile period. If
these methods are unsuccessful, couples may try artificiaL
insemination, in vitro fertilization, or surrogate motherhood, or
they may choose adoption instead.
REFERENCE

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

www.spandidos-publications.com

www.kjkhospital.com

www.news-medical.net

en.wikipedia.org

www.brighamandwomens.org

www.britannica.com