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20l01 Disopueey f CeELLS


ArtD CELL ttoR
Pobet
The tem ColooS Cbince o Pakpot hovle in

665 UD hi he was obsenenq a -Hun laupr Of


Core Oich Shoos empty Cham bors linac
u c e oall Mavunqqn Uran@ment SMlar +o a

ramed tts Chambers culls


ony Com
horey tle
he
Celluar means litte rooms n
lath) hough
he coulc not study e
Counedte ferm Cell
naeture Calls
lntermal nauture Can ol dunamic f
0bson inq clead or
ompty cells
Cs w oas

h functwn Q t cell as a 0bol (s deponde


Sub-Calluler
O atncton Cf tEe
Orq anells

bctc tungs a lw'ing Oransnm must posseSs


S e e nouhshmuit

Grouotth
-Dyfeerincaton rQbilty or o cel or Ogru'sm to
Mature ancl havo Specrrc functeona

tvoltio for a
tuiq t be Calocl wn t
Wust quehe l t t o evswe
C o l s cae clasirteel Logocd On Sctural ond

PHysToloteal Compbxit ct s clwid nto


Pocu0les Cukaystes

Pocay otesthe lacc ne Geal membant


O enclosecd Orqanells heu Cuc Primtbe, Untul

and not dwolopod are cluyided into th0o


domainBicteit, CArchae
&es Nucleoclo anl ntte Oucleus

ukiy tras r1e ae


boundleelompx md muti cell
hav Col membrane Lt 9 eXamp lusiel
y fng
avd lace ASS
SS
raw Stucture
f Rty pical eukay0tes as
o

haulgut egak fue soma f t e funotois


OrcanalLS

Vieus
VIcto

O uICOO76leCulos
6loula0a COSlauPriert NAR ROtHIRBeAles tule
Con also cn ouon aS Stntcthu rvd hou
tt betng atranged
CArBO tt PATes
(he ae Smple ucleks er Carbon
Bomoualrs aue Clascined as Carktherate ptcrg
Cnc upid N.(he Sunplost of al
asbohudraes

Qldose Sugar (LOhan -+EL akemu


9rcup cs fawid at

H-C -OH tül encd)

HO C- H keto Se Suaar t e Carksnyl qe


S-fond at ay Po(t
H-C-ot
a keSe Sur)
H-CoOH

qlucase Cadelose SLg

Cta0H
0
H0- H
H-C 0H
H- OH
uctose (Ketose Sqar)
uctose 1s alocaS qketose SuI
OH

-otl

Cptt
Srtose(Rukos suga t hes a
the ctt af & rrqut
RAd

Projeet aStaiqt Chain stm S Knoun ag


iSchor preeChwn

POectu0n t a CuClit Ov na fM knoon as

Haruoarth poleetn
H
CHhot

f-C -OH
Ho-C - H
HH
Ott
tf-C -Ot
OH

-COtt ot
H
CHot Harworh Pmect
isor Projecho
Spatta (Miwar-Image)
H
=
H-C-ObH
Ho-C -H Otl

H -C -OH

H--DH
thot
CHoH L- Glucose
- Guose
-tl

Ho-c-H
--ot

+o-C-H
HO 6
t,ott
-G LBcoSe
PLmerS lt®ratzon Uf lolcole
t t t

do- C- tt
H-C-ot

lo-C I 4
o C-H
H C Ot
C H- C-0H
H-C-Dt arton n{D.

cot -Manno (ePirs of gucs


OS t

H-C Ott
H-C
H o - - t

t-COH
Ho - H
H- C'- ott
H- C - o f

CHot CthoH

-Allose Cdo,3) Galactose arebn Na


hese all
are
D-ugars
Sumplost Pencesegar rbose
C0H HOC-H
tlC-o H -C-OH

H-C-OH ff--ot

CHot CHhot
Pubese D-Arabinose Cavon o.a)
H

C-DH
H- CDH

H-C-OH
Ho-C-H
tto-C-H
t--0DH
CHoH
ttoot
Xiylosse D-Lyxose
k avm ndo, 3) CCarkon o, +)
tH2ott
lCa oth prosertrntwn
Anomes

pH bt
bH

X-D-guccyranose

CHiaot
ot

OH

--qucose
(3 Carbn atom) Caxn qt
qucoSe>Pynuate hcetua o-engyme
-TCA Gacarosculic Qctal)

CtLot CtOH Ctioót

ot/cH2ot

OH Of
-Ductofurcmese -DDrnuchtucn
Protatns
actdc
Potetns Ctre polumess f Cmno
.Ppticlo onpl
osag S e Condlenseto Of 40abone
Gbonn
Ooup and amno voup

-C-C

Ccoanseton flge Mc AtrOAO


Artoms mouaule-mor moueules-> c l l s >
hssu0rganS-Susten Ogansmn
Bloel s caltela hssue kaause & o t n
ManA Calls o ita kocd all, Rad leocl cell e )

boaonests Orgcutsatan of lfe om non-ltwnq


CeLLuLAOLAP Hasrriutt s apoct-ss of Sepeat
lular Component t S Procoss Calud
CEHTRIFuGAon t t Seconc Step
hefrsr Slep af Couler fraqmeatatovi S
Cell distapstuor and hoemeegrton homoqenisckea
C a l ic Soluwle Octer anel also ol and
UUS has lupicls. ftat s (ohy daterecrts ara

LSeel fo Cell clus frupt esn.


Cellular respreton a t6e ugo er Oxygow

byeacctounn CluCoS to tLbase Cner

MrEkanah Glen

At /a0a2 PttHsict fouNoAG


Sutem- Moter fownol o c t n a reqwn n tems o

Onorqy anse
ttecde m obUexpue Lottun 3-Gmant

Lwrqorn tm aOpen 8 e
Crdos R enorgy S C n o g R a t allo0S a

Suem dlo 0o

Phucica unelatom
Hwing Orqaniems 0r colls raequre cn mpit qf gen
Hung
Cnorgy for fbem to cafvu Ctt feev bastc fanctons

TD Sfau alwe and repocluce 1Cem selves

Ce f gocl of Luchomtstry to rdirtend


n Cuantitttue anc CthemTed terms ta mea
ashida enez ectracteel, (hannglle ard
Censumoel Lvnq Celus,the cmOunt f uo
Cnd homeqwbin f examde, uee Smeny Cle
Loltcules eMOin near4 Constant becans
beaug
-ee rde of SytteSiS or tntare of each Dp tte

Mola.cule balances ee rete of ts braactken


Consmpt or Convossun nto otr apics prodio
NoR ta Constana Con@ntrcton is reut
C clunamic Stady State, Mattining thus
Strte aquues ConSturt (nvestmett Qf enarqy
Tn Stidg energy Scaerfsts uSeel te
m Stom to reer tot¬ matter Cnel its
Churonmet nuswed in enerau tran e,Evecytt
Octstaetee Sam t` Caleo¬e Surounclunq A
t e n aso Can ke vieed as euonHeing uovttin
a dofinocd rOqLoo Capb,fer a hamil rRactoi

Soeton, Aem efers to atl te rectat_and


rocluct prosert) [he Soluert Rat Cottans tfom
oslC Mmeolcrte (ctmosplere
ncro r tErec tipes of Syotens
open e
dbsed Sstem
solataol Sustem
Sustem hu uS
oftnoo as a y4en whrcu
Can erechanq lste mocttes anol enerqy octe
e &uTOun cdinq
(Closeel Sustemuus & a ysten unore On
Cnequ Can be exchanqeel att not matter

beaus Mafter ConttanS Pritielo3 eohich Canrt


Crossta bounelA f e SusAem
(Solatael tam (hs Stom ttat cannet
a

ecchang ectter Matter nor Eres wltt t

Sumdundtq
LwmG Ct LLS As
OpEN SSTEMS
boloqical qanisms are Op S stemS as tt
Censue en@rqu Soriq o1olecules and releaS
eneau to He environmet o dona orc 7ua
Cuanqe bota mectler and eesqu c t C SmOCt ri=

wi
hunn OganisnS love encseyam Aunaunctus

Uee tae up Cuomicel fuels suc as


lucose
fom tte enuronmet anel extrzct eCy b
Oxcudizinqtten
G L s o v erq m uraiqkt.

Sctns Can bc thaugt af havinq aCor


Or
amoust Qf orclor So it k s enesgy to hak

orloreed: (ho more Ordord


a System mOre

LS lower t s 0 rcdp
Ctropy , So ctP
SAcn
S t e moasure Of tte dlgorelor o f a Sste

As
As Suscm lbecomoS more cdlisorolere 1e
Loiser ds nto p
n e r a n d tta h g e r c_Etop

T e dedanc For a ChemiTalreatacn t


Proceoe tooare(s equilbuen Can keecpragse
as t e freo ndrqu CAenge(A G) cohth has
too Componoat @rthalpu Cuanqe A ) anc
entropu
entrop ChanqeAS) Hus vanalle re
relateol y +e equaton AG = Dt-TDs
ere T: Constant emperattre
NTHHLPy
ealpy &aHtermocdunanitc quantit equvalet
t tota hecct Cettert ef a gsle tu
equal to the tnternedl energy Of a esten
pus46Pocbct OPressure anc i/olima
At E + PN
where AHEChange n enttbolpy
E ttal cternal lnergy
=

PpresSura
= VOumLo
ENTROP
of te Level
Of dusorder a tRermoclunamic SstemIt
measund n Joules per kaluin anel clonote lo
Hte SmLsl (s) f r aSportaenous proges
shoulol lncrcase.
entopu Of tt SySten
ntopy & Calaulataa n temS ef Change as weu
Qncl clsnäcl uoctt tk flos vnq Fbmular
here As=change n
epy
Da Canae in cquantt
Of heat ate Sy
temperatur
GBes tREE ErtEPGy (G
his s +t enaeu aual-lóle n a Susten t
do uspul uoore lua quLlo's fre enwe f
aSystem at a momett fun cs depnool
as H ethal py of a Sem mnus H pcludl

GHTS eohese Gfrec enegy


tt rttalpy
TTempescfise

tpy
hc Change n te qub's f rt
Q S9en t t Occus Cdur ma a reactio
tercore equal to a Change th 4
ertbolp
Ertbalp
S u e e m minuLS e Change (n fG PY
prel
empcrecture ancl entrop Of te s
DG=Dtl - ATS Lfte reactao Cu

at ce
Comstrnt ttmperatir Ris equaton
bwttea as o(LouOS DG t-TDs
hen BG r t acton s
negthve tt
(CacttO (stXERGONIC and endst qe
Houoares Completon
ken ÁG C poctwo reacthai s
tleeGoNe
Cn tenels to go n C OVe Se elurecto

xeras
A Certaun reactan haS AH=+23.1ki encl
Ds -5a 4 K Calc tte OG for 4fa rexin
t9EK TS tta reacton SPortaqenvuS nd
standarel Concleto nS
Souctuo
AGDtt -ATS
t t8.7K DT298, Bs-52 4j
SG43:9-298y C- 52K
5591 5

i/2l2022 EKO THERc AnND tNOTttRr PACTONS


AU Clomical prücesEeS Are aCmpantec o ene
Cbenge s whon a reacton proceods t ecttor (eleases

oratD o abSurlos @qy vm ts surourdinge


Intormocdy namCSfo toð ses Of rmactor Qe
elassuèd as ecOttemic or endottermic CopeCtwely
to s oay to rememlo fe derence betcen
uo uo0 p e f reacton ( u ter Profoces
c o avt ENDO) -Cco means to aue off uhila
trdo means to dra in or taee in n tus read

e Concept ef ertalpy
Exo THEerit REACTONS
Vioce are reactoris 0r Procoso S t e t release taery

USUalla tte fom of hestt or ligict.In an


CCottesmic ycacthon erqyS released Lecmuge
Ta total enoegy 4e pocbct
l SS -tan
to total eesgy af fto veactank, for tus reapoy
arexotiermc
ho change n ettatpy DHJ
eachon tal aluue be roqatwe

lo h Presere Qf Occter h Sto add


dissoccke quicc anc reloaSe heat So i

C eOttLomtc aC{On

Ve
DHHp-tr CtD

Peacton Pat
tKO Ttenmc RCATw

EANO THEertuc REACTIOa


n an Onclotbasmc reactn tta proeleict ar
higt n erorgyton t+& eactante .Ende tRomeE
reactene are tterefore reactois tstt nequr
external encgy Usually t tea form o beat
te reacton to pocoec- in endottaswte
eactong draus n fsm Surounolugs e y tesl
Causo Aha envooeat to Cool clouon. Jhe
re alco qeneral Don-spotanetus Su
ndoRarmtc reactms ueld procuct t a t coe

ig enesoy an #e q reactant aS Such


fte CCange nectepl ftr an elottormtc
Yacte S culuaug posttuwe 2Canpl n ottor
- mett qn ceCuloe hect requtred so 4e
PDcesS IS endottermic

c4D
DH H r - t r = tV

REACTON PATH
tNDO TEEPrUC REAETIM

klheteas a reacto & ndottomic rerottarmt cc

copeds on 46 lrecten c t tt is goaSon


reactonc0 Ce reversilla, and Mon ceu eUest tt

bace to reactart te Clange n entta


poduct
tS OppoCite
LS OPP Prect

eboendo- CtD
AfB
Prod
HYSiCAl AD Cttuch PopceTCS lip
klete
klate ac a very Sumplo (Orvc structurg
Sticfue Censist C too ydrogRa atom bondad t.

O Ogen atom he nahre of toric


teo toic

navo Uhig
Wate Cauos tts molo Culas {o
elctnchemrcal opestés The hudngen Sd qp 4to
cter motacule has a Slat postoa Charna
On + ot¬er sca of H 0Molaculo c hegatwe

exust, tas molucular polartty Cuses


Cauas
Chara
Charq
LOcter to loe a potoastul Slent and rponsi
for cts tvonq Surfece tentoh

tt

The resultua polat Cages Causes molauks


octtesto e atbactecl to Cac otter fomug

Song nolooular konde. bhan, tectter malces e


y sical phase change its Mocules arrange
Lengaves in Custucty derent patlern Th
Pecttenaen lo rcler han ct frogen
ts Vouns to excpano Cno ets denot to
clecreage tcpansuSn Of wter ateezng cio
Ce to loct onto of Lquid utter.

Solid octter motcules are


MOved toqcttor

tud wcctor (Semi Ordltred )

Vapaurzed uwater J
Rancdem mJlucula StuC

PtHYSICAL peopeares OF KATER


Olater es gh SpeFiC hoetie amcunt o O
2qured fo (anae temperature ar c suLstan Bea«
cter ha a hg Spedpt lpat tt can qsdr

get a e amount 9f heat energy befere t a

begn t get hot I t atso mean9 t wcder


releases oa egy súosl when Stluatuo
useS dt ool
(lates a pure Strcke has a nrtral PH as o
result pure weeter t nettor aGede or b
l a t e s Conduct heat more caca easiu t
Co uguid ercopt Macur
elater exist s a uquid (ver Cin Inpo rtail
ng op tepccrture fr O-(00 h renge
Wboos (ectes to rera CS alqud (n Mbpt

Places Qp te ecrth
Lqud oater a(verse Sd vert t u ab
sdiccolwe a laraamoudt ef clfpo&ent Chomeal
Compounds-us fatura also Onclo CEcter fo
nutiert
Car Stluet tn runIn fltratn, a0 une
-Off
UCter Ploto and Lwtnq Orcanism
dater hag a ugh Suraca tensio Ottar
0Oovdls Wceter s adlesve ancl elastie ard
Fends to agqeqete tn drops reor &qn PYay
Cut ac alm
datcer e Only SubStant on earth flat ecust
all ares physical Stete of nmatter
&ha frec3ig Gr octer CRUScs tt o expa
ohen ORder freees tt
expancs pudly adl
abot 9 Voum Soma fresh edes
has MAcumum donSttu cot amund t at
L e on ub tance Gat doag Atu

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