03-A Static Characteristics

TF – 3102 METODA PENGUKURAN
03. CHARACTERISTICS OF
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
(static)
Deddy KURNIADI
Engineering Physics Program
Institut Teknologi Bandung
CHARACTERISTICS OF
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
▪ Static Characteristics
▪ Dynamic Characteristics
TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 1

STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
▪ Characteristics of measurement system
associated with a given constant input, and
observed after a steady-state condition is
achieved
▪ Systematic Characteristics
▪ Statistical Characteristics
▪ Identification of Static Characteristics

SYSTEMATIC
CHARACTERISTICS

SYSTEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS
▪ Systematic characteristics are those that can be
exactly quantified by mathematical or graphical
means.
▪ RANGE
▪ SPAN
▪ LINEARITY
▪ NON-LINEARITY
▪ SENSITIVITY
▪ ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
▪ HYSTERESIS
▪ RESOLUTION
▪ WEAR & AGING
▪ ERROR BANDS

RANGE range = interval
▪ Input Range
▪ The input range of an element is specified by the minimum and
maximum values of Input, i.e. IMIN to IMAX
▪ Ex.: : Input Range of a pressure transducer 0 s/d 104 Pa
▪ Output Range
▪ The output range is specified by the minimum and maximum values
of Output , i.e. O to O
MIN MAX
▪ Ex.: Output Range of a pressure transmitter 4 s/d 20 mA
Range Input : 0 s/d 104 Pa

Range Output : 4 s/d 20 mA

span = angka = max - min
SPAN
▪ The maximum variation in input or output of a
measurement system
▪ Input Span = Inputmax – Inputmin
▪ Output Span = Outputmax – Outputmin
▪ Example
▪ A Pressure Transmitter has span as follows
▪ Input Span = 104 Pa
▪ Output Span = 16 mA
Input span : 104 Pa

Output span : 16 mA

linearitas
LINEARITY
▪ An element is said to be linear if corresponding
values of Input and Output lie on a straight line.
▪ Output of a linear system as follows

NON-LINEARITY
▪ An element is said to be non-linear if corresponding
values of Input and Output does not lie on a straight
line
▪ Ex. : linear and non-linear curves :

▪ In many cases Output O(I) can be expressed as a polynomial in
Input In :
sering diabaikan
▪ Ex.: The output of a thermocouple of copper-constantan (type T),

is expressed in the following polynomial ,
▪ For range of 0 to 400 oC, the output voltage E(T=0) = 0 μV &

E(T=400oC) = 20869 μV. The linear equation in this range,
▪ The non linear correction function is :

EXAMPLES
A differential pressure transmitter has an input range of 0 to

2 × 104 Pa and an output range of 4 to 20 mA.
Find the equation to the ideal straight line ?
A non-linear temperature sensor has an input range of 0 to

400 °C and an output range of 0 to 20 mV. The output signal
span output
at 100 °C is 4.5 mV.
Find the non-linearity at 100 °C in millivolts and as a
percentage of span ?

SENSITIVITY
▪ The ratio of output change and the input change
▪ Sensitivity of Thermocouple (Copper-Constantant) :

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
▪ In general, the output of measurement system depends not
only on the signal input but on environmental inputs such as
ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative
humidity, supply voltage, etc.
▪ Two main types of environmental input

▪ Modifying Input merubah parameter dari alat ukur
▪ This input causes the linear sensitivity of an element to change
▪ Interfering Input
▪ This input causes the straight line intercept or zero bias to
change

Environmental Effects
gradien berubah = modifying input

HYSTERESIS
▪ For a given value of Input, the Output may be different
depending on whether Input is increasing or decreasing.
▪ Hysteresis is the difference between these two values of
Output
output
disini
jika input
disini

RESOLUTION
▪ the largest change in Input that can occur without
any corresponding change in Output.

WEAR & AGING
▪ These effects can cause the characteristics of an element, e.g.
K and a, to change slowly but systematically throughout its
life.
ERROR BANDS
▪ Non-linearity, hysteresis and resolution effects in many
modern sensors and transducers are so small that it is difficult
and not worthwhile to exactly quantify each individual effect.
▪ The performance of a system is described in error bands and in
the probability density function

ERROR BANDS (pita error)

GENERAL MODEL OF MEASUREMENT
yang ideal
modifying interfering
merubah bias
I
bias

Strain Gauge
▪ R = 100 Ohm ; Gauge Factor = 2,0
▪ Dynamic effect and non-linearity are neglected
▪ The resistance of the gauge is affected by ambient temperature as well as
strain
▪ The temperature acts as both a modifying and an interfering input, i.e. it
affects both gauge sensitivity and resistance at zero strain.
berlaku sebagai modifying & interfering
KM

▪ Model of thermocouple Copper – Constantant
karakteristik sistematik adalah komponen dari pembentuk alat itu sendiri

CONTOH

STATISTICAL
CHARACTERISTICS

STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Repeated measurement :
Repeatability
▪ The ability of measurement system to give the similar output
for a repetitive input
random effect on measurement system and environment
Lack of Repeatability
The common cause of lack of repeatability on the output, is
the fluctuative and random environment input IM & II

▪ OBSERVATION
▪ Measurement of an individual variable
▪ SAMPLE
▪ Overall results of observation
▪ AVERAGE
▪ The total value of all samples are divided by the number of samples
▪ ABSOLUTE AVERAGE DEVIATION :

▪ STANDARD DEVIATION
▪ Variability of a sample
▪ Note :
▪ To obtain a reliable estimation of σ, at least 20 data are
needed
▪ for a small number of data, unbiased or sample standard
deviation is defined by the following equation :

▪ Example : The following readings are taken of a certain physical length.
Compute the mean reading, standard deviation, variance and average of
the absolute value of the deviation using the ‘biased’ basis
Reading X, cm The mean value is given by :

1 5.30
2 5.73
3 6.77
4 5.26
5 4.33
6 5.45
7 6.09
8 5.64
9 5.81
10 5.75

▪ Probability or Variability of a measurement output (x) is the
distribution of measurement data to the central value (mean)
or average
number of data
▪ Error 3σ is called as a limit error

▪ Error 0,68σ is called the probable error, with 50% confidence
level
▪ Deviation of output from its average caused by environmental
inputs :
Standard Deviation :
Mean value of output for a single element :
Probability density function :

▪ Accuracy & Precision
akurasi
akurasi

▪ Accuracy & Precision

ACCURACY
▪ The Accuracy indicates the deviation of the reading from a known input,
and usually expressed as a percentage of full scale reading.
▪ Ex. : A 100 kPa pressure gage having an accuracy of 1% would be accurate
within ± 1 kPa over the entire range of the gage
PRECISION
▪ The precision indicates its ability to reproduce a certain reading with a
given accuracy

IDENTIFICATION OF
STATIC
CHARACTERISTICS

CALIBRATION
membandingkan nilai pengukuran dari suatu alat yang sedang
Principle of Calibration diuji dengan standar kalibrasi tertentu dimana akurasi diketahui
▪ The static characteristics of an instrument can be found

experimentally by measuring corresponding values of the
input I, the output O and the environmental inputs IM and II,
when I is either at a constant value or changing slowly.
contoh akurasi: 1%
lalu harus dibandingkan dengan akurasi 0.01%
ketelitian & akurasi tinggi
calibration
belum tentu sama

CALIBRATION
▪ Why calibration ▪ Concept of Traceability Ladder
Note :
Review for a measurement system

CALIBRATION
▪ Ex.: Calibration for unit of length
BIPM
▪ International Bureau of
Weights and Measures
NPL
▪ National Physical
Laboratory
BCS
▪ British Calibration
Service

CALIBRATION
Definition of MEASUREMENT STANDARD
▪ Standard of Measurement is all tools, artifacts,
procedures, instruments, systems, protocols or processes
used to define or realization of units of measurement
which has higher level of accuracy
▪ Standard of Measurement is the physical manifestation

of a unit of measurement with a value set to be used in
the calibration process. Generally only applies to a
particular environmental condition
▪ Standars of Measurement is an instrument with a known

quantity or dimension of which can be compared with
other measuring instrument.

CALIBRATOR
▪ Calibrator is a device used to ■ Simulators and Signal
calibrate an instrument. References
▪ Ex.: Block Calibrators ▪ To produce a reference
▪ Block Calibrators is a device used electrical signal
to calibrate the temperature
▪ Voltage
probe. It consists of a block of
metal that can be heated with ▪ Current
precision temperature. ▪ Frequency
Temperature probe placed in the
block and the results compared
with the temperature probe
measurements of temperature
controlled block

KALIBRATOR
▪ Pressure Calibrator
▪ This device is a pressure
measuring instrument
calibrator based on the
principle of elements of liquid
column
Dead weight Tester

CALIBRATOR
▪ Mass Calibrator ▪ Primary Kilogram P1
New Zealand primary standard of
mass (called P1) is a stainless steel
weight, nominally (but not exactly) of
mass 1 kilogram.
▪ Every 5 years a kilogram weight is
sent to BIPM for calibration, and
when this returns it is weighed
against P1, thus ensuring traceability
of the mass of P1 to the International
Prototype Kilogram (IPK).
▪ The mass of P1 has proven to be
stable to within 5 parts in 100 million
since its commissioning in 1956.
▪ The stability of the mass of this
weight is monitored between
calibrations by regular weighing
against two other "primary"
kilograms and by weighing against
mass standards of other countries.
CALIBRATION WITH CONSTANT INPUT
Ex. 1 : Calibration of Pressure Gage
▪ Find the instrument parameter with constant input
No Output (kPa) No Output (kPa)
1 10,02 11 10,05
True value :
2 10,20 12 10,17
= 10,000 ± 0,001 kPa
3 10,26 13 10,42
Ambient temperature 4 10,20 14 10,21
= 20 ± 1 oC 5 10,22 15 10,23
6 10,13 16 10,11
7 9,97 17 9,98
8 10,12 18 10,10
9 10,09 19 10,04
10 9,90 20 9,81

Average value
Standard Deviation :
Normalized Data
Normalization is performed to find the

probability of measurement data
before normalization
▪ Distribution Function
Probability Cumulative Probability

▪ Normalization
▪ z = 0 and scale of z is
dimensionless
▪ Normal distribution curve
is valid for all data 🡪 set
the normal distribution
table f(z) and F(z)
▪ F(z) describes the
probability and the data is
in the range of
–z to +z

Result of Ex. 1 :
▪ Calibration result of Pressure
Gage
▪ Average (mean) = 10,11 kPa
▪ Variance : 0,14 kPa,
▪ Confidence level of data,
▪ 9,97 to 10,25 kPa : confidence Pressure-gage
■ Mean = 10,11
level is 67% ■ Standard Deviation, σ = 0,14
▪ 9,83 to 10,39 kPa : confidence ■ True Value, xo = 10,00
level is 95% ■ Precision = 3 σ = 3 x 0,14 = 0,42
■ Relative Precision = 0,42/10,11
▪ 9,69 to 10,53 kPa : confidence x100%= 4,1%
level is 99,7% ■ Bias = 10,11 – 10 = 0,11
■ Accuracy = bias + 3σ = 0,53
■ Relative Accuracy = 0,53/10 x 100% =
5,3%
■ Error = 5,3%

Normalized Distribution
▪ Accuracy, precision and error are previously
mentioned, under the assumption that the
probability function is a normal distribution function
▪ To test, the data is normally distributed or not, “a

normal test” can be performed with,
▪ Linear Test around the mean value or z = 0
▪ Chi-Square (χ2) test

▪ Linear test on Z = 0 (mean value)
F (z) : Cumulative Probability ▪ The data are arranged
from the smallest to the
biggest value
▪ F(z) or F(x) are plotted
(around z = 0)
▪ If a straight line were
obtained, and the
intersection of F(x) is
around x = 0.5, then the
distribution of data is
normal

x z F(z)
9.81 -2.14 0.05
9.9 -1.50 0.1
9.97 -1.00 0.15
9.98 -0.93 0.2
10.02 -0.64 0.25
10.04 -0.50 0.3
10.05 -0.43 0.35
10.09 -0.14 0.4
10.1 -0.07 0.45
10.11 0.00 0.5
Pada z= 0
10.12 0.07 0.55
10.13 0.14 0.6
10.17 0.43 0.65
10.2 0.64 0.7
10.2 0.64 0.75
10.21 0.71 0.8
10.22 0.79 0.85
10.23 0.86 0.9
10.26 1.07 0.95
10.42 2.21 1

CALIBRATION WITH INPUT CHANGE
Instrument Parameters with input change
▪ Sensitivity
▪ Threshold
▪ Resolution
▪ Hysteresis
▪ Offset
▪ Range

▪ To determine the instrument parameter with input change
▪ Linear input - output

output (eo) eo e i
input (ei) ei2 naik turun naik turun
0 0 -1.12 -0.69 0 0
1 1 0.21 0.42 0.21 0.42
2 4 1.18 1.65 2.36 3.3
3 9 2.09 2.48 6.27 7.44
4 16 3.33 3.62 13.32 14.48
5 25 4.5 4.71 22.5 23.55
6 36 5.26 5.87 31.56 35.22
7 49 6.59 6.89 46.13 48.23
8 64 7.73 7.92 61.84 63.36
9 81 8.68 9.1 78.12 81.9
10 100 9.8 10.2 98 102
55 385 48.25 52.17 360.3 379.9
▪ Linear equation : eo = 1.0823 ei -0,847


▪ Linear equation (increasing) : eo = 1,08236 ei – 1,025
▪ Linear equation (decreasing) : eo = 1,08227 ei – 0,669
▪ Dead space : 0,37 kPa
▪ Hysterisis:
▪ Increasing : eo = 0 🡪 ei = 0,9474
▪ Decreasing : eo = 0 🡪 ei = 0,6178
▪ Hysteresis = 0,9474 – 0,6178 = 0,33 kPa
▪ Dead space:
▪ Increasing : ei = 0 🡪 eo = -1,025
▪ Decreasing : ei = 0 🡪 eo = -0,669
▪ Dead space = -0,669 – (-1,025) = 0,37 kPa

03-A Static Characteristics

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TF – 3102 METODA PENGUKURAN

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 1

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 2

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 3

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 4

▪ Ex.: Output Range of a pressure transmitter 4 s/d 20 mA

Range Input : 0 s/d 104 Pa

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 5

Input span : 104 Pa

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 6

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 7

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 8

▪ Ex.: The output of a thermocouple of copper-constantan (type T),

▪ For range of 0 to 400 oC, the output voltage E(T=0) = 0 μV &

▪ The non linear correction function is :

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 9

A differential pressure transmitter has an input range of 0 to

A non-linear temperature sensor has an input range of 0 to

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 10

▪ Sensitivity of Thermocouple (Copper-Constantant) :

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 11

▪ Two main types of environmental input

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 12

gradien berubah = modifying input

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 13

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 14

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 15

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 16

ERROR BANDS (pita error)

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 17

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 18

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 19

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 20

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 21

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 22

random effect on measurement system and environment

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 23

▪ ABSOLUTE AVERAGE DEVIATION :

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 24

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 25

Reading X, cm The mean value is given by :

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 26

▪ Error 3σ is called as a limit error

Mean value of output for a single element :

Probability density function :

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 28

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 29

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 30

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 31

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 32

▪ The static characteristics of an instrument can be found

ketelitian & akurasi tinggi

belum tentu sama

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 33

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 34

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 35

▪ Standard of Measurement is the physical manifestation

▪ Standars of Measurement is an instrument with a known

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 36

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 37

Dead weight Tester

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 38

TF - 3102 : Static Characteristics 40