HISTORY OF PANDEMIC AND COVID VACCINATION

Anagarsidh Shikashan Prasarak Mandal’s

A.S.P.M. COLLEGE PHARMACY , SANGULWADI

Tal. Vaibhavwadi Dist. Sindhudurg

Academic year 2021-2022

HISTORY OF PANDEMIC AND COVID-19 VACCINATION

Name of Student-
Mr. Prathmesh Mukund Bondre

PRN Number-
10349320181382310020

Name of Guide-
Mr. Ajit Patil

Submitted to ASPM College of Pharmacy, Sangulwadi

Tal.Vaibhavwadi , Dist. Sindhudurg (MS)

as a part of Practice School activity

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 HISTORY OF PANDEMIC AND COVID VACCINATION

Anagarsidh Shikshan Prasarak Mandal's

ASPM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY. SANGULWADI

Tal.Vaibhavwadi , Dist. Sindhudurg (MS)

Approved by PCI- New Delhi, DTE, Govt. of Maharashtra

Affiliated to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere (MS)

Certificate

PRN No. 10349320181382310020 Date: / /2021

This is to certify that,

Shri/Kum. Prathmesh Mukund Bondre satisfactorily completed the course of study as laid down
by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere-Raigad for Practice School
Subject of Sem-VII, Year IV, B. Pharmacy during the Academic year 2021-2022 & this project
record represents the work done by Mr. Ajit Patil sir Within this Institute.

Project Guide. Principal

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Abstract

In Nowdays We are facing Covid-19 Pandemic which affects the peoples Mentals as well as
Physical health Before Pandemic there are various types of Pandemic like Ebola ,Plague,Small
pox,swine flu which affect the Living of Human beings .In this Project we Can review the All
the Pandemics till now and how it affects the day to day living by Healthfully And by
Financially.

We will also collect the responses of the people's on the Pandemic Living and Also the
Vaccination Of the Covid-19 Virus which is carried out All over the world. We will Ensure the
History of all the Pandemic diseases with their Waves And treatment and Deathrate

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Acknowledgement
Project is something which gives us significant knowledge about a particular topic. We
would like to express our sincere gratitude to our guide Mr. Ajit Patil for her constant
support, insightful comments, practical advice, helpful information and unceasing ideas, that
have helped us tremendously at all times in our research work.
We whole heartedly thank our Principal Dr. Sachin Chandavarkar for outlining us with the
sufficient amount of fixtures, which made us feasible to complete our project.
Last but not the least I would like to address Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological
University Lonere Raigad for conveying us the opportunity, which gave us modern learning
overview as we were beneficial enough to learn new conceptions

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Index

Sr.No. Topic Page No.

1. Acknowledgement 04

2. Introduction and background 06

3. Aim objective and rationale of project 09

4. Literature review:

History of pandemic 11

5.

Vaccination knowledge /experience 22

Life after the pandemic

6. Summary & Conclusion 24

7. Reference 25

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INTRODUCTION

Pandemic
A pandemic is the globally spread of a new disease. An influenza pandemic occurs when a
new influenza virus emerges and spreads around the world, and most people do not have
immunity.
Viruses that have caused past pandemics typically originated from animal influenza viruses.
Some aspects of influenza pandemics can appear similar to seasonal influenza while other
characteristics may be quite different. For example, both seasonal and pandemic influenza
can cause infections in all age groups, and most cases will result in self-limited illness in
which the person recovers fully without treatment

Figure 1: Pandemic graphic

However, typical seasonal influenza causes most of its deaths among the elderly while other
severe cases occur most commonly in people with a variety of medical conditions. By
contrast, this H1N1 pandemic caused most of its severe or fatal disease in younger people,
both those with chronic conditions as well as healthy persons, and caused many more cases
of viral pneumonia than is normally seen with seasonal influenza.
For both seasonal and pandemic influenza, the total number of people who get severely ill
can vary. However, the impact or severity tends to be higher in pandemics in part because of
the much larger number of people in the population who lack pre-existing immunity to the
new virus.
When a large portion of the population is infected, even if the proportion of those infected
that go on to develop severe disease is small, the total number of severe cases can be quite
large.For both seasonal and pandemic influenza, the highest levels of activity would be
expected to occur in the usual influenza season period for an area. (In the temperate climate
zones, this is usually the winter months, for example). But as was seen with the current H1N1
pandemic, pandemics can have unusual epidemiological patterns and large outbreaks can
occur in the summer months.

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Figure- 2 Influenza Pandemic year chart

On December 31, 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) contacted China about media
reports of a cluster of viral pneumonias in Wuhan, later attributed to a coronavirus, now
named SARS-CoV-2. By January 30, 2020, scarcely a month later, WHO declared the virus
to be a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC)—the highest alarm the
organization can sound. Thirty days more and the pandemic was well underway; the
coronavirus had spread to more than seventy countries and territories on six continents, and
there were roughly ninety thousand confirmed cases worldwide of COVID-19, the disease
caused by the coronavirus.

The COVID-19 pandemic is far from over and could yet evolve in unanticipated ways, but
one of its most important lessons is already clear: preparation and early execution are
essential in detecting, containing, and rapidly responding to and mitigating the spread of
potentially dangerous emerging infectious diseases. The ability to marshal early action
depends on nations and global institutions being prepared for the worst-case scenario of a
severe pandemic and ready to execute on that preparedness The COVID-19 pandemic is far
from over and could yet evolve in unanticipated ways, but one of its most important lessons
is already clear: preparation and early execution are essential in detecting, containing, and
rapidly responding to and mitigating the spread of potentially dangerous emerging infectious
diseases. The ability to marshal early action depends on nations and global institutions being
prepared for the worst-case scenario of a severe pandemic and ready to execute on that
preparedness before that worst-case outcome is certain.

The rapid spread of the coronavirus and its devastating death toll and economic harm have
revealed a failure of global and U.S. domestic preparedness and implementation, a lack of
cooperation and coordination across nations, a breakdown of compliance with established
norms and international agreements, and a patchwork of partial and mishandled responses.
This pandemic has demonstrated the difficulty of responding effectively to emerging
outbreaks in a context of growing geopolitical rivalry abroad and intense political
partisanship at home.

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Pandemic preparedness is a global public good. Infectious disease threats know no borders,
and dangerous pathogens that circulate unabated anywhere are a risk everywhere. As the
pandemic continues to unfold across the United States and world, the consequences of
inadequate preparation and implementation are abundantly clear. Despite decades of various
commissions highlighting the threat of global pandemics and international planning for their
inevitability, neither the United States nor the broader international system were ready to
execute those plans and respond to a severe pandemic. The result is the worst global
catastrophe since World War II.

The lessons of this pandemic could go unheeded once life returns to a semblance of normalcy
and COVID-19 ceases to menace nations around the globe. The United States and the world
risk repeating many of the same mistakes that exacerbated this crisis, most prominently the
failure to prioritize global health security, to invest in the essential domestic and international
institutions and infrastructure required to achieve it, and to act quickly in executing a
coherent response at both the national and the global level.

The goal of this report is to curtail that possibility by identifying what went wrong in the
early national and international responses to the coronavirus pandemic and by providing a
road map for the United States and the multilateral system to better prepare and execute in
future waves of the current pandemic and when the next pandemic threat inevitably emerges.
This report endeavours to preempt the next global health challenge before it becomes a
disaster.

Figure 3: -COVID-19 virus in blood

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AIM, OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE OF THE PROJECT

Aim
The aim of this project was to know about the history of pandemics in the world and the
current state of covid-19 pandemic in the countries.
Throughout our literature survey, we found that the emergence of covid-19 led to financial
loss for some people as they were not prepared. Public health actions, such as social
distancing, are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19, but they can make us feel
isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. Vaccination is the new method to
safeguard from covid-19 to some extent and was appreciated by few. Still vaccination
knowledge needs more awareness. After the pandemic, the development of a cashless
society, the increase in remote work, and the decline of brick-and-mortar retail is expected.

Objective
• To inform about some relevant evidence of pandemic effects throughout the years all over
the world

• To observe the public prospects, knowledge, attitude and practice towards current pandemic
situation through the survey questions. The questionnaire was developed based on an
extensive literature review. The questionnaire was then subjected for validation and
circulated among the general people.

• To study the internal consistency of the questions in the questionnaire and test –retest
reliability of the questionnaire based on the Cohen's kappa.

• To provide a set of standardized quantitative and qualitative assessments to harmonize data

collection efforts and facilitate comparisons of the impact of the novel coronavirus (COVID-
19).

Rationale of the project:

Reasoning for the various survey questions prepared for the project

1. Perception at the beginning:

• Public perceptions on the dissemination of sensitive healthcare data, such as pandemic
information, vary widely by survey and application.
• Survey questions were prepared to gather information about the thinking of people at the
beginning stage of covid.

2. A questionnaire on Mental health was made to assess

the:
• Positive/Negative effect of social
• Distancing on mental health.

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• Anxiety amongst people

• Consequences of the corona pandemic on people's mental life.
• Limitations due to covid-19 in the daily life.

3.Survey based a vaccination knowledge was made to assess:

• People's thoughts and Doubt about vaccination as safe method.
• To inform people about the new covid vaccines covaxin and covishield.
• To gather information on how much people have been interested in the vaccination
system.

4.Survey on Life after pandemic was made to assess :

• People's thought about the new generational shift.
• Offline to online business journey.
• People's thoughts about Digitally Restructured Education Sector.
To gather information on whether each is being adopted after the pandemic.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

1. History of pandemic
a) The Athenian Plague – 430 BC
The Plague of Athens was an epidemic that devastated the city-state of Athens in ancient
Greece during the second year (-429 CE) of the Peloponnesian War when an Athenian
victory still seemed within reach. The plague killed an estimated 75,000 to 100,000 people,
around one quarter of the population, and is believed to have entered Athens through
Piraeus, the city's port and sole source of food and supplies. Much of the eastern
Mediterranean also saw an outbreak of the disease, albeit with less impact.

Figure 4- The Athenian Plague

The plague had serious effects on Athens' society, resulting in a lack of adherence to laws
and religious belief; in response laws became stricter, resulting in the punishment of non-
citizens claiming to be Athenian. Among the victims of the plague was Pericles, the leader
of Athens. The plague returned twice more, in -428 CE and in the winter of -426/-425 CE.
Some 30 pathogens have been suggested as having caused the plague.

b) The Antonine Plague 165 – 180AD

The Antonine Plague of 165 to 180 AD, also known as the Plague of Galen was an ancient
pandemic brought to the Roman Empire by troops who were returning from campaigns in
the Near East. Scholars have suspected it to have been either smallpox [1] or measles. The
plague may have claimed the life of a Roman emperor, Lucius Verus, who died in 169 and
was the co-regent of Marcus Aurelius. The two emperors had risen to the throne by virtue
of being adopted by the previous emperor, Antoninus Pius, and as a result, their family
name, Antoninus, has become associated with the pandemic.

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Figure 5 The Antonine Plague

Ancient sources agree that the plague appeared first during the Roman siege of the
Mesopotamian city Seleucia in the winter of 165–166. Ammianus Marcellinus reported that
the plague spread to Gaul and to the legions along the Rhine. Eutropius stated that a large
population died throughout the empire. According to the contemporary Roman historian
Cassius Dio, the disease broke out again nine years later in 189 AD and caused up to 2,000
deaths a day in Rome, one quarter of those who were affected. The total death count has
been estimated at 5– 10 million and the disease killed as much as one third of the population
in some areas and devastated the Roman army.[9]

The Plague of Justinian is the first and the best-known outbreak of the first plague pandemic,
which continued to recur until the middle of the 8th century. Some historians believe the
first plague pandemic was one of the deadliest pandemics in history, resulting in the deaths
of an estimated 15–100 million people during two centuries of recurrence, a death toll
equivalent to 25–60% of Europe's population at the time of the first outbreak. The plague's
social and cultural impact has been compared to that of the Black Death (the second plague
pandemic) that devastated Eurasia in the 14th century. Research published in 2019 argued
that the two-hundredyear-long pandemic's death toll and social effects have been
exaggerated, comparing it to the modern third plague pandemic (1855–1960s).

c) The Black Death – 1334

The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in
the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia, and peaking in Eurasia from
1321 to 1353. Its migration followed the sea and land trading routes of the medieval world.
This migration has been studied for centuries as an example of how the spread of contagious
diseases is impacted by human society and economics

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Figure 7 The Black Death

Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis, and is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of
ground rodents in Central Asia. The plague bacillus evolved more than 2000 years ago near
China, specifically in the Tian Shan mountains on the border between modern - immediate
origins of the Black Death are more uncertain. The pandemic has often been assumed to
have started in China, but other theories place the first cases in the steppes of Central Asia
Historians Michael W. Dols and Ole Benedictow argue that the historical evidence
concerning epidemics in the Mediterranean and specifically the Plague of Justinian point to
a probability that the Black Death originated in Central Asia, where it then became
entrenched among the rodent population. Nevertheless, from Central Asia it was carried east
and west along the Silk Road, by Mongol armies and traders making use of the opportunities
of free passage within the Mongol Empire offered by the Pax Mongolica. It was reportedly
first introduced to Europe at the trading city of Caffa in the Crimea in 1347. The Genoese
traders fled, bringing the plague by ship into Sicily and Southern Europe, whence it spread.

d) Small pox -1972 in early 1972, a 38-year-old Kosovo Albanian Muslim clergyman
named Ibrahim Hoti, from Damnjane near Đakovica, Kosovo, undertook the Hajj. He
visited holy sites in Iraq, where cases of smallpox were known. He returned home on
February 15. The following morning he suffered aches and was tired, but attributed this to
the long bus journey. Hoti soon realized he had an infection, but, after feeling feverish for a
couple of days and developing a rash, he recovered – probably because he had been
vaccinated two months earlier.

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Figure 10-Small Pox 1972 patient

On March 3, Latif Mumdžić, a thirty-year-old teacher, who had just arrived in Đakovica to
attend school, fell ill. He had no known direct contact with Hoti. He may have been infected
by one of the clergyman’s friends or relatives who visited during his illness, or simply by
passing the clergyman in the street. When Mumdžić visited the local medical center two
days later, doctors attempted to treat his fever with penicillin (smallpox is a virus, so this
was ineffective). His condition did not improve, and after a couple of days, his brother took
him to the hospital in Čačak, 150 km to the north in Serbia. The doctors there could not help
him, so he was transferred by ambulance to the central hospital in Belgrade. On March 9,
Mumdžić was shown to medical students and staff as a case of an atypical reaction to
penicillin, which was a plausible explanation for his condition. On the following day,
Mumdžić suffered massive internal bleeding and, despite efforts to save his life, died that
evening. The cause of death was listed as “reaction to penicillin”. In fact, he had contracted
black pox, a highly contagious form of smallpox. Before his death, Mumdžić directly
infected 38 people (including nine doctors and nurses), eight of whom died. A few days after
Mumdžić’s death, 140 smallpox cases erupted across Kosovo province.

e) HIV 1981
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic has had a substantial impact on
the health and economy of many nations. Since the first AIDS cases were reported in the
United States in June 1981, the number of cases and deaths among persons with AIDS
increased rapidly during the 1980s followed by substantial declines in new cases and deaths
in the late 1990s. This report describes the changes in the characteristics of persons with
AIDS since 1981. The greatest impact of the epidemic is among men who have sex with
men (MSM) and among racial/ethnic minorities, with increases in the number of cases
among women and of cases attributed to heterosexual transmission. The number of persons
living with AIDS has increased as deaths have declined. Controlling the epidemic requires
sustained prevention programs in all of these affected communities, particularly programs
targeting MSM, women, and injection drug users. CDC analyzed reported AIDS cases from
1981 through 2000 from the 50 states, District of

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Columbia, and U.S. territories. Proportions by sex, age, race/ethnicity, region, and vital
status (living or deceased) were computed over four time periods corresponding to changes
in the
AIDS case definition and the introduction of effective combination anti retroviral therapy
(Table 1). Trends in estimated AIDS diagnoses and deaths of persons with AIDS were
adjusted for reporting delays based on the number of cases reported to CDC through June
2000, and for anticipated reclassification of cases originally reported without human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection risk information. Estimated AIDS prevalence was
calculated as the cumulative incidence of AIDS minus cumulative deaths adjusted for
reporting delays.

f) SARS 2003
The 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) shocked the world as it
spread swiftly from continent to continent, resulting in >8,000 infections, with
approximately 10% mortality, and a devastating effect on local and regional economies.
Three laboratories—one each in Hong Kong, Germany, and the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, USA—nearly simultaneously isolated an
apparently new coronavirus as the cause of SARS. Through traditional virus isolation and
molecular techniques, CDC’s team recovered the virus from specimens and characterized it
as a novel coronavirus. Specific nucleotide sequences of the new virus were identified in
specimens from SARS patients, and an immune response to the agent was demonstrated in
patients’ sera.

Figure 12 SARS 2003 virus

The potential for global spread of SARS was quickly recognized by the World Health
Organization (WHO). The Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network was activated to
help identify and deploy volunteers from around the world to assist the most severely
affected nations, and WHO rapidly issued several recommendations to help nations control
outbreaks and prevent spread.
Hong Kong was among the first cities affected by SARS, and its healthcare community
suffered greatly from the disease. Some lessons from their experiences included recognition
of the value of real-time information in a rapidly progressing epidemic with a large number

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of cases and the need for frequent patient updates, challenges of national efforts to maintain
entry and exit health screening among international travelers, and implementation of home
quarantine as an effective tool to interrupt SARS transmission.
In Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the public health department had responsibility for SARS
surveillance and case reporting, investigation and management of possible cases,
identification and quarantine of contacts, health risk assessment, and communications, and
they were a liaison with hospitals regarding infection control. These were massive
responsibilities. Serious practical and legal challenges were encountered as the department
successfully implemented quarantine measures for the first time in more than half a century.
Daunting challenges were also overcome in disease surveillance and reporting; meeting the
needs for accurate, timely information and guidance; and implementing effective infection
control practices in healthcare facilities. One of the most important lessons was an
awareness of the psychosocial problems among healthcare workers directly involved in
facing SARS.

g) Swine Flu (H1N1)- 2009

Swine flu is an infection caused by a virus. Swine flu is also known as swine influenza, hog
flu and pig flu. In 2009 the media labelled as “swine flu” the flu caused by 2009’s new strain
of swine origin A/H1N1 pandemic virus just as it had earlier dubbed as “avian flu” flu
caused by the recent Asian linage HPAI (High Pathogenic Avian Influenza) H5N1 strain
that is still endemic in many wild bird species in several countries.

Figure 13.1 Swine Flu detail

Swine influenza is an infection by any one of several types of swine influenza virus. Swine
influenza virus (SIV) or S-OIV (swine origin influenza virus) is any strain of the influenza
family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. As of 2009, the known SIV strains include
influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, H3N2, and
H2N3.Swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide.

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Figure 13.2 Swine Flu pandemic reports based on WHO

The mechanisms by which avian virus’s cross species barriers to infect humans or other
mammals, either causing dead-end infections or leading to subsequent human-to-human
transmission, are unknown. Moreover, the properties of influenza viruses that have the
greatest medical and public health relevance, such as human infectivity, transmissibility, and
pathogenicity, appear to be complex and polygenic and are poorly understood. Every
influenza A virus has a gene coding for 1 of 16 possible hemagglutinin (HA) surface
proteins and another gene coding for 1 of 9 possible neuraminidase (NA) surface proteins.
These two proteins (facilitating viral attachment and release, respectively) not only are
critical for the infection of susceptible cells of a host but also elicit immune responses that
prevent infection or independently reduce viral replication, respectively. Of the 144 total
combinatorial possibilities, only three HAs and two NAs, in only 3 combinations (H1N1,
H2N2, and H3N2), have ever been found in truly human-adapted viruses — a fact that
suggests inherent limitations in host adaptation. In addition to possible constraints related to
HA or NA, viruses adapted to humans or other mammals may be constrained by a need for
all their genes to be coadapted both to the host and to each other — a requirement that seems
to be particularly difficult to fulfill. Chimeric viruses containing fewer than all eight genes
of the 1918 virus, for example, are not as pathogenic in animal models as the fully
reconstructed 1918 virus.

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Figure 13.2 Influenza deaths by Montana country, 1918-1919, rate per 1000 cases (number of
deaths)

h) EBOLA-2014
Ebola outbreak of 2014–16, also called 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa or Ebola
outbreak of 2014, outbreak of Ebola virus disease that ravaged countries in western Africa in
2014–16 and was noted for its unprecedented magnitude. By January 2016, suspected and
confirmed cases had totaled more than 28,600, and reported deaths numbered about 11,300,
making the outbreak significantly larger than all previous Ebola outbreaks combined. The
actual numbers of cases and deaths, however, were suspected to be far greater than reported
figures. The causative virus was a type of Zaire ebolavirus known as Ebola virus (EBOV)—
the deadliest of the ebolaviruses, which originally was discovered in the 1970s in central
Africa. EBOV was descended from ebolaviruses harboured by fruit bats.

Figure 14.1 Ebola virus

On March 21, 2014, the Guinea Ministry of Health reported the outbreak of an illness
characterized by fever, severe diarrhea, vomiting, and a high case-fatality rate (59%) among
49 persons. Specimens from 15 of 20 persons tested at Institut Pasteur in Lyon, France, were
positive for an Ebola virus by polymerase chain reaction. Viral sequencing identified Ebola

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virus (species Zaïre ebolavirus), one of five viruses in the genus Ebolavirus, as the cause.
Cases of
Ebola viral disease (EVD) were initially reported in three southeastern districts (Gueckedou,
Macenta, and Kissidougou) of Guinea and in the capital city of Conakry. By March 30,
cases had been reported in Foya district in neighbouring Liberia, and in May, the first cases
identified in Sierra Leone were reported. As of June 18, the outbreak was the largest EVD
outbreak ever documented, with a combined total of 528 cases (including laboratory-
confirmed, probable, and suspected cases) and 337 deaths (case-fatality rate = 64%) reported
in the three countries. The largest previous outbreak occurred in Uganda during 2000–2001,
when 425 cases were reported with 224 deaths (case-fatality rate = 53%). The current
outbreak also represents the first outbreak of EVD in West Africa (a single case caused by
Taï Forest virus was reported in Côte d'Ivoire in 1994 and marks the first time that Ebola
virus transmission has been reported in a capital city.

Figure 14.2 Ebola virus geographic distribution of outbreaks in human and animals

EVD is characterized by the sudden onset of fever and malaise, accompanied by other
nonspecific signs and symptoms such as myalgia, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea. Among
EVD patients, 30%–50% experience haemorrhagic symptoms. In severe and fatal forms,
multiorgan dysfunction, including hepatic damage, renal failure, and central nervous system
involvement occur, leading to shock and death. The first two Ebolavirus species were
initially recognized in 1976 during simultaneous outbreaks in Sudan (Sudan ebolavirus) and
Zaïre (now Democratic Republic of the Congo) (Zaïre ebolavirus). Since 1976, there have
been more than 20 EVD outbreaks across Central Africa, with the majority caused by Ebola
virus (species Zaïre ebolavirus), which historically has demonstrated the highest case-fatality
rate (up to 90%).

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i) Zika-2015
Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that was first identified in Uganda in 1947 in
monkeys. It was later identified in humans in 1952 in Uganda and the United Republic of
Tanzania. Outbreaks of Zika virus disease have been recorded in Africa, the Americas, Asia
and the Pacific. From the 1960s to 1980s, rare sporadic cases of human infections were
found across Africa and Asia, typically accompanied by mild illness.

Figure 15- Zika Virus disease symptoms

The first recorded outbreak of Zika virus disease was reported from the Island of Yap
(Federated
States of Micronesia) in 2007. This was followed by a large outbreak of Zika virus infection
in French Polynesia in 2013 and other countries and territories in the Pacific. In March 2015,
Brazil reported a large outbreak of rash illness, soon identified as Zika virus infection, and in
July 2015, found to be associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome.
In October 2015, Brazil reported an association between Zika virus infection and
microcephaly. Outbreaks and evidence of transmission soon appeared throughout the
Americas, Africa, and other regions of the world. To date, a total of 86 countries and
territories have reported evidence of mosquito-transmitted Zika infection.
Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and other congenital
abnormalities in the developing fetus and newborn. Zika infection in pregnancy also results
in pregnancy complications such as fetal loss, stillbirth, and preterm birth.
Zika virus infection is also a trigger of Guillain-Barré syndrome, neuropathy and myelitis,
particularly in adults and older children.
Research is ongoing to investigate the effects of Zika virus infection on pregnancy outcomes,
strategies for prevention and control, and effects of infection on other neurological disorders in
children and adults.

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Vaccination knowledge
Covaxin

Developed By Bharat Biotech in association with ICMR and NIV

Vaccine Type Inactivated whole virus

Efficacy N/A

Storage Temperature 2-8°C

Dosage Two Doses (0, 14 Days)

Routes of administration Intramuscular injection

Covaxin is India’s first indigenous COVID-19 vaccine. It is an inactivated vaccine that

suppresses the virus’ capability to duplicate yet keeps it unimpaired so that the immune
system can still recognize it and create an immune reaction. Covaxin helps in increasing the
production of antibodies in the host body.

Figure 18.1 Covaxin

This vaccine can target the new variant of SARS-CoV-2 that was recently detected in the
UK. This vaccine produces a strong immune response and in-vitro viral neutralization. Both
homologous (vaccine virus strain) and heterologous (divergent) SARS-CoV-2 strains were
neutralized using this vaccine, as per the vaccine-induced antibody responses recorded.
After successfully finishing the interim report from the Phase 1 & 2 clinical trials of
COVAXINTM, it was approved by the Drugs Controller General of India for Phase 3 clinical
trials in 26,000 participants in over 25 centers across India.

Covisheild
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Developed By University of Oxford and AstraZeneca in collaboration with the SII

Vaccine Type Modified chimpanzee adenovirus vector

Efficacy DCGI: 70.42% overall

Storage Temperature 2-8°C

Dosage Two doses (Gap 2.5-3 Months)

Routes of administration Intramuscular injection

Covishield is also known as s ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, or AZD1222, developed by Oxford

University in partnership with AstraZeneca. Its manufacturing and trial partner is the Serum
Institute of India, Pune, and ICMR
This vaccine uses a replication-deficient chimpanzee viral vector based on a weakened
version of adenovirus that causes infections in chimpanzees and consists of the genetic
material of the coronavirus spike protein, which helps the virus to bind with the human cells.
The modified chimpanzee adenovirus can’t replicate, hence do not cause infection, and
rather serves as a vector to transfer the coronavirus spike protein.

Figure 18.2 Covisheild

This vaccine uses a replication-deficient chimpanzee viral vector based on a weakened

version of adenovirus that causes infections in chimpanzees and consists of the genetic
material of the coronavirus spike protein, which helps the virus to bind with the human cells.
The modified chimpanzee adenovirus can’t replicate, hence do not cause infection, and
rather serves as a vector to transfer the coronavirus spike protein.
Like most of the vaccines, the Covishield produces the mimic spike protein that
causes an immunological response, which would finally prime the immune system.
Covishield is approved in India, Argentina, El Salvador, Mexico, Bangladesh, and
the Dominican Republic regulatory authorities for emergency use.

New Covid vaccines under process

1. Comirnaty - Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine

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 HISTORY OF PANDEMIC AND COVID VACCINATION

2. COVID-19 Vaccine Janssen - Janssen Vaccines (Johnson & Johnson)

Life After the Pandemic

Outbreak forced changes big and small, some of which are here to stay.
Some of our adaptations have accelerated already existing trends, like the development of a
cashless society, the increase in remote work, and the decline of brick-and-mortar retail.

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Summary & Conclusion

The coronavirus disease continues to spread across the world following a trajectory that is
difficult to predict. The high economic burden in the healthcare sector has become a burning
issue, due to extended hospital stays, isolation wards, high oxygen demand, stringent infection
control measures and treatment failures.
The health, humanitarian and socio-economic policies adopted by countries will determine the
speed and strength of the recovery. A coordinated global effort is required to support countries
that are currently under pressure and break the covid chain. Taking sufficient Vitamin D and
antibiotics helps fight this disease to some extent.
One's mental health should be kept good in such crisis to avoid other abnormal disease condition
to take place. Everyone should have enough vaccination knowledge and it needs to be made
mandatory for everyone to vaccinate themselves to break the covid-19 chain slowly.

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