1.

IMPERIALISM

Imperialism is the expansion of a nation’s authority over other nations through the acquisition
of land and/or the imposition of economic and political domination.

The Age of Imperialism is typified by the colonization of the Americas between the 15th and
19th centuries, as well as the expansion of the United States, Japan, and the European powers
during the late 19th and early 20th century.

Throughout history, many indigenous societies and cultures have been destroyed by
imperialistic expansion.

The policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of
acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.

advocacy of imperial or sovereign interests over the interests of the dependent states.

imperial government; rule by an emperor or empress.

an imperial system of government.

British. the policy of so uniting the separate parts of an empire with separate governments as to
secure for certain purposes a single state.

2. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IMPERIALISM AND COLONIALISM

In essence, colonialism is the physical practice of global expansion, while imperialism is the idea
that drives this practice. In a basic cause-and-effect relationship, imperialism can be thought of
as the cause and colonialism as the effect.

In its most familiar form, colonialism involves the relocation of people to a new territory as
permanent settlers. Once established, the settlers maintain their loyalty and allegiance to their
mother country while working to harness the new territory’s resources for the economic benefit
of that country. In contrast, imperialism is simply the imposition of political and economic
control over a conquered nation or nations through the use of military force and violence.

3. COLONIALISM

Colonialism is a practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to

another. One of the difficulties in defining colonialism is that it is hard to distinguish it from
imperialism. Frequently the two concepts are treated as synonyms. Like colonialism, imperialism
also involves political and economic control over a dependent territory. The etymology of the
two terms, however, provides some clues about how they differ. The term colony comes from
the Latin word colonus, meaning farmer. This root reminds us that the practice of colonialism
usually involved the transfer of population to a new territory, where the arrivals lived as
permanent settlers while maintaining political allegiance to their country of origin. Imperialism,
on the other hand, comes from the Latin term imperium, meaning to command. Thus, the term
imperialism draws attention to the way that one country exercises power over another, whether
through settlement, sovereignty, or indirect mechanisms of control.
 Example:

Spain had three objectives in its policy toward the Philippines, its only colony in Asia: to acquire
a share in the spice trade, to develop contacts with China and Japan in order to further Christian
missionary efforts there, and to convert the Filipinos to Christianity. Only the third objective was
eventually realized, and this not completely because of the active resistance of both the
Muslims in the south and the Igorot, the upland tribal peoples in the north. Philip II explicitly
ordered that pacification of the Philippines be bloodless, to avoid a repetition of Spain's
sanguinary conquests in the Americas. Occupation of the islands was accomplished with
relatively little bloodshed, partly because most of the population (except the Muslims) offered
little armed resistance initially.

Church and state were inseparably linked in carrying out Spanish policy. The state assumed
administrative responsibility--funding expenditures and selecting personnel--for the new
ecclesiastical establishments. Responsibility for conversion of the indigenous population to
Christianity was assigned to several religious orders: the Dominicans, Franciscans, and
Augustinians, known collectively as the friars-- and to the Jesuits. At the lower levels of colonial
administration, the Spanish built on traditional village organization by co-opting the traditional
local leaders, thereby ruling indirectly.

This system of indirect rule helped create in rural areas a Filipino upper class, referred to as
the principalía or the principales (principal ones). This group had local wealth; high status and
prestige; and certain privileges, such as exemption from taxes, lesser roles in the parish church,
and appointment to local offices. The principalía was larger and more influential than the
preconquest nobility, and it created and perpetuated an oligarchic system of local control.
Among the most significant and enduring changes that occurred under Spanish rule was that the
Filipino idea of communal use and ownership of land was replaced with the concept of private,
individual ownership and the conferring of titles on members of the principalía.

Religion played a significant role in Spain's relations with and attitudes toward the indigenous
population. The Spaniards considered conversion through baptism to be a symbol of allegiance
to their authority. Although they were interested in gaining a profit from the colony, the Spanish
also recognized a responsibility to protect the property and personal rights of these new
Christians.

4. NEO COLONIZATION

For example, India was politically under the control of Britishers. The developing country India
attained freedom almost after 200 years when most of its resources were used by colonizers.

But in the 20th century period, after the Second World War, a new term erupted known as
Neocolonialism. It was a matter of confusion among sociologist as it was likewise colonialism.
But later on, it was concluded that neo-colonization is a practice where dominance is present
but there is no direct political leadership. For example, a poor country needs some money, and a
rich country provides it so in the name of debt former country loses its share of land, resources,
and labours too. It was first observed by Kwame Nkrumah, the former president of Ghana at the
time when African countries were getting out of Colonization.
 Neo-colonization was the idea of controlling but it was also accounting for the exploitation of
nations in place of development of poor countries. The only thing neo-colonization gave to
society was more under-development in the name of debts. The amount a nation should use for
their better industrialization gets used in paying debts as the interest rate goes higher with
passing time.

One of the biggest international borrowings was seen when African countries requested a loan
of 200 billion US Dollars from the World Bank but afterwards, everybody knew it would become
impossible to repay it. So the American economist Jeffrey Sachs, a popular economist requested
to dismiss the loan for the removal of Neo-colonization practice. But Africans did not take his
advice and lined up their loan process because the poor children were dying out of hunger and
less sanitation.

5. NATIONALISM

Nationalism is an ideology expressed by people who fervently believe that their nation is
superior to all others. These feelings of superiority are often based on shared ethnicity,
language, religion, culture, or social values. From a purely political standpoint, nationalism aims
to defend the country’s popular sovereignty—the right to govern itself—and to protect it from
the political, social, and cultural pressures posed by the modern global economy. In this sense,
nationalism is seen as the antithesis of globalism.

Key Takeaways: Nationalism

o Politically, nationalists strive to protect the nation's sovereignty, the right to govern
itself.
o Nationalists’ feelings of superiority are usually based on shared ethnicity, language,
religion, culture, or social values.
o Extreme nationalists believe that their country has the right to dominate other nations
through military aggression if necessary.
o The ideologies of nationalism are contrary to those of globalism and the modern
globalization movement. 
o Economic nationalism strives to protect a nation’s economy from foreign competition,
often through the practice of protectionism.
o Carried to its extremes, nationalism can lead to authoritarianism and the exclusion from
the society of certain ethnic or racial groups.
o Today, nationalism is generally recognized as a shared sentiment that because of the
extent to which it influences public and private life, serves as one of the greatest, if not
the greatest, determining factors of modern history.