Parallel operation of passive power filter and hybrid

power filter for harmonic suppression

H.-L.Jou, J.-C.Wu and K.-D.Wu

Abstract: Harmonic pollution has been serious in recent years. Passive filters have been used to
suppress harmonic current conventionally. However, passive power filters have the problem of
resonance. To solve the resonance problem, active power filters and hybrid power filters were
developed. After considering the power capacity and cost, the hybrid power filter is the better choice
for the future. Many passive power filters have already been installed in the industry power systems.
However, the elements of these passive power filters are often destroyed due to the resonance or the
harmonic current injection of a neighbouring harmonic source. To improve the performance of
passive power filters, a small capacity of hybrid power filter is proposed to connect in parallel with the
existing passive power filters. The combined power fdter system, which contains the parallel operation
of existing passive power filters and hybrid power filters, is analysed and simulated. The simulation
results show that the filter performance and resonance problem of existing passive power fdters can be
improved by applying the hybrid power filter.

1 Introduction Owing to the improvement of power electronic manufac-

Power electronic related equipment has been widespread
recently. The nonlinear load characteristic of the above
equipment has introduced the problem of harmonic pollu-
tion. Harmonic pollution has been very serious in recent
years [l]. It degrades the power quality of the industry
power system. To improve the power quality, the harmonic
suppression becomes more important day by day. Because
of the consideration of hardware cost, passive power filters
were used to solve the problems of harmonics in industry
systems conventionally [2, 31. However, it still has several
problems. The most serious problem is that the seriedparal-
le1 resonance may occur between the system impedance and
passive power filters. This series/paraIleI resonance will
result in the amplification of harmonic current and har-
monic voltage, and it may damage the passive power filters
and neighbouring power equipment. To protect the passive
power fdters from resonance, the tuned frequency of pas-
sive power filters is designed slightly away from the domi-
nant harmonic frequency. However, it will degrade the
performance of passive power filters. The other problem is
that the performance of passive power filters depends on
system impedance. The system impedance is varied with the
variation of power system parameters. Hence, the exact
evaluation of system impedance is very difficult. Therefore,
the application of passive power filters still has many prob-
lems, although passive power filters are widely used to
solve the harmonic problem.
0IEE, 2001
LEE Proceedings online no. 20010155
DOL lO.l049/ipgtd:20010155
Paper fmt received 10th Febnmy and in revised form 5th July 2000
H.-L. Jou and IC-D. Wu are with the Department of Electrical Engineerin&
National Kaohsiung Institute of Technology, Kaohsiung Taiwan, Republic of
china
J.-C.Wu is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Kao Yuan Institute
of Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
8 IEE Pmc.-Gmer. Trrmsm. Distrib., Vol. 148, No. 1. Jununry 2001
ture and control techniques, the active power fiter is devel-
oped to suppress harmonic current and compensate
reactive power simultaneously [4-71. The power converter is
used in the active power filter to generate a compensation
current, which is opposite to the harmonic component and
reactive power component of load current, to inject into the
power feeder. Then, the mains current will be sinusoidal
and in phase with the mains voltage after applying the
active power filter. The active power filter can be regarded
as a current source parallel with the nonlinear loads.
Hence, the problems of series/parallel resonance can be
avoided after using the active power filter. If the switching
frequency of the power converter is high enough, the active
power fdter can compensate all higher order harmonic
components in industrial power systems. However, the
application of active power filters in a practical industry
power system is still not wide after considering the cost and
power rating of the power converter.
To solve the problems of harmonic and reactive power
effectively and practically, the hybrid power filter whch
combines the passive power filters and power converter has
been published in recent years [S-111. Owing to the use of
passive power filters, the power capacity of a power con-
verter in hybrid power fdters is only about one-tenth of the
nonlinear load. Hence, the high power capacity application
of the hybrid power filter becomes more practical than that
of the active power filter. Additionally, the resonance prob-
lem of passive power filters is .solved due to the combina-
tion of power converters.
In this paper, the combined power filter system, which
contains existing passive power filters and a hybrid power
filter, is analysed and simulated. The filter performance and
resonance problem of existing passive power fdters can be
improved by applying the hybrid power fdter. The pro-
posed power filter system can be used not only in the newly
designed filter system but also the power system with the
existing passive power filters.

Authorized licensed use limited to: Velammal Engineering College. Downloaded on July 28,2010 at 08:46:02 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
2 Operationtheory
Fig. 1 shows the system configuration of the developed
combined power filter system, consisting of the hybrid
power filter and passive power filters. In this system, the
passive power filters, used to suppress the harmonic current
and improve the power factor in the industrial power
system, may already be installed before the hybrid power
filter is applied. The passive power fdters may consist of
several sets to match the variation of loads. The hybrid
power filter, configured by a power converter and a set of
tuned filters, is expected to improve the filter performance
and the resonance problems of the existing passive power
filters. The tuned filters used in the hybrid power filter are
to reduce the power capacity of the power converter.
I,(t)
moins
molns
impedonce nonlineor
existing possive
power filter
U proposed control block diagram. The band-rejection filter
hybrid power
filter
Fig.1 Sysrein conjguratwn ojcombined powerjlter system
The power converter used in the hybrid power filter is a
voltage-source power converter. The control algorithm of
this filter system is composed of two parts, and it will be
stated in the following.
2. I Filter performance improvement
The power converter of a hybrid power filter is expected to
protect the passive power filters from harmonic resonance
and improve the filter performance. The output voltage
v,(t) of a power converter for this purpose is represented as
w , 131
%l(t) = JCliSh(t) (1)
where iY,?(l)is the harmonic component of mains current,
and k , is a constant value. Here, the power converter is
expected to be operated as a harmonic resistor that is in
series with the mains impedance at the harmonic frequency.
Then, the resonance of passive power filters can be sup-
pressed. Besides, the effective harmonic impedance of
mains is increased, and the fdter performance is also
improved.
2.2 DC voltage regulation
In part A, the power converter is operated as a harmonic
resistor; it will consume real power. This real power will
inject into the DC capacitor of a power converter, and then
the voltage of the DC capacitor will rise. To maintain a
constant voltage for the DC capacitor, its increased energy
must be regenerated to the power system by the power con-
verter. Hence, the DC capacitor of the power converter is
regarded as an energy buffer to absorb the harmonic real
power and regenerate the fundamental real power to the
mains. For this purpose, the power converter must generate
IEE Proc -Gene1 Tranarn Dutiih , Vol 148 N o I , Jnnucny 2001
Authorized licensed use limited to: Velammal Engineering College. Downloaded on July 28,2010 at 08:46:02 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
a voltage in phase with the fundamental component of the
hybrid power filter current illl(t),and it is represented as
%2(t) = b i h l ( t ) (2)
The power converter can be operated as a positivelnegative
resistor equal to the value of k, under the fundamental fre-
quency. Hence, it can absorbiregenerate the fundamental
real power. It means that the power converter is operated
as an energy converter, which converts the harmonic real
power into fundamental real power.
Assuming that the power converter is lossless, its output
voItage can be written as
v a ( t ) = . ~ a ~ ( +t v) a , ( t ) (3)
In practical applications, the power loss of the power con-
verter cannot be avoided. This loss must be incorporated
into the value of k, simultaneously.
3 Control block diagram
Fig. 2 shows the proposed control block diagram of a
power converter in the developed filter system. The control
block is divided into two parts - the performance improve-
ment block and DC voltage regulation block - to generate
the voltage v,,(t) and v,,(t), respectively. The performance
improvement block is used to improve the resonance prob-
lem of the existing passive power filters and the filter
performance of the overall filter system. It contains a band-
rejection filter and an amplifier. The band-rejection filter
consists of a bandpass filter and a subtractor in the
is used to filter out the fundamental component of mains
current. The output of a band-rejection filter is sent to an
amplifier to obtain v,,(t). The DC bus voltage of the power
converter may fluctuate due to the harmonic real power
injection for filter performance improvement and the power
loss of the power converter. The DC voltage regulation
block is used to maintain the DC bus voltage at a constant
voltage. To fulfil this purpose, the DC capacitor voltage is
compared with the set value and then the comparing result
is sent to the PI controller. The output of the PI controller
is the fundamental resistor k2. Owing to the use of the PI
controller, the DC capacitor will be maintained at the
desired value (depending on the set value) in the steady
state. It implies that the fundamental real power generated
by the fundamental resistor k2 is equal to the harmonic real
power injection and the power loss of the power converter.
The hybrid power filter current is sent to the bandpass filter
I1 to extract its fundamental component. The output
signals of the PI controller and bandpass filter I1 are sent to
a multiplier to obtain va2(t). Finally, the summation of the
signals v,,(t) and v,*(t) is the desired voltage v,(t) of the
power converter. The desired voltage is sent to a PWM
modulator to generate the driver signals of power switches
in the power converter. Then, the power converter can
generate the desired voltage.
4 System analysis
The single-phase equivalent circuit of the proposed fdter
system is shown in Fig. 3. It consists of the existing passive
power filters and a hybrid power filter. In this Figure, the
power converter is regarded as a dependent voltage source,
and the nonlinear load to be compensated is simplified
as a current source. In industrial power systems, the
uncompensated nonlinear loads may be distributed in the
neighbourhood of combined power filters. In Fig. 3, these
neighbouring nonlinear loads are assumed to be a
9
 mains current
' performance improvement block

omptifier
ki v,,(tl
Is I t )

hybrid power
L
I 1 ' I power switches
filter current
ih(tl

DC capocitor
voltage
VDC(t)

DC voltage regulation block

Fig.2 Control block &gram oj Iybridpuwer filter

harmonic current source (ifif).Then, two harmonic current value, resulting in harmonic current amplification. If the
sources, adjacent nonlinear load and compensating power converter of a hybrid power filter is applied, the
nonlinear load, can be found in Fig. 3. The compensating mains harmonic current can be written as
nonlinear load may result in parallel resonance. The neigh- ZphZhh
bouring harmonic current will result in distorted mains =
voltage, and the distorted mains voltage may result in series
iSh(t)
p h hh + Z s h Z h h + Z s h Z p h + k 1 Z p h ZLh
resonance. The effects of adjacent nonlinear loads and
compensating nonlinear load to the combined power filter
system are analysed individually in the following.
The harmonic current flow into the passive power fdter is
derived as
ZshZhh
=
iph(t)
Zphzhh + Z s h Z h h + Z s h z p h + k L Z p h ZLh

The harmonic current flow into the hybrid power filter is

derived as
Fig.3 Equivalent circuit of cotnbinedpowerjlter system

4.1 Effect of compensating nonlinear load

By using superposition theory, the neighbouring harmonic
current source is assumed to be open circuit for analysing
the effect of compensating nonlinear load. Before the
power converter of a hybrid power filter is applied (that is
kl = 0), the equivalent impedance from the viewpoint of a From eqns. 8-10 it can be found that the harmonic cur-
compensating harmonic current source can be derived as rents of mains, passive power filter and hybrid power filter
z p h hh2 s h
depend on the parallel result of zeq and z,/fzphlkl.The term
= (4) Z & z h / i k l , which is parallel with the parallel resonance cir-
zeq
ZphZhh +Zshzhh -!r Z s h Z p h
cuit, may be a positive or negative resistor. The system
The harmonic current of mains can be derived as impedance z,, is inductance in general. If Z/,h is capacitance,
the term ~,,~z,,Jk,is an equivalent positive resistor. Other-
zeq .
ish(t) = -ZLh (5) wise, the term z,hz,r/Jkl is an equivalent negative resistor if
zs h z,, is inductance. To avoid the parallel resonance, the
The harmonic current flow into the passive power filter is equivalent positive resistor is required. T h s equivalent pos-
derived as itive resistor is parallel with the resonant circuit, and it
operates as a damper. Hence, zh, is expected to be capaci-
tance. It implies that the tuned frequency of the hybrid
power filter must be larger than that of the passive power
The harmonic current flow into the hybrid power filter is filter. In the resonant condition, the smaller the equivalent
derived as positive resistor is, the larger the damper will be. To obtain
zeq . the small positive resistor, a larger k l or a small Zhh will be
i h h ( t ) = -2Lh (7) expected.
Zhh
Fig. 4 shows the effects of k , to the mains current, the
From eqn. 4 it can be found that parallel resonance will hybrid power filter current and the existing passive power
occur if the denominator is zero. In this condition, the filter under the nonlinear load current. From Fig. 4 it can
equivalent impedance zec,will be amplified to a very large be found that parallel resonance will occur before the
10 IEE Floc -Gene, Trunsm Disrrrb Vol 14H Nu I Junuory 2001

Authorized licensed use limited to: Velammal Engineering College. Downloaded on July 28,2010 at 08:46:02 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
hybrid power filter is applied. Parallel resonance will result derived as
in harmonic current amplification between the existing pas-
sive power filters and the mains. Hence, the harmonic cus- (Zhh + kl )Zs/.
i p h ( t )=
rents of mains and existing passive power filters are larger ZphZhh + Z s h Z h h + Z s h Z p h + h Z p h inLh
than the load harmonic current at the resonance frequency. (12)
Fig. 4 also shows that the parallel resonance is suppressed The harmonic current flow into the hybrid power filter is
if k l is applied. It means that the hybrid power filter can derived as
protect the existing passive power filters from parallel reso-
nance. Eqns. 8 and 10 also imply that the zpll must be as
small as possible to minimise the harmonic currents of
mains and hybrid power filter. It means that the tuned fre-
quency of existing passive power filters must be tuned as
near as possible to the dominant harmonic frequency of Because of the term klzp/lin eqns. 11-13, the resonance
load. Nevertheless, the problem of parallel resonance in between the system impedance and the proposed combined
conventional passive power filters can be avoided with the power filter system can also be avoided. However, eqns. 12
use of the hybrid power filter. and 13 show that k , ~ ,appears
~,, in the numerator. It implies
that there is a large circular harmonic current between the
existing passive power filter and a hybrid power filter at the
resonance frequency. In this time, the amplitude of har-
monic current flow between existing passive filters and the
hybrid power filter may be amplified, and its value depends
on kl, z,,~~and qIh.To reduce this circular harmonic current,
eqns. 12 and 13 can be rearranged as

From eqns. 14 and 15 it can be found that the circular har-

monic current can be reduced as the value of z,,l~z~ll,is
increased. It implies that the circular harmonic current can
be decreased by tuning the tuned filter of a hybrid power
fdter far from the tuned frequency of an existing passive
power filter. However, the voltage level and power capacity
of a power converter will be increased if the tuning fre-
01 I
quency of zhh is not near the resonant frequency. Hence, a
200 2LO 280 320 360 L 00 trade-off must be taken.
Fig. 5 shows the effects of k , to the mains current, the
hybrid power filter current and the existing passive power
filter after considering the neighbouring harmonic current.
From Figs. Sa and c it can be found that resonance will
occur before the hybrid power filter is applied (IC,). The
resonance will result in the harmonic current amplification
between the existing passive power filters and the mains.
Hence, the harmonic currents of mains and existing
passive power filters are larger than the load harmonic
current at the resonance frequency. Fig. 5 also shows that
the resonance can be suppressed if a hybrid power filter is
frequency, Hz applied. Unfortunately, a large k l will result in a large
C circular harmonic current between the existing passive
3r4nonlinear
+pmc.v respome
lomi
cf combined power ji!ter sysfetn widi vurud~kk, power filters and a hybrid power filter at the resonance
a Mains current frequency. However, the harmonic current of passive
h Hybrid power filter current power filters is decreased effectively by applying the hybrid
c Existing passive filter current
power filter.
From the analysis result above, it can be found that filter
4.2 Effect of neighbouring harmonic current performance will be better under a larger k,. However, the
To analyse the effect of neighbouring harmonic current, the larger kl will result in a larger circular current as the neigh-
compensating nonlinear load is assumed to be open circuit.
bouring nonlinear loads exist. It means that the capacity of
Then, the mains harmonic current can be derived as
a power converter must be increased if a better filter per-
formance is required. After considering the filter perform-
ance and the capacity of a power converter, the value of k l
may be different in different application cases. In other
(11) words, the selection of kl is a trade-off between the filter
The harmonic current flow into the passive power filter is performance and the capacity of the power converter.
IEE ProcGener. Trcmstn. Disrrib.. Vol. 148, No. I , Jfiriuory 2001 11

Authorized licensed use limited to: Velammal Engineering College. Downloaded on July 28,2010 at 08:46:02 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 5 Simulation results

-
Ish
'?h

200
1 without HPF
k1.l
kl=2

2L0 280 320 360 LOO

To verify the performance of the proposed algorithm, com-
puter simulation is made. The combined power fdter sys-
tem used in the computer simulation is shown in Fig. 6.
Both sets of passive filters used in the hybrid power fiter
and existing passive filters are configured as the 5th and 7th
tuned filters. The major parameters used in the simulation
system are listed in Table 1. To consider both effects of
compensating nonlinear load and neighbouring nonlinear
load, the gain kl is selected as 1 .

Table 1: Parametersused in simulation system

Existing passive filter Hybrid power filter Mains

5th tuned 7th tuned 5th tuned 7th tuned Equivalent

filter filter filter filter impedance
L: 1.13mH L: 0.575mH L: 5.lmH L: 2.6mH L: 0.05mH
C25OkF C25OpF C5OpF C5OpF R3m51
R 0.0151 R 0.01R R 0.02Q R: 0.0251

Fig. 7 shows the simulation results of the proposed

combined power filters without neighbouring nonlinear
loads. The compensating nonlinear load is a phase-control-
led rectifier, and its current is shown in Fig. 7a. The total
harmonic distortion (THD) of load current is 25.3 Fig. 7b
shows the mains current. The THD of mains current is
only -3%. Hence, this combined power filter system can
without HPF
suppress the harmonic current effectively. Figs. 7c and d
show the current waveforms of the hybrid power filter and
existing passive filters. It can be found that the current and
power capacity of the hybrid power filter is smaller than
0 that of the existing passive power filters. To observe the
200 2L0 280 320 360 LOO resonance phenomenon, the inductance and capacitance of
frequency ,Hz
C the 5th tuned filter used in existing passive power filters are
Fi .5 Frequency response of combined power filter system with vlariable k, 2.2mH and 125pF, respectively. Figs. 8 and 9 show the
, v i 2 wigMmring nontinem ~ o ~ d simulation results under parallel resonance before and after
n Mains current the hybrid power filter is applied. From Fig. 8 it can be
b Hybrid power filter current
c Existing passive filter current found that the harmonic currents of existing passive power

mains
impedance 1,111

moms

existing passive
fiiter

hybrid power fi\ter

Fig.6 Simulation .system of combhdpowrj2ter system
.-
I'! I E E Proc.-Gener. TrunJm. Distrib., Vol. 148, No. I , January 2001

Authorized licensed use limited to: Velammal Engineering College. Downloaded on July 28,2010 at 08:46:02 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
filters and mains are amplified before the hybrid power can suppress the resonance harmonic current of existing
filter is applied. Fig. 9 shows that the resonance current is passive power filters effectively.
suppressed effectively after applying the hybrid power filter.
1oor
60 - a
c
c
L
L
3
U

- 60 I a
a 25
80 r
Q
L
C
L
2
U

-25
-8Ol I 1 I , I
b 50
10r ?

1
c
c
2
3
U

-50
-1 0 150 160 170 180 190 200
C time,ms
C

Fig.9 Sirnubtion resldts of combined power jilter umkr paraIIel resomice

conditions
(IMains current
h Hybrid power filter current
c Existing passive filter current

150 160 170 180 190 200

time,ms 100r
d
Fig. 7 Simulation results of coduwdpowerj$er systcm under n o m 1 con-
ditio?#
U Load current
h Mains current
c Hybrid power filter current
-1001 a I
d Existing passive filter current a
100r
Q
c
C
L

3
-100
150 160 170 180 190 200
-100I l
time,ms
a b
150
Q Fig. 10 Sirnulation results of exiitlizg pussive power filter with neighbouring
c
C
izonlinear load
a Neighbouring harmonic current
L
b Existing passive power filter current
3
U

-150
60-
100 Q
L

C
Q-
2
C
3
U
L

U
- 60 I I

-100 a
20
150 160 170
time,ms
C
180 190 200
-
a-
C

Fig .,e
condrtlo?ls
Simdation resdts of e-yisfingpassive JIter under parde/ resonance
L
L
3
U

n Load current -20

h Mains current b
c Existing passive power filter current
50
6-
L
C
To observe the effect of neighbouring nonlinear load e
clearly, the compensating nonlinear load is removed. The 3
U

neighbouring nonlinear load is a phase-controlled rectifier. - 50

Figs. 10 and 11 show the effects of neighbouring harmonic 150 160 170 180 190 200
current before and after the hybrid power filter is applied. time,ms
C
From Fig. 10 it can be found that the neighbouring har- Fig.11 Sinzuhtion results of cotnhinedpowerjlter system with neiglhouring
monic current will result in resonance between the existing nonlkur load
power filters and mains impedance before the hybrid power u Mains current
h Hybrid power filter current
filter 1s applied. Fig. 11 shows that the hybrid power filter c Existing passive power filter current

IEE Proc -Gener Tiuiisni Disrrih Vol 148 N o I Junuar v 2001 13

Authorized licensed use limited to: Velammal Engineering College. Downloaded on July 28,2010 at 08:46:02 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 The above simulation shows that the developed com-
bined power filter system can improve the seriesiparallel
resonance problem effectively.
6 Conclusion
The problem of harmonic pollution is very serious in
today’s power system. The solution of the haimonic prob-
lem has conventionally been the passive power filter. How-
ever, the passive power filter has the disadvantage of poor
filter performance and seriesiparallel resonance, although
the active power filter can solve these problems. The appli-
cation of a power converter is limited due to the cost and
power rating. In this paper, a combined power filter system
using a hybrid power filter paralleled with existing passive
power filters is developed. Both analysis and simulation
results show that the hybrid power filter can improve the
filter performance and suppress the harmonic resonance of
existing passive power filters.
7 Acknowledgment
The authors would like to express their gratitude for the
support of the National Science Council of Taiwan under
NSC 89-2213-E-151-013.
14
Authorized licensed use limited to: Velammal Engineering College. Downloaded on July 28,2010 at 08:46:02 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
8 References
I HENDERSON, R.D., and ROSE, P.J.: ‘Hamionics: the effects on
power quality and transfomiers’, IEEE Truus., 1994, IA-30, (3), pp.
528-532
2 GONZALEZ, D.A., and MCCALL, J.C.: ‘Design of filters to reduce
harmonic distortion in industrial power systems’, IEEE Truns, 1987,
1A-23, (3), pp. 504-51 1
3 WU, C.J., CHIANG, J.C., YEN, S.S., LIAO, C.J., YANG, J.S., and
GUO, T.Y .: ‘Investigation and mitigation of harmonic amplification
probleins caused by single-tuned filters’, IEEE Trans., 1998, PD-13,
(31, pp. 800-806
4 AKAGI, H., KANAZAWA, Y., and NABAE, A.: ‘Instantaneous
reactive power compensator comprising switching devices without
energy storage components’, IEEE Truns., 1984, IA-20: (3), pp. 621-630
5 GRADY, W.M., SAMOTYJ, M.J., and NOYOLA, A.H.: ’Survey of
active power line conditioning method’, IEEE Trans., 1990, PD-5, (3),
pp. 1536-1 542
6 SINGH, B., HADDAD, K.A., and CHANDRA, A.: ‘A review of
active filter for power quality improvement’, IEEE Trum., 1990, 1E46,
(5), pp. 960-971
7 WU, J.C., and JOU, H.L.: ‘A siniplified control method for single-
phase active power filter’, IEE Proc. Ekctr. Power Appl., 1996, 143,
(3), pp. 219-224
8 PENG, F.Z., AKAGI, H., and NABAE, A.: ‘Compensation charac-
teristics of the combined system of shunt passive and series active
power filter’, IEEE Trans., 1993, LA-29, (I), pp. 132-747
9 JUNG, G.H., and CHO, G.H: ‘New active power filter with simple
low cost structure without tuned filter’. Proceedings of IEEE Power
Electronics Specialist conference, 1998, pp. 2 17-222
10 BHATTACHARYA. S., CHENG, P.T., and DIVAN, D.M.: ‘Hybrid
solutions for improving passive filter performance in high power appli-
cations’, IEEE Tr-arzs., 1997, IA-33, (3), pp, 732-747
11 FUJITA, H., and AKAGI, H.: ‘A practical approach to harmonic
compensation in power system, series connection of passive and active
filters’, IEEE Truns., 1991, IA-27, pp. 1020-1025
IEE Proc.-Grrier. Trunsrii. Distrih , Vol 148. No. I . Jonuury 2001